高中句子成分、結(jié)構(gòu)分析

句子成分表示一個(gè)完整概念的語(yǔ)言單位叫做句子。組成句子的各個(gè)部分（單詞或詞組等）叫做句子成分，句子成分有主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)等，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是句子的主要成分，其他為次要成分。知識(shí)點(diǎn)1：主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)(subject)是一個(gè)句子的主題(theme)，是句子所述說(shuō)的主體。它的位置一般在一句之首?？捎米髦髡Z(yǔ)的有單詞、短語(yǔ)、從句乃至句子。1．名詞作主語(yǔ)。如：Atreehasfallenacrosstheroad.Littlestreamsfeedbigrivers.2．代詞用作主語(yǔ)。如：You’renotfarwrong.Hetoldajokebutitfellflat.3．?dāng)?shù)詞用作主語(yǔ)。如：Threeisenough.Fourminusthreeisone.4．名詞化的形容詞用作主語(yǔ)。Theoldneedhelp.5．不定式用作主語(yǔ)。如：Tofindyourwaycanbeaproblem.Itwouldbenicetoseehimagain.6．動(dòng)名詞用作主語(yǔ)。如：Smokingisbadforyou.Watchingafilmispleasure,makingoneishardwork.7．名詞化的過(guò)去分詞用作主語(yǔ)。如：Thedisabledaretoreceivemoremoney.Thedeceaseddiedofoldage.8.介詞短語(yǔ)用作主語(yǔ)。如：ToBeijingisnotveryfar.到北京不很遠(yuǎn)。FromYenantoNanniwanwasathree-hourrideonhorseback.從延安到南泥灣要三個(gè)小時(shí)。9.從句用作主語(yǔ)。如:Wheneveryouarereadywillbefine.Whetherwegoornotdependsonyourfather.10.句子用作主語(yǔ)。如：”Howdoyoudo?”isagreeting.“你好”是一句問(wèn)候語(yǔ)。知識(shí)點(diǎn)2：謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)(predicate)或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(predicateverb)的位置一般在主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)由簡(jiǎn)單動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)（助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋主要?jiǎng)釉~）構(gòu)成。1．由簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。(1).Whathappened?(2).Heworkedhardalldaytoday.(3).Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.2．由動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的謂語(yǔ)。(1).Iamreading.(2).What’sbeenkeepingyouallthistime?(3).Youcandoitifyoutryhard.3．英語(yǔ)常用某些動(dòng)作名詞代替表動(dòng)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，表生動(dòng)。這種動(dòng)作名詞之前常用沒(méi)有多大意義的動(dòng)詞have,get,take,give等。如：(1).Ihadaswimyesterday.（hadaswim代替了swam）(2).Takealookatthat!（takealook代替了look）(3).Hegaveasigh.（gaveasigh代替了sighed）(4).Igotagoodshake-up.（agoodshake-up代替了wasshakenupthoroughly(充分，徹底的)）知識(shí)點(diǎn)3：表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)的功能是表述主語(yǔ)的特征、狀態(tài)、身份等。它也可以說(shuō)是一種主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。它位于聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞之后，與之構(gòu)成所謂的系表結(jié)構(gòu)。在系表結(jié)構(gòu)中，聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞只是形式上的謂語(yǔ)，二真正起謂語(yǔ)作用的則是表語(yǔ)?？梢宰鞅碚Z(yǔ)的詞有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、從句等。1．TheweddingwasthatSunday.（名詞）2．Sothat’sthat.（代詞）3．Weareseven.（數(shù)詞）4．Areyoubusy?（形容詞）5．Areyouthere?（電話用語(yǔ)）（副詞）Isanybodyin?（副詞）6．AllIcoulddowastowait.（不定式）Myanswertohisthreat（威脅）wastohithimonthenose.（不定式）7．Complimenting（贊美，祝賀）islying.（動(dòng)名詞）Isthataskingsomuch?（動(dòng)名詞）8．Iwassomuchsurprisedatit.（過(guò)分）I’mverypleasedwithwhathehasdone.（過(guò)分）9．Sheisingoodhealth.（介詞短語(yǔ)）Theshowisfromseventillten.（介詞短語(yǔ)）10．Isthatwhyyouwereangry?（從句）11．ThisiswhereIfirstmether.（從句）【補(bǔ)充】能做系動(dòng)詞的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞：come,go,run,turn,get,become,keep,stay,make(表變化的動(dòng)詞)fell，sound,smell,look,taste（感觀動(dòng)詞）seem,appear(似乎，好像)例如：1．Ourdreamhascometrue.（Come后常加easy,loosenatural等）2.Hefellsick.Keepfit.Keep作為系動(dòng)詞還常接quiet，calm，cool，well，warm，silent，clean，dry3．Thewellrandry.（short,loose,wild,cold等）4．Athinpersonalwaysseemstobetallerthanhereallyis.知識(shí)點(diǎn)4：賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)（object）在句中主要充當(dāng)動(dòng)作的承受者，因此一般皆置于及物動(dòng)詞之后。如：Ourteambeatalltheothers.可以用作賓語(yǔ)的有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的分詞、從句等。1．Doyoulikeadrink?（名詞）2．Theywon’thurtus.（代詞）3．Ifyouadd5to5,youget10.（數(shù)詞）。4．Ishalldomypossible.（名詞化形容詞）5．Helefttherelastweek.（副詞）6．Doesshereallymeantoleavehome?（不定式）7．Heneverdidtheunexpected.（名詞化的分詞）8．DoyouunderstandwhatImean?（從句）【擴(kuò)展】賓語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞需要兩個(gè)同等的賓語(yǔ)，即直接賓語(yǔ)(directobject)與間接賓語(yǔ)(indirectobject)。直接賓語(yǔ)一般指動(dòng)作的承受者，間接賓語(yǔ)指動(dòng)作所向的或所為的人和物（多指人），具有這種雙賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞叫做與格動(dòng)詞(dativeverb),常用的有：answer,bring,buy,do,find,get,give,hand,keep,leave,lend,make,offer,owe,pass,pay,play,promise,read,save,sell,send,show,sing,take等；間接賓語(yǔ)一般須與直接賓語(yǔ)連用，通常放在直接賓語(yǔ)之前。如：Ihavefoundhimaplace.我給他找到了一個(gè)職位。知識(shí)點(diǎn)5：補(bǔ)語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（complement）是一種補(bǔ)足主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)的意義的句子成分。補(bǔ)足主語(yǔ)意義的句子成分叫做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（subjectcomplement）；補(bǔ)足賓語(yǔ)意義的句子成分叫做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（objectcomplement）.(1).容詞用作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是常置于主語(yǔ)之前，后有逗號(hào)。Tiredandsleepy,Iwenttobed.我又累又困，就去睡了。有時(shí)可以置于主語(yǔ)之后，前后都有逗號(hào)，與非限定性定語(yǔ)相似。如：Theman,cruelbeyondbelief,didn’tlistentotheirpleadings.(2).可以用做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的有名詞、形容詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等1.TheynamedthechildJimmy.（名詞用作并與補(bǔ)語(yǔ)）2.Mymotherlookssoyoungthatyouwouldthinkhermysister.（名詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)）3.Heboiledtheegghard.（形容詞用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)）3.Ifoundthebookveryinteresting.（形容詞短語(yǔ)用作賓補(bǔ)）4.ThecomradeswantedDr.Bethunetotakecover.（不定式用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)）5.IcallthisrobbingPetertopayPaul.（動(dòng)名作賓補(bǔ)）6.Don’ttakehiskindnessforgranted.（介詞短語(yǔ)作賓補(bǔ)）知識(shí)點(diǎn)6：定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)是用來(lái)說(shuō)明名詞（代詞）的品質(zhì)與特征的詞或一組詞。可用作定語(yǔ)的有：形容詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、從句和句子等。1．形容詞用作定語(yǔ)是大量的。（1）Sheisanaturalmusician.（2）Hemustbethebestviolinistalive.（后置定語(yǔ)）2.名詞用作定語(yǔ)。如（1）Ababygirl女?huà)耄?）wellwater井水(3)Sportscar雙座輕型汽車（4）Afool’sparadise夢(mèng)幻的天堂2．代詞作定語(yǔ)。（1）Yourhairneedscutting.（物主代詞用作定語(yǔ)）（2）Everybody’sbusinessisnobody’sbusiness.（不定代詞所有格作定語(yǔ)）3．?dāng)?shù)詞作定語(yǔ)（1）There’sonlyonewaytodoit.（2）Doitnow,youmaynotgetasecondchance.基數(shù)詞用作后置定語(yǔ)：page24Room201theyear19494.副詞充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)時(shí)常后置，如：theroomabove樓上的房間theworldtoday今日世界thewayout出路adayoff休息日5．不定式用作定語(yǔ)（1）Herpromisetowritewasforgotten.（2）That’sthewaytodoit.6．動(dòng)名詞用作定語(yǔ).Awalkingstick拐杖sleepingpills安眠藥eatingimplements吃飯用具learningmethod學(xué)習(xí)方法7．分詞充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)asleepingchild正在睡中的小孩adrinkingman嗜酒者aretiredworker一個(gè)退休工人afadedflower一朵謝了的花7．介詞短語(yǔ)用作定語(yǔ)。（1）ThisisamapofChina.（2）Thewildlookinhiseyesspokeplainerthanwords.8．從句用作定語(yǔ)，即定語(yǔ)從句Thecarthat’sparkedoutsideismine.Yourcar,whichInoticedoutside,hasbeenhitbyanotherone.知識(shí)點(diǎn)7：狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)（adverbial）是修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞以及全句的句子成分。如：1．Thegirlisimprovingremarkably.2．可用作狀語(yǔ)的有副詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、從句等。副詞最常用作狀語(yǔ)，位置比較靈活，可置句末、句首和句中。Hespeaksthelanguagebadlybutreaditwell.Naturallyweexpecthotelgueststolocktheirdoors.3．狀語(yǔ)按用途來(lái)分，可以分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、原因、結(jié)果、目的、條件、讓步、程度、方式、伴隨等(1)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，多位于句末和句首，有時(shí)亦可置于句中Shallwedotheshoppingtodayortomorrow?InChinanowleadstheworld.(2)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，多置于句末，有時(shí)也位于句首和句中。Thereareplentyoffishinthesea.Shekissedhermotherontheplatform(月臺(tái)).(3)原因狀語(yǔ)，包括表理由的狀語(yǔ)，多置于句末，有時(shí)亦可置于句首。Becausehewasill,Tomlosthisjob.IeatpotatoesbecauseIlikethem.(4)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，多由不定式、分詞和從句表示，常位于句末。Shewokesuddenlytofindsomeonestandinginthedoorway.ShespokesosoftlythatIcouldn’thearwhatshesaid.(5)目的狀語(yǔ)，多由不定式、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句等表示，常位于句末，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)可以置于句首。Heranforshelter(隱蔽處).Inordertogetintoagoodschool,Imuststudyevenharder.(6)條件狀語(yǔ)。多由短語(yǔ)和從句表示，常置于句末和句首。We’llbeluckytogettherebeforedark.Ifheweretocome,whatshouldwesaytohim?(7)讓步狀語(yǔ)，由短語(yǔ)和從句表示，常置于句末和句首。Forallhismoney,hedidn’tseemhappy.Hehelpedmealthoughhedidn’tknowme.(8)程度狀語(yǔ)。常由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)及從句等表示。Thelectureisveryinteresting.Towhatextentwouldyoutrustthem?(9)伴隨狀語(yǔ)，常由短語(yǔ)和獨(dú)立主格等表示。對(duì)位于句末和句首。Mytrainstartsatsix,arrivingatChicagoatten.Hestoodthere,pipe(煙斗)inmouth.檢測(cè)題（一）：指出下列句中主語(yǔ)的中心詞①Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.

②Thereisanoldmancominghere.

③Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.

④Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteacher'shelpisverydifficult.

檢測(cè)題（二）：選出句中謂語(yǔ)的中心詞①I(mǎi)don'tlikethepictureonthewall.A.don'tB.likeC.pictureD.wall

②Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.A.getB.longerC.daysD.summer

③Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?A.DoB.usuallyC.goD.bus

④Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoon

⑤Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?A.DidB.twinsC.haveD.breakfast⑥Tomdidn'tdohishomeworkyesterday.A.TomB.didn'tC.doD.hishomework

⑦WhatIwanttotellyouisthis.A.wantB.totellC.youD.is

⑧Wehadbettersendforadoctor.A.WeB.hadC.sendD.doctor

⑨Heisinterestedinmusic.A.isB.interestedC.inD.music

⑩Whomdidyougivemybookto?A.giveB.didC.whomD.book檢測(cè)題（三）：挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)①

Mybrother

hasn't

done

hishomework.

ABCD

②

People

all

over

theworld

speak

English.

ABCD

③Youmustpay

good

attention

to

your

pronunciation.

ABCD④Howmanynew

words

did

you

learn

lastclass?

ABCD⑤Someofthe

students

intheschoolwant

togoswimming,

how

about

you?

ABCD

⑥The

oldman

sitting

atthegate

said

hewasill.

ABCD

⑦

They

made

him

monitor

oftheclass.

ABCD

⑧Go

across

the

bridge

andyou

willfind

themuseum

ontheleft.

ABCD

⑨Youwillfind

it

useful

after

you

leave

school.

ABCD

⑩

They

didn'tknow

who

"Father

Christmas"reallyis.

ABCD檢測(cè)題（四）：挑出下列句中的表語(yǔ)

①

Theoldman

was

feeling

very

tired.

ABCD

②Whyis

he

worried

about

Jim?

ABCD

③

The

leaves

have

turned

yellow.

ABCD

④Soon

They

all

becameinterested

inthesubject.

ABCD

⑤She

was

thefirst

tolearn

aboutit.

ABCD

(五)挑出下列句中的定語(yǔ)（完成前2題，其余做課后作業(yè)）

①

They

use

Mr.Mrs.withthe

family

name.

ABCD②

What

is

your

given

name?

ABCD③Onthe

third

lap

are

Class1andClass3.

ABCD

④Iam

afraid

some

people

forgot

tosweep

thefloor.

ABCD

⑤

Theman

downstairs

was

trying

tosleep.

ABCD⑥

I

amwaiting

for

thesound

oftheothershoe!

ABCD

檢測(cè)題（六）：挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)①She

likes

thechildren

toreadnewspapersandbooks

inthe

reading-room.ABCD②He

asked

her

totaketheboy

outofschool.

ABCD③She

found

it

difficult

todothework.

ABCD④They

call

me

Lily

sometimes.

ABCD

⑤

I

saw

Mr.Wang

getonthebus.

ABCD

⑥D(zhuǎn)idyousee

LiMing

playingfootball

ontheplayground

justnow?

ABCD

檢測(cè)題（七）：挑出下列句中的狀語(yǔ)

①

There

was

abigsmile

onherface.

ABCD

②

Everynight

he

heard

thenoise

upstairs.

ABCD

③He

began

tolearn

English

whenhewaseleven.

ABCD

④

Theman

onthemotorbike

wastravelling

tofast.

ABCD⑤

Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,

Miss

Li

hurriedoff.

ABCD

⑥

She

loves

thelibrary

becauseshelovesbooks.

ABCD

⑦

I

am

afraid

that

ifyou'velostit,

youmustpayforit.ABCD

⑧

Thestudents

followed

UncleWang

toseetheothermachine.

ABCD檢測(cè)題（八）劃出句中的直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)①Pleasetellusastory.②Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.③MrLiisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.④Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.⑤Didheleaveanymessageforme?課后作業(yè)：1.WealwaysworkhardatEnglish.——————————————2.Hesaidhedidn'tcome.———————————————3.Theyloveeachother.——————————4.Whatdidyoubye?————————5.Shewatchedherdaughterplayingthepiano.—————————————————————6.Yourjobtodayistohelptheold.——————-——————————7.Speakingdoesn'tmeandoing.————————————8.ByethetimeIgottothestation,thetrainhadleft.—————————————————————————9.Thechildrenboughttheirparentsacarforthe25thanniversaryoftheirmarriage.———————————————————————————————10.Ittakesmeanhourtogetthere.————————————————檢測(cè)題1、often,She,five,for,times,homework,a,does,week.2、sometimes，TV,watches，He.3、of,two,I,cups,want,water.4、book,on,desk,The,is,the.5、a,country,is,China,great.6、an,A,is,animal.7、is,very,The,beautiful,city.8、have,I,sisters,two.9、is,a,the,There,in,desk,classroom.10、morning,on,My,football,Saturday,plays,father.句子結(jié)構(gòu)英語(yǔ)句子看上去紛繁龐雜，但仔細(xì)觀察不外乎五個(gè)基本句式。這五個(gè)基本句式可以演變出多種復(fù)雜的英語(yǔ)句子。換言之，絕大多數(shù)英語(yǔ)句子都是由這五個(gè)基本句式生成的。這五個(gè)基本句式如下：S十V主謂結(jié)構(gòu)

S十V十P主系表結(jié)構(gòu)

S十V十O主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)

S十V十O1十O2主謂雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)

S十V十O十C主謂賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)

說(shuō)明：S＝主語(yǔ)；V＝謂語(yǔ)；P＝表語(yǔ)；O＝賓語(yǔ)；O1＝間接賓語(yǔ)；O2＝直接賓語(yǔ)；C＝賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)1．S十V句式在此句式中，V是不及物動(dòng)詞，又叫自動(dòng)詞(vi．)。例如：Herunsquickly．

Theylistenedcarefully．

Hesufferedfromcoldandhunger．。

Chinabelongstothethirdworldcountry．

Thegashasgivenout．

Myinkhasrunout．知識(shí)點(diǎn)2．S十V十P句式在此句式中，V是系動(dòng)詞(linkv．)，常見(jiàn)的系動(dòng)詞有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fallill/asleep，stand/sitstill，become，turn等。例如：Heisolderthanhelooks．Heseeninterestedinthebook．

Thestorysoundsinteresting．

Thedeskfeelshard．

Thecaketastesnice．

Theflowerssmellsweetandnice．

Youhavegrowntallerthanbefore．

Hehassuddenlyfallenill．

Hestoodquitestill．

Hebecomesateacherwhenhegrewup．

Hecouldneverturntraitortohiscountry．注意：有些動(dòng)詞同時(shí)也是及物動(dòng)詞，可構(gòu)成SVO句式，例如：Helookedmeupanddown．

Hereachedhishandtofeeltheelephant．

Theyaretastingthefish．

Theygrowriceintheirhometown．

He'sgotachairtositon．

PleaseturnthesentenceintoEnglish．知識(shí)點(diǎn)3．S十V十O句式在此句式中，V是及物動(dòng)詞(vt．)，因此有賓語(yǔ)。例如：Isawafilmyesterday．

Haveyoureadthestory?

Theyfoundtheirhomeeasily．

Theybuiltahouselastyear．

They'veputupafactoryinthevillage．

Theyhavetakengoodcareofthechildren．

Youshouldlookafteryourchildrenwell．知識(shí)點(diǎn)4.S十V十O1十O2句式在此句式中，V是帶有雙賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞。常見(jiàn)的須帶雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有g(shù)ive，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等。例如：Hegavemeabook/abooktome．

Hebroughtmeapen/apentome．

Heofferedmehisseat/hisseattome．注意下邊動(dòng)詞改寫(xiě)后介詞的變化：

Motherboughtmeabook/abookforme.

Hegotmeachair/achairforme．

Pleasedomeafavor/afavorforme．

Heaskedmeaquestion/aquestionofme．

知識(shí)點(diǎn)5．S十V十O十C句式在此句式中，V是有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞。常帶賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的詞有形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、名詞、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞常見(jiàn)的可接賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞很多，哪些動(dòng)詞可接哪幾種形式作賓補(bǔ)，須根據(jù)動(dòng)詞的慣用法而定，不能統(tǒng)而概論。請(qǐng)看下面的例子。Theymadethegirlangry．

Theyfoundherhappythatday．

Ifoundhimout．

Isawhimin．

Theysawafootmarkinthesand．

TheynamedtheboyCharlie．

Isawhimcomeinandgoout．

Theyfeltthecarmovingfast．

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