修辭學(xué)5交錯(cuò)搭配顛倒重復(fù)

Chapter3SyntacticDevices(2)SyntacticSchemesofOmissionSyntacticSchemesofBalanceSyntacticSchemesofInversion

Introduction

Whatisscheme?Ascheme(Greekschema,form,shape)involvesadeviationfromtheordinarypatternorarrangementofwords.3.5SyntacticSchemesofBalanceBalanceinsentenceconstructionisbasedontheprinciplethatideasofthesameimportanceshouldbeexpressedinthesamegrammaticalformtoenhanceclarityandcoherence,bygivingthem“equalweight.”Inthefollowingisanexample:4Craftymencondemnsstudies;simplemenadmirethem.--FrancisBacon,“OfStudies”5有一技之長(zhǎng)者鄙讀書(shū)，無(wú)知者羨讀書(shū)。

--王佐良（譯），《英國(guó)詩(shī)文選譯集》，第7頁(yè)王佐良（1916－1995），詩(shī)人、翻譯家、教授、英國(guó)文學(xué)研究專家Inabalancedsentence,notonlyaretheformsofthebalancedpartssimilar,butoftenthepartsalsoofsimilarlength,withthesamenumberofwords.Anexample:6Itisafar,farbetterthingthatIdo,thanIhaveeverdone;itisafar,farbetterrestthatIgoto,thanIhaveeverknown.--CharlesDickens,ATaleofTwoCities7這是我一生中最樂(lè)意做的事；這里是我最好的安息之所。Thechiefschemesofbalanceare:--parallelism(平行結(jié)構(gòu)；排比)--antithesis(對(duì)偶)--chiasmus(交錯(cuò)配列),anditsvariationantimetabole(/?ntim?′t?b?li?/)(顛倒重復(fù))83.5.1ParallelismParallelismmeansgivingtwoormorepartsofthesentencesasimilarformsoastogivethewholeadefinitepattern(Wikipedia).Inparallelconstruction,itisnecessarytobalancewordforword,phrasewithphrase,clausewithclause,andsentencewithsentence.Twoexamples:91.Thechildwasprettyandhadbrains.2.Hesatdownandwasbeginningtowork.1.Thechildwasprettyandintelligent.2.Hesatdownandbegantowork.10Notparallel:Parallel:3constructionsofparallelism1.repeatingthemarkersofparallelism2.usingconjunctions3.parallelismandrepetitiontogetherTomaketheparallelismclear,itisessentialtorepeatthemarkeroftheparallelism,suchas:--anarticle(冠詞)--preposition(介詞)--thetoofaninfinitive(不定式符號(hào)to)--thesubordinatingconjunction(從屬連詞)ReadP32.(3)(4)(7)(8)12Itispermissibletoleaveoutsuchmarkersiftheiromissiondoesnotcauseambiguity,awkwardness,orunidiomaticity.e.g.Shelikestoread,swim,andplaytennis.(Howcouldwesayitforemphasisinourdailyconversations?)13Parallelconstructionsarealsointroducedbycorrelativeconjunctionssuchas:--either…or…--neither…nor…--both…and…--notonly…butalso…--whether…or…--rather…than…14parallelism+repetitiontoemphasizetheequalimportanceandweightoftheparallelparts.Soparallelismandrepetitiontogethermakeaveryformidablepairinforcefulwritingofanykind.ReadP33(14)P34（17）153.5.2AntithesisAntithesisisthedeliberatearrange-mentofcontrastingwordsorideasinbalancedstructuralformstoachieveforceandemphasis.用平行結(jié)構(gòu)，將形成對(duì)比或?qū)φ盏乃枷雽?duì)稱的排列起來(lái)。-foreffect-fortheforceofemphasis-forprofundityofjudgment-forhumororsatire16Antithesisiswidelyusedinmanytypesofhumanverbalactivity:--proverbs--literature(e.g.poetryandprose)--scriptures(經(jīng)文)--newsreportsandmanyotherkindsofnon-literaryprosewritingSomeexamplesonP35.17Antithesisiswriters’favoriterhetoricaldevice.Soweoftencomeacrosswittyantitheticalsentenceswhenwereadliteraryworks.Whenwecometothispoint,wemaycalltomindthewellknowninitialparagraphofATaleofTwoCities,writtenbyCharlesDickens(1812-1870).readitonP37(8)18那是最美好的時(shí)代，那是最糟糕的時(shí)代；那是智慧的年頭，那是愚昧的年頭；那是信仰的時(shí)期，那是懷疑的時(shí)期；那是光明的季節(jié)，那是黑暗的季節(jié)；那是希望的春天，那是失望的冬天；我們?nèi)荚谥北继焯?，我們?nèi)荚谥北枷喾吹姆较?-簡(jiǎn)而言之，那時(shí)跟現(xiàn)在非常相象，某些最喧囂的權(quán)威堅(jiān)持要用形容詞的最高級(jí)來(lái)形容它。說(shuō)它好，是最高級(jí)的；說(shuō)它不好，也是最高級(jí)的。----《雙城記》Actually,Britishclassicalpoetrycontainsmanyantitheticalexpressions.Anexample:20Forcontemplationheandvalourformed.Forsoftnesssheandsweetattractivegrace;HeforGodonly,sheforGodinhim.--JohnMilton(1608–1674),ParadiseLost(1667)他被造成機(jī)智而勇敢，她卻柔和、嫵媚，而有魅力；他為神而造，她為他里面的神而造。--朱維之（譯）（1905－1999），《失樂(lè)園》第4卷，上海譯文出版社，1984AntithesiswascultivatedespeciallybyAlexanderPope(1688-1744)andother18th-centurypoets(Baldick,2000,13).223.5.3Chiasmusandantimetabole

(交錯(cuò)配列,顛倒重復(fù))Chiasmusandantimetaboleareveryeasilymistakenforthesamething.Actuallytheyaresubtlydifferent,althoughintheopinionoftheeditorofcoursebook“thereisnogreatnecessitytomakethissubtledistinction”:23doesnotuserepetitionofthesamewordsorphrases.performsareversalofstructuresinordertomakealargerpoinperformstherepetitionofwordsinsuccessiveclauses,butintransposed(改變的)grammaticalorder.AB_BA24chiasmusantimetaboleHeknowingly

ledandwefollowed

blindly.Letfoodbethymedicine,andmedicinebethyfood.譯文：讓食物成為藥品，讓藥品成為食物25chiasmusantimetaboleReadP38(3)(4)(5)(6)Chiasmusisadevicethatconsistsoftwobalancedstatements,thesecondofwhichreversestheorderofthewordsinthefirst,withorwithoutarepetitionofwords.Chiasmusservesdifferentpurposesindifferentcontexts.Theeffectcouldbeserious(orsolemn),witty,orhumorous.Theartfulbalancingofideas,however,neverfailstomakechiasmusstrikingandthought-provoking.Inadvertising,chiasmusisextremelyeffectiveinsellingapointorproduct.ReadP39(8)

SimilarChinesedeviceiscalled“回環(huán)”,forexample:

（1）啊呀啊呀，真實(shí)愈有錢，便愈是一毫不肯放松，愈是一毫不肯放松，便愈有錢……

（魯迅《故鄉(xiāng)》）

（2）“人家說(shuō)了再做，我是做了再說(shuō)?！薄叭思艺f(shuō)了也不一定做，我是做了也不一定說(shuō)?！?/p>

（臧克家《聞一多先生的說(shuō)和做》）從嚴(yán)格意義上說(shuō)，“回環(huán)”只與antimetabole對(duì)應(yīng)3.6SyntacticSchemesofInversionWhenthenormalorderofwordsinabasicsentencepatternisreversed,inversiontakesplace。Writersuseinversion(andfronting)mainlytolaymoreemphasisonacertainelementofthesentence.Butsometimestheyuseitforgreatercohesionorcontrastinmeaning.31Aninvertedsentencemaytakeanyoneofthefollowingforms:--FromSVAtoAVSorASV--FromSVCtoCVS--FromSVOtoOSV(orcalledfronting[前置])(strongerform)--Inversionwith“there”asanticipatorysubject32But“inversionofsubjectandverbisextremelycommoninpoetry,oftenafterfrontingoftheobjectforemphasis”(Wales,2001:223),eventhoughthesubjectisapronoun.Inversioncanbequite“elegant”.e.g.TenthousandsawIataglance.--Wordsworth,“IWanderedLonelyasaCloud”33Auxiliariesmaybeinvolvedintheoperations.e.g.Onlyyesterdaydidhefindoutthathiswatchwasmissing.(partialinversion)cfYesterdayhefoundoutthathiswatchwasmissing.

34ReadP41(10)(11)3.7SyntacticSchemesofOmissionSchemesofomissionincludesuchfeaturesasellipsis,fragmentation,omissionofconjunctions,orbreakingoffhalfwayinsentences.3.7.1EllipsisEllipsisiscommonintheuseoflanguage.Rather,wefocusontheuseofthisdeviceforrhetoricalpurposes.Writersuseellipsistoachieveemphasis,compactnessandbrevity.ReadP42(1)(2).Averyinterestingformofellipsisisthetypethatismerelytheresultofapunctuationdevicetoindicateadramaticpauseforeffect(Quirketal.,1985).Anexample:P43(5)383.7.2Fragmentaryellipticalsentences(片段性省略句)--usedforstylisticeffectfiction,proseandadvertising,etc.--servingpurposesforcompactnessemphasisdramaticeffectinconveyingmoodoratmosphere.

ReadP44(2)393.7.3Asyndeton(連詞的省略)/散珠Asyndetonis“astylisticschemeinwhichconjunctionsaredeliberatelyomittedfromaseriesofrelatedclauses…Itsusecanhavetheeffectofspeedinguptherhythmofapassageandmakingasingleideamorememorable”(Wikipedia).40Writersuseasyndeton-(1)torelateaseriesofcloselyconnectedfacts,events,ideasoremotions,or(2)torelateaseriesofevents,feelings,ideasthatoccurinrapidsuccessionTheformeremphasizestheclosenessoftherelationship;thelattertherapiditywithwhichoneactionorthoughtfollowsanother.41Thetypicalexample,isCaesar’swellknownremark:Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.ReadP46(1)42TheUSDeclarationofIndependenceincludesanexampleofasyndeton,referringtotheBritish:"Wemust...holdthem,asweholdtherestofmankind,EnemiesinWar,inPeaceFr