Chapter-6-Semantics-語(yǔ)義學(xué)教學(xué)講解課件

Chapter6Semantics語(yǔ)義學(xué).Chapter6Semantics語(yǔ)義學(xué).1DefinitionDefinition“Semantics”referstothestudyofthecommunicationofmeaningthroughlanguage.Orsimply,itisthestudyofmeaningDefinitionDefinition2Leech’s7typesofmeaningsConceptualmeaning概念意義Associativemeaning聯(lián)想意義:Connotativemeaning內(nèi)涵意義Socialmeaning社會(huì)意義Affectivemeaning情感意義Reflectivemeaning反映意義Collocativemeaning搭配意義Thematicmeaning主題意義Leech’s7typesofmeaningsCon3Conceptualmeaning概念意義Conceptualmeaning概念意義-----denotativemeaningThecoreoftheoryTherelationshipbetweenwordsandthethingstheyreferto,similartoreferencewomen:[HUMAN][FEMALE][ADULT]Pig:[ANIMALE][DOMESTICATED]…Conceptualmeaning概念意義Conceptu4Connotativemeaning內(nèi)涵意義Connotativemeaning內(nèi)涵意義:coloredwithemotionPolitician&StatesmanWoman:housewife,gentle,cry,fragile,weak,dependenthesitantPig:fat,lazy,dirty,greedy,docileConnotativemeaning內(nèi)涵意義Connot5Socialmeaning社會(huì)意義Socialmeaning:WhatiscommunicatedofthesocialcircumstancesoflanguageuseStylisticMeaninghorse(common)steed(formal/poetic)nag(slang)gee(colloquial/childlanguage)稱(chēng)謂：老婆，媳婦，堂客，屋里的，孩子他媽?zhuān)瑑?nèi)人，愛(ài)人，夫人，老伴兒，老婆子Socialmeaning社會(huì)意義Socialmeani6Degreesofformality:

Frozen—formal—consultative—casual—intimate(MartinJoosTheFiveClocks)Formal—informal—literary—archaic—slangDegreesofformality:

Frozen—7Affectivemeaning情感意義Affectivemeaning情感意義Theattitudeandfeelingsofthespeaker/writerappreciative/commendatorymeaningprerogative/derogatorymeaningAffectivemeaning情感意義Affective8Reflectivemeaning反映意義Reflectivemeaning反映意義AssociationofanothersenseofthesameexpressionReflectivemeaning反映意義Reflecti9ReflectedMeaning通過(guò)與同一個(gè)詞的另一個(gè)意義的聯(lián)想來(lái)傳遞的意義。E.g.

“圣靈”Comforter(comfort)TheHolyGhost多義詞Intercourse,cockBottomup干杯！屁股朝天！ReflectedMeaning通過(guò)與同一個(gè)詞的另一個(gè)意義10Childish/womanish/boyish/Childlike/womanly/manly褒貶視語(yǔ)境而定：“sonofbitch”—crudevulgarity—friendliness,intimacy“討厭”Childish/womanish/boyish/11Collocativemeaning搭配意義Collocativemeaning搭配意義Associationwithwordswhichtendtooccurintheenvironmentofanotherwordprettyvs.handsome

whiteelephant,whitelie（白)

greenonthejob,greenfruit,greenwithenvy,green-eyedCollocativemeaning搭配意義Colloca12Colorterms:

MrBrownisaverywhiteman.Heislookingrathergreen.Buthehasbeenfeelingbluelately.WhenIsawhim,hewasinabrownstudy.Ihopehe’llsoonbeinthepinkagain.Colorterms:MrBrownisav13Thematicmeaning主題意義Whatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichthemessageisorganizedintermsoforderandemphasis說(shuō)話(huà)者或?qū)懳恼碌娜私柚M織信息的方式（語(yǔ)序強(qiáng)調(diào)手段，信息焦點(diǎn)的安排）來(lái)傳遞的一種意義。TwohooligansbeatXiaoMingyesterday.XiaoMingwasbeatenyesterday.IwenttotheGreatWalllastyear.LastyearIwenttotheGreatWall.Thematicmeaning主題意義Whatisco143.Majorsense/semanticrelationshipSynonymy同義關(guān)系A(chǔ)ntonymy反義關(guān)系Hyponymy上下義關(guān)系Polysemy一詞多義關(guān)系Homonymy同形/同音異義關(guān)系3.Majorsense/semanticrelati15SynonymySynonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.synonyms:Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.Differencesofsynonyms:dialect地域；register場(chǎng)合;style風(fēng)格；formality正式度；attitude態(tài)度SynonymySynonymyreferstothe16Typesofsynonymsdialectalsynonyms:petroleum(AE)/gasoline;girl/lass(Scotish)stylisticsynonyms:oldman/daddy/dad/father/maleparentemotiveorevaluativesynonyms:thrifty/miserTypesofsynonymsdialectalsyn17Typesofsynonymscollocationsynonyms:accuseof---chargewithSemanticallydifferentsynonyms:surprise/amaze困惑/astound難以置信Typesofsynonymscollocations18AntonymyAntonymyreferstooppositionsofmeaningwordsthatstandoppositeinmeaningarecalled“antonyms”,oroppositesAntonymyAntonymyreferstoopp19Categoriesofantonyms3

categories:gradableantonyms---good-badcomplementaryantonyms---single-marriedConverse/relationalantonyms---buy-sellCategoriesofantonyms3catego20Hyponymy上下義關(guān)系“Hyponymy”involvesusinthenotionofmeaninginclusion.Itisamatterofclassmembership.WhenXidakindofY,thelowertermXisthe“hyponym”,andtheuppertermYisthe“superordinate”.Hyponymy上下義關(guān)系“Hyponymy”involv21Hyponymy上下義關(guān)系Twoormorehyponymssharingthesameonesuperordinatearecalled“co-hyponyms”,formingsemanticfields.Forexample,“flower”isthesuperordinateof“tulip”,“violet”and“rose”,whicharetheco-hyponymsof“flower”.Hyponymy上下義關(guān)系Twoormorehypon22Polysemy一詞多義關(guān)系“Polysemy”referstothesemanticphenomenonthatawordmayhavethanonemeaning.Forexample,“negative”,means(1)astatementsayingormeaning“no”,(2)arefusalordenial,3)oneofthefollowingwordsandexpressions:no,not,nothing,never,notatall,etc.,(4)anegativephotographorfilm.Polysemy一詞多義關(guān)系“Polysemy”ref23Polysemy一詞多義關(guān)系wecansometimeshardlytellifaformhasseveralmeaningsoritisadifferentwordtakingthisform;hencethedifferencebetweenpolysemyandhomonymy.Polysemy一詞多義關(guān)系wecansometim24Homonymy同形/同音異義關(guān)系

Homonymyreferstothelinguisticphenomenon,i.e.identityofformanddiversityofmeaning.Homonymy同形/同音異義關(guān)系Homonymyre25ThreekindsofhomonymsHomographs---wordswithsamespelling,differentmeaningandsound:eg.Lead/li:d/&lead/led/Homophones---wordswithsamesound,differentmeaningandspelling,eg.sea&seeFull

homonyms---wordswithsamespellingandsound,differentmeaning,eg.ball(aroundobjectusedingames)&ball(agatheringofpeoplefordance)ThreekindsofhomonymsHomogra264.ComponentialAnalysis義素分析“Componentialanalysis”definesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents/features語(yǔ)義特征.Man:+Human+Adult+MaleWoman:+Human+Adult-Male4.ComponentialAnalysis義素分析“275.Semantic/SemioticTriangle語(yǔ)義三角concept

word

thing5.Semantic/SemioticTriangle285.Semantic/SemioticTriangle語(yǔ)義三角the“symbol”or“form”referstothelinguisticelements(word,sentence,etc.)the“referent”referstotheobjectintheworldofexperience,and“thought”or“reference”referstoconceptornotion.thesymbolawordsignifies“things”byvirtueofthe“concept”;The“concept”thusconsideredismeaningoftheword.5.Semantic/SemioticTriangle296.TypesofsemanticchangeGeneralization---extensionSpecialization---shrinkingofmeaningElevation---ameliorationDegradation---degeneration6.TypesofsemanticchangeGen30Generalization---extension

Definition:Itisthestretchofmeaning

wideningofmeaningBroadeningofmeaningGeneralization---extensionDe31Generalization---extensionholiday:

onlysacreddays(Easter/Christmas)

allholidaysthing:

apoliticalorjudicialassembly

anythingthatexistssanctuary:

sacredplaces:temple;church

anyplacewhererefugeisprovidedGeneralization---extensionhol32Generalization---extensionsalary----saltmoney---fixedregularpayjournal----adaily----aperiodicalGeneralization---extensionsal33Specialization---shrinkingofmeaningnarrowingofmeaningSpecialization---shrinkingof34Specialization---Fromgeneraltospecificexampleoriginalspecializedstinkanykindofsmellveryunpleasantsmellshrouddress;clothesclothorsheetinwhichadeadpersoniswrappedSpecialization---Fromgeneral35Specialization---FromgeneraltospecificexampleoriginalspecializedgrocerretailerretailerofdailyusespoisonanykindofdrinksubstancecausingdeathorharmwhenabsorbedSpecialization---Fromgeneral36Specialization---Fromgeneraltospecificexampleoriginalspecializedcorpse

ahumanoranimalbody,livingordeadadeadbody,especiallyofahumanbeinghospitaltheplacewheretouristsrest&relaxinstitutionwherepatientsreceivevariousmedicaltreatmentsSpecialization---Fromgeneral37Specialization---Fromgeneraltospecificexampleoriginalspecializedmeatfood

fleshofanimalsgirlyoungpersonnofeithersexfemaleyoungpersonwifewoman

amarriedwomanSpecialization---Fromgeneral38Elevation---ameliorationDefinition:Themeaningnarrowstowardamorefavorableone.orwordsoftenrisefromahumblebeginningtoapositionofgreaterimportancebecauseofsocialchanges.Elevation---ameliorationDefin39Elevation---ameliorationexampleOriginalElevatednaughtywicked/depravedmischievousPraisesetavalueonsthgood/badsetavalueonsthgoodElevation---ameliorationexamp40Elevation---ameliorationexampleOriginalElevatedfamereportgoodreputationsuccessresult/outcomegoodresult/outcomeElevation---ameliorationexamp41Elevation---ameliorationexampleOriginalElevatedshrewdwickedkeen-witted/cleverinnsmalloldhotelinthecountry

(also)bigluxurioushotelElevation---ameliorationexamp42Elevation---ameliorationexampleOriginalElevated

marshalaservantwholooksaftermares(充其量是個(gè)"弼馬溫")thechiefgeneralorcommanderlordloafgiver(分發(fā)面包的人)

noblemanElevation---ameliorationexamp43Elevation---ameliorationexampleOriginalElevated

fondfoolish

affectionateministerservant

personattheheadofagovernmentdepartment

Elevation---ameliorationexamp44Elevation---ameliorationexampleOriginalElevated

paradise

gardern/park

theheavenElevation---ameliorationexamp45Degradation---degenerationDefinitionPejorativechange---themeaningofawordnarrowstowardanunfavorableoneor:Wordswithacommendatorymeaningmaybecomeoneswithaderogatorysense.Degradation---degenerationDef46Degradation---degenerationwordNeutralpejorativevillainfarmworkerorfarmerawickedpersonwenchgirloryoungwomanhooker/prostituteDegradation---degenerationwor47Degradation---degenerationwordpositiveperjorativegenteelpolite/well-educatedpoliteinanexaggeratedwaysillyhappy/fortunate/holyfoolishsad(OE)satt=satisfied/contentedsorrow/unhappyDegradation---degenerationwor48Chapter6Semantics語(yǔ)義學(xué).Chapter6Semantics語(yǔ)義學(xué).49DefinitionDefinition“Semantics”referstothestudyofthecommunicationofmeaningthroughlanguage.Orsimply,itisthestudyofmeaningDefinitionDefinition50Leech’s7typesofmeaningsConceptualmeaning概念意義Associativemeaning聯(lián)想意義:Connotativemeaning內(nèi)涵意義Socialmeaning社會(huì)意義Affectivemeaning情感意義Reflectivemeaning反映意義Collocativemeaning搭配意義Thematicmeaning主題意義Leech’s7typesofmeaningsCon51Conceptualmeaning概念意義Conceptualmeaning概念意義-----denotativemeaningThecoreoftheoryTherelationshipbetweenwordsandthethingstheyreferto,similartoreferencewomen:[HUMAN][FEMALE][ADULT]Pig:[ANIMALE][DOMESTICATED]…Conceptualmeaning概念意義Conceptu52Connotativemeaning內(nèi)涵意義Connotativemeaning內(nèi)涵意義:coloredwithemotionPolitician&StatesmanWoman:housewife,gentle,cry,fragile,weak,dependenthesitantPig:fat,lazy,dirty,greedy,docileConnotativemeaning內(nèi)涵意義Connot53Socialmeaning社會(huì)意義Socialmeaning:WhatiscommunicatedofthesocialcircumstancesoflanguageuseStylisticMeaninghorse(common)steed(formal/poetic)nag(slang)gee(colloquial/childlanguage)稱(chēng)謂：老婆，媳婦，堂客，屋里的，孩子他媽?zhuān)瑑?nèi)人，愛(ài)人，夫人，老伴兒，老婆子Socialmeaning社會(huì)意義Socialmeani54Degreesofformality:

Frozen—formal—consultative—casual—intimate(MartinJoosTheFiveClocks)Formal—informal—literary—archaic—slangDegreesofformality:

Frozen—55Affectivemeaning情感意義Affectivemeaning情感意義Theattitudeandfeelingsofthespeaker/writerappreciative/commendatorymeaningprerogative/derogatorymeaningAffectivemeaning情感意義Affective56Reflectivemeaning反映意義Reflectivemeaning反映意義AssociationofanothersenseofthesameexpressionReflectivemeaning反映意義Reflecti57ReflectedMeaning通過(guò)與同一個(gè)詞的另一個(gè)意義的聯(lián)想來(lái)傳遞的意義。E.g.

“圣靈”Comforter(comfort)TheHolyGhost多義詞Intercourse,cockBottomup干杯！屁股朝天！ReflectedMeaning通過(guò)與同一個(gè)詞的另一個(gè)意義58Childish/womanish/boyish/Childlike/womanly/manly褒貶視語(yǔ)境而定：“sonofbitch”—crudevulgarity—friendliness,intimacy“討厭”Childish/womanish/boyish/59Collocativemeaning搭配意義Collocativemeaning搭配意義Associationwithwordswhichtendtooccurintheenvironmentofanotherwordprettyvs.handsome

whiteelephant,whitelie（白)

greenonthejob,greenfruit,greenwithenvy,green-eyedCollocativemeaning搭配意義Colloca60Colorterms:

MrBrownisaverywhiteman.Heislookingrathergreen.Buthehasbeenfeelingbluelately.WhenIsawhim,hewasinabrownstudy.Ihopehe’llsoonbeinthepinkagain.Colorterms:MrBrownisav61Thematicmeaning主題意義Whatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichthemessageisorganizedintermsoforderandemphasis說(shuō)話(huà)者或?qū)懳恼碌娜私柚M織信息的方式（語(yǔ)序強(qiáng)調(diào)手段，信息焦點(diǎn)的安排）來(lái)傳遞的一種意義。TwohooligansbeatXiaoMingyesterday.XiaoMingwasbeatenyesterday.IwenttotheGreatWalllastyear.LastyearIwenttotheGreatWall.Thematicmeaning主題意義Whatisco623.Majorsense/semanticrelationshipSynonymy同義關(guān)系A(chǔ)ntonymy反義關(guān)系Hyponymy上下義關(guān)系Polysemy一詞多義關(guān)系Homonymy同形/同音異義關(guān)系3.Majorsense/semanticrelati63SynonymySynonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.synonyms:Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.Differencesofsynonyms:dialect地域；register場(chǎng)合;style風(fēng)格；formality正式度；attitude態(tài)度SynonymySynonymyreferstothe64Typesofsynonymsdialectalsynonyms:petroleum(AE)/gasoline;girl/lass(Scotish)stylisticsynonyms:oldman/daddy/dad/father/maleparentemotiveorevaluativesynonyms:thrifty/miserTypesofsynonymsdialectalsyn65Typesofsynonymscollocationsynonyms:accuseof---chargewithSemanticallydifferentsynonyms:surprise/amaze困惑/astound難以置信Typesofsynonymscollocations66AntonymyAntonymyreferstooppositionsofmeaningwordsthatstandoppositeinmeaningarecalled“antonyms”,oroppositesAntonymyAntonymyreferstoopp67Categoriesofantonyms3

categories:gradableantonyms---good-badcomplementaryantonyms---single-marriedConverse/relationalantonyms---buy-sellCategoriesofantonyms3catego68Hyponymy上下義關(guān)系“Hyponymy”involvesusinthenotionofmeaninginclusion.Itisamatterofclassmembership.WhenXidakindofY,thelowertermXisthe“hyponym”,andtheuppertermYisthe“superordinate”.Hyponymy上下義關(guān)系“Hyponymy”involv69Hyponymy上下義關(guān)系Twoormorehyponymssharingthesameonesuperordinatearecalled“co-hyponyms”,formingsemanticfields.Forexample,“flower”isthesuperordinateof“tulip”,“violet”and“rose”,whicharetheco-hyponymsof“flower”.Hyponymy上下義關(guān)系Twoormorehypon70Polysemy一詞多義關(guān)系“Polysemy”referstothesemanticphenomenonthatawordmayhavethanonemeaning.Forexample,“negative”,means(1)astatementsayingormeaning“no”,(2)arefusalordenial,3)oneofthefollowingwordsandexpressions:no,not,nothing,never,notatall,etc.,(4)anegativephotographorfilm.Polysemy一詞多義關(guān)系“Polysemy”ref71Polysemy一詞多義關(guān)系wecansometimeshardlytellifaformhasseveralmeaningsoritisadifferentwordtakingthisform;hencethedifferencebetweenpolysemyandhomonymy.Polysemy一詞多義關(guān)系wecansometim72Homonymy同形/同音異義關(guān)系

Homonymyreferstothelinguisticphenomenon,i.e.identityofformanddiversityofmeaning.Homonymy同形/同音異義關(guān)系Homonymyre73ThreekindsofhomonymsHomographs---wordswithsamespelling,differentmeaningandsound:eg.Lead/li:d/&lead/led/Homophones---wordswithsamesound,differentmeaningandspelling,eg.sea&seeFull

homonyms---wordswithsamespellingandsound,differentmeaning,eg.ball(aroundobjectusedingames)&ball(agatheringofpeoplefordance)ThreekindsofhomonymsHomogra744.ComponentialAnalysis義素分析“Componentialanalysis”definesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents/features語(yǔ)義特征.Man:+Human+Adult+MaleWoman:+Human+Adult-Male4.ComponentialAnalysis義素分析“755.Semantic/SemioticTriangle語(yǔ)義三角concept

word

thing5.Semantic/SemioticTriangle765.Semantic/SemioticTriangle語(yǔ)義三角the“symbol”or“form”referstothelinguisticelements(word,sentence,etc.)the“referent”referstotheobjectintheworldofexperience,and“thought”or“reference”referstoconceptornotion.thesymbolawordsignifies“things”byvirtueofthe“concept”;The“concept”thusconsideredismeaningoftheword.5.Semantic/SemioticTriangle776.TypesofsemanticchangeGeneralization---extensionSpecialization---shrinkingofmeaningElevation---ameliorationDegradation---degeneration6.TypesofsemanticchangeGen78Generalization---extension

Definition:Itisthestretchofmeaning

wideningofmeaningBroadeningofmeaningGeneralization---extensionDe79Generalization---extensionholiday:

onlysacreddays(Easter/Christmas)

allholidaysthing:

apoliticalorjudicialassembly

anythingthatexistssanctuary:

sacredplaces:temple;church

anyplacewhererefugeisprovidedGeneralization---extensionhol80Generalization---extensionsalary----saltmoney---fixedregularpayjournal----adaily----aperiodicalGeneralization---extensionsal81Specialization---shrinkingofmeaningnarrowingofmeaningSpecialization---shrinkingof82Specialization---Fromgeneraltospecificexampleoriginalspecializedstinkanykindofsmellveryunpleasantsmellshrouddress;clothesclothorsheetinwhichadeadpersoniswrappedSpecialization---Fromgeneral83Specialization---FromgeneraltospecificexampleoriginalspecializedgrocerretailerretailerofdailyusespoisonanykindofdrinksubstancecausingdeathorharmwhenabsorbedSpecialization---Fromgeneral84Specialization---Fromgeneraltospecificexampleoriginalspecializedcorpse

ahumanoranimalbody,livingordeadadeadbody,especiallyofahumanbeinghospitaltheplacewheretouristsrest&relaxinstitutionwherepatientsreceivevariousmedicaltreatmentsSpecialization---Fromgeneral85Specialization---Fromgeneraltospecificexampleoriginalspecializedmeatfood

flesh