大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試寫作知識(shí)及技巧課件

大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試

寫作知識(shí)與技巧

1/5/20231大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試

寫作知識(shí)與技巧

12/KnowledgeIsPower

Asapopularsayinggoes，knowledgeispower。Withourcountrydevelopingfast，theimportanceofknowledgeisbecomingmoreandmoreobvioustousall。1/5/20232KnowledgeIsPowerAsapo

Intheveryfirstplace，withknowledge，onecaneasilyfindjobs。Itisoftensaidthatweareenteringanewageofinformation，andknowledgeplaysakeyroleinthisage。Forexample，ifonewantstoworkinITfield，oneneedstoimprovehisknowledgeconstantly。What’smore，knowledgeablepeoplecangetquickpromotionintheirwork。Asisoftenthecase，apersoninchargeofanorganizationistheonewhohasmostknowledge。Inaddition，moreknowledgeisalsoneededtomakeourliferichandfulfilled。

1/5/20233Intheveryfirstplace，w

Accordingly，wemusttryhardtoacquireasmuchknowledgeaswecan。Luckily，alotofmeansmayenableustodoso。Amongotherthings，webprovesthebestandfastestwaytogetinformation。1/5/20234Accordingly，wemusttry（一）四級(jí)作文的考試要求1.考生應(yīng)在30分鐘內(nèi)，根據(jù)題目要求及寫作提綱或規(guī)定情節(jié)，圖表等寫出120字以上，語言比較規(guī)范的短文。2.要求“內(nèi)容切題，包括提綱的全部要點(diǎn)，表達(dá)清楚，文字連貫。句式有變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞正確?！?/5/20235（一）四級(jí)作文的考試要求1.考生應(yīng)在30分鐘內(nèi)，根據(jù)題目（二）

四級(jí)作文的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

作文滿分為15分，閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共分為五等：2分，5分，8分，11分及14分。閱卷人員根據(jù)閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對(duì)照樣卷評(píng)分，若認(rèn)為與某一分?jǐn)?shù)（8分）相似，即定為該分（8分）；若認(rèn)為稍優(yōu)或稍劣于該分，則可以加一分，即為9分，或減一分，即為7分，但不得加或減半分。具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下：2分—條理不清，思路混亂，語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤，且多為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。5分—基本切題。表達(dá)思想不清楚，連貫性差，有較多嚴(yán)重的語言錯(cuò)誤。1/5/20236（二）

四級(jí)作文的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

作文滿分為15分，閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共分8分—基本切題。有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚，文字勉強(qiáng)連貫，語言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多，其中有一些是嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。11分—切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語言錯(cuò)誤。14分—切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性較好?；旧蠠o語言錯(cuò)誤，僅有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)，文字運(yùn)用較好。1/5/202378分—基本切題。有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚，文字勉強(qiáng)連貫，語言注：①白卷、作文與題目毫不相干，或只有幾個(gè)孤立的詞而無法表達(dá)思想，則給零分。

②字?jǐn)?shù)不夠應(yīng)酌情扣分。如題目中給出主題句、起始句、結(jié)束句均不得計(jì)入所寫字?jǐn)?shù)。

③只寫一段者，0-4分；兩段者，0-9分（指規(guī)定三段的作文）。1/5/20238注：12/28/20228（三）四級(jí)作文通病分析通過對(duì)歷年英語短文寫作考生答卷的分析，考生寫作時(shí)已具有較大的主動(dòng)性和創(chuàng)造性。絕大多數(shù)考生都有一定的英語基礎(chǔ)，也已經(jīng)基本上掌握了表達(dá)自己觀點(diǎn)和想法的詞匯和語法知識(shí)。但從整體得分來看，多數(shù)考生短文寫作成績卻不盡人意。分?jǐn)?shù)主要集中在5-9分。1/5/20239（三）四級(jí)作文通病分析通過對(duì)歷年英語短文寫作考生普遍存在著普遍的問題是思維單調(diào)，例證堆切，簡單羅例數(shù)據(jù)，片面描繪畫面，缺乏主題提升等方面的通病。究其原因，一方面存在著教學(xué)過程中忽略了對(duì)學(xué)生書面表達(dá)能力的培養(yǎng)，學(xué)生缺乏適量的作文訓(xùn)練；另一方面，還有些考生對(duì)英語短文寫作的考試要求不十分明確，靠背幾篇范文，壓幾道題，抱著碰運(yùn)氣的態(tài)度，就倉促上陣。

1/5/202310考生普遍存在著普遍的問題是思維單調(diào)，例證堆切，簡單羅例數(shù)據(jù)，（四）四級(jí)作文常見的十大癥結(jié)1.大小寫，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，拼寫錯(cuò)誤;2.卷面不潔，字跡潦草，用鉛筆寫作；3.語法和結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤，造成文章結(jié)構(gòu)松散，脫節(jié)；4.代詞，連接詞或邏輯順序詞錯(cuò)用，而造成文章的邏輯混亂；5.用中文思維加英文翻譯所造成的語句生硬，錯(cuò)誤；1/5/202311（四）四級(jí)作文常見的十大癥結(jié)1.大小寫，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，拼寫錯(cuò)誤

5.文不對(duì)題，部分跑題或主題不突出所造成的文章不切題現(xiàn)象。6.詞匯量匱乏，文章中難見高分詞匯；7.語法不通，復(fù)合句使用錯(cuò)誤多且表達(dá)不清；8.句型單一、句子無變化，表達(dá)方式單調(diào);9.不會(huì)正確使用常用套語，文章缺少層次感；10.作文普遍缺乏文采，打動(dòng)人的杰作奇缺。

1/5/20231212/28/202212（五）考試作文類型及命題1.短文寫作大致分為五種類型：A.記敘文(Narration)B.描寫文（Description）C.說明文（Exposition）D.論說文（Argumentation）E.應(yīng)用文（PracticalWriting）1/5/202313（五）考試作文類型及命題1.短文寫作大致分為五種類型：12.命題形式（主要有三種形式）A.

命題類作文：包括命題提綱式，命題提綱式附首段起始句，命題式附各段主題句等分支。B.

規(guī)定情景類：包括情景式給定標(biāo)題的論說文和情景式給定標(biāo)題的記敘文等。C.圖表，圖畫類作文：包括無題提綱式圖表類作文，無題提綱式漫畫或圖片類作文；命題提綱式圖表類作文和命題提綱式漫畫或圖片類作文。1/5/2023142.命題形式（主要有三種形式）12/28/202214

英語好句子的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和要求

句子構(gòu)建是寫作的關(guān)鍵。字詞組合看似簡單其實(shí)奧妙無窮。不同文化、不同風(fēng)格的作者肯定會(huì)寫出不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。句子有簡單句、并列句、復(fù)合句之分。僅僅簡單句可分為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂賓+賓結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、主（系）動(dòng)表結(jié)構(gòu)等等。而復(fù)合句有不同的組合關(guān)系如條件關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、讓步關(guān)系、對(duì)比關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。條件句又細(xì)分真實(shí)條件和非真實(shí)條件（虛擬）。1/5/202315

英語好句子的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和要求

句子構(gòu)建根據(jù)句子語態(tài)，句子有主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)之分。根據(jù)排列順序，句子可分為正常語序句和倒裝句。一般說來，好的文章包含復(fù)合句、非真實(shí)條件句、被動(dòng)語態(tài)、倒裝句更多，因?yàn)樗鼈兪鞘芙逃潭雀叩偷闹饕饬恐笜?biāo)。它們的語法規(guī)則嚴(yán)格而復(fù)雜，受教育少的人是無法正確駕馭這種句子的構(gòu)建。同時(shí)它們也是正式語體和書面語體的集中表現(xiàn)。

1/5/202316根據(jù)句子語態(tài)，句子有主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)之分。根據(jù)排列順序，句外語習(xí)得者要消滅寫句子時(shí)的錯(cuò)誤通常是不可能的，但是朝少犯錯(cuò)誤、不犯嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤的方向而努力奮斗，這應(yīng)該是受到鼓勵(lì)和勞有所報(bào)的過程。正確無誤的句子的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下：1/5/202317外語習(xí)得者要消滅寫句子時(shí)的錯(cuò)誤通常是不可能正確無誤的句子標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

1.

保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整。2.

首字母要大寫。3.

結(jié)尾要有句號(hào)或問號(hào)或感嘆號(hào)或省略號(hào)。4.

句子應(yīng)表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思。5.

句子前后要符合邏輯推理。6.

主語為代詞時(shí)要指代明晰。

7.句子時(shí)態(tài)要正確，主要指前后一致或符合上下文場景。1/5/202318正確無誤的句子標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

12/28/202218Forexample:1.

FromShanghai,heatlastbecameahighofficialinBeijing.

Note:Thissentenceiscorrectingrammarbutnoteffectiveorlogicalinmeaning,becausehisbirthplaceorformerworksitedoesnotensurehispromotioninBeijing.Sothissentencelacksunity.

1/5/202319Forexample:1.

FromShanghai,2.

Mr.Bushsaidtohisbrotherthathehaddoneagoodjob.

Note:Thereaderisnotsurewhom“he”shouldbereferredto.Sothissentencelackscoherence.1/5/2023202.

Mr.Bushsaidtohisbroth1.

InthemonthofMaypeopleofdifferentprofessionsfromallcirclesineachcityholdvotingmeetingtoelecttheirrepresentatives,andtheserepresentativeswillgotoBeijing,theChinesecapital,inthemonthofOctobertoattendanotionalcongressofmodelworkersfromallcornersofChina.

1/5/2023211.

InthemonthofMaypeoplNote:Therearetoomanyrepetitionsandunnecessarywordsinthesentence,suchas“inthemonthofMay”,“inthemonthofOctober”,“differentprofessionsfromallcircles”,“votingmeetingtoelect”,“theirrepresentatives,andtheserepresentatives”,“Beijing,theChinesecapital”,“national…fromallcornersofChina”.Sothisisawordysentence.1/5/202322Note:Therearetoomanyrepet1.

Whatiscommontoallheroesisthattheydonotfeardeath,dangerandhardships.

Note:TheyemphasizethelastmeaningorthingwheneverthereareseveraladditionalwordsandphrasesintheEnglishculture.WestressthefirstwordorphrasewhilethereisparallelisminChineseculture.NowthatwearewritinginEnglish,wehavetofollowtheirsuit.

1/5/2023231.

Whatiscommontoallheroe1.

XiaoLiwasborninasmallvillage.Thevillagewasnotprintedonanymap.Hisfatherwasateacherinthevillageschool.Heneverleftthevillage.Laterhegraduatedfromthatschoolandenteredajuniormiddleschoolinatown.Onweekdayshehadtoliveatschool.Withoutparentsthere,helearnedtolookafterhimself—buyingfoodandwashingclothes.

Note:Thisisachildishcomposition,justasadiaryfromapupil.Asanadult,weareadviseduponmoresophisticatedwritingatleastnotthatmonotonic.Sotobevariousinstyleistobeencouragedifagoodessaytendstoturnup.1/5/2023241.

XiaoLiwasborninasmal表示原因的常用句型1）Therearethreereasonsforthis.2）Thereasonsforthisareasfollows.3）Thereasonforthisisobvious.4）Thereasonforthisisnotfartoseek.5）Thereasonforthisisthat...6）Wehavegoodreasontobelievethat...1/5/202325表示原因的常用句型1）Therearethreere例如：Therearethreereasonsforthechangesthathavetakenplaceinourlife.Firstly，people’slivingstandardhasbeengreatlyimproved.Secondly，mostpeoplearewellpaid，andtheycanaffordwhattheyneedorlike.Lastbutnotleast，moreandmorepeopleprefertoenjoymodernlife.1/5/202326例如：Therearethreereasonsfo表示好處的常用句型1）

Ithasthefollowingadvantages.2）

Itdoesusalotofgood.3）

Itbenefitsusquitealot.4）

Itisbeneficialtous.5）

Itisofgreatbenefittous.1/5/202327表示好處的常用句型1）

Ithasthefollo例如：

Booksarelikefriends.Theycanhelpusknowtheworldbetter，andtheycanopenourmindsandwidenourhorizons.Therefore，readingextensivelyisofgreatbenefittous.1/5/202328例如：12/28/202228表示壞處的常用句型1）Ithasmoredisadvantagesthanadvantages.2）

Itdoesusmuchharm.3）

Itisharmfultous.

1/5/202329表示壞處的常用句型1）Ithasmoredisad例如：

However，everythingdividesintotwo.Televisioncanalsobeharmfultous.Itcandoharmtoourhealthandmakeuslazyifwespendtoomuchtimewatchingtelevision.1/5/202330例如：12/28/202230

表示重要、必要、困難、方便、可能

1）Itisimportant（necessary，difficult，convenient，possible）forsb.todosth.2）Wethinkitnecessarytodosth.3）Itplaysanimportantroleinourlife.1/5/202331

表示重要、必要、困難、方便、可能

1）Itisim例如：Computersarenowbeingusedeverywhere，whetherinthegovernment，inschoolsorinbusiness.Soon，computerswillbefoundineveryhome，too.WehavegoodreasontosaythatcomputersareplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourlifeandwehavesteppedintotheComputerAge.1/5/202332例如：12/28/202232表示措施的常用句型

1）Weshouldtakesomeeffectivemeasures.2）Weshouldtryourbesttoovercome（conquer）thedifficulties.3）Weshoulddoourutmostindoingsth.4）Weshouldsolvetheproblemsthatweareconfronted（faced）with.1/5/202333表示措施的常用句型

1）Weshouldtakesom例如：Thehousingproblemthatweareconfrontedwithisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.Therefore，wemusttakesomeeffectivemeasurestosolveit.1/5/202334例如：12/28/202234表示變化的常用句型

1）Somechangeshavetakenplaceinthepastfiveyears.2）Agreatchangewillcertainlybeproducedintheworld’scommunications.3）Thecomputerhasbroughtaboutmanychangesineducation.1/5/202335表示變化的常用句型

1）Somechangeshave例如：Somechangeshavetakenplaceinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyears.Themajorreasonsforthesechangesarenotfartoseek.Nowadays，moreandmorepeopleareswitchingfromgraintomeatforprotein，andfromfruitandvegetabletomilkforvitamins.1/5/202336例如：Somechangeshavetakenpla表示事實(shí)、現(xiàn)狀的常用句型

1）Wecannotignorethefactthat...2）Noonecandenythefactthat...3）Thereisnodenyingthefactthat...4）Thisisaphenomenonthatmanypeopleareinterestedin.5）However，that’snotthecase.1/5/202337表示事實(shí)、現(xiàn)狀的常用句型

1）Wecannotignor例如：

Wecannotignorethefactthatindustrializationbringswithittheproblemsofpollution.Tosolvetheseproblems，wecanstartbyeducatingthepublicaboutthehazardsofpollution.Thegovernmentonitspartshouldalsodesignstricterlawstopromoteacleanerenvironment.1/5/202338例如：12/28/202238表示比較的常用句型

1）ComparedwithA，B...2)A

and

B

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several

points

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common.

3)It

is

true

that

A

...

,

but

the

chief

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(obvious

defects

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4)A

and

B

differ

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several

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5)The

advantages

of

A

are

much

greater

than

those

of

B.

6）IprefertoreadratherthanwatchTV.7）Thereisastrikingcontrastbetweenthem.1/5/202339表示比較的常用句型

1）ComparedwithA，B.例如：Comparedwithcars，bicycleshaveseveraladvantagesbesidesbeingaffordable.Firstly，theydonotconsumenaturalresourcesofpetroleum.Secondly，theydonotcausethepollutionproblem.Lastbutnotleast，theycontributetopeople’shealthbygivingthemduephysicalexercise.1/5/202340例如：12/28/202240表示例舉的常用句型

1)

A

good

case

in

point

is

...

2)

As

an

illustration,

we

may

take

...

3)

Such

examples

might

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...is

often

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1/5/202341表示例舉的常用句型

1)

A

good

case

in

p表示數(shù)量的常用句型

1）Ithasincreased（decreased）from...to...2）Thepopulationinthiscityhasnowincreased（decreased）to800，000.3）TheoutputofJulyinthisfactoryincreasedby15％comparedwiththatofJanuary.

1/5/202342表示數(shù)量的常用句型

1）Ithasincreased（d例如：Withtheimprovementofthelivingstandard，theproportionofpeople’sincomespentonfoodhasdecreasedwhilethatspentoneducationhasincreased.再如：Fromthegraphlistedabove，itcanbeseenthatstudentuseofcomputershasincreasedfromanaverageoflessthantwohoursperweekin1990to20hoursin20001/5/202343例如：12/28/202243表示看法的常用句型

1）Peoplehave（take，adopt，assume）differentattitudestowardssth.2）Peoplehavedifferentopinionsonthisproblem.3）Peopletakedifferentviewsof（on）thequestion.4）Somepeoplebelievethat...Othersarguethat...1/5/202344表示看法的常用句型

1）Peoplehave（take，a例如：Peoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsfailure.Somebelievethatfailureleadstosuccess.Everyfailuretheyexperiencetranslatesintoagreaterchanceofsuccessattheirrenewedendeavor.However，othersareeasilydiscouragedbyfailuresandputthemselvesintothecategoryoflosers.再如：Do“l(fā)uckynumbersreallybringgoodluck？Differentpeoplehavedifferentviewsonit.1/5/202345例如：Peoplehavedifferentattit表示結(jié)論的常用句型

1）Inshort，itcanbesaidthat...2）Itmaybebrieflysummedupasfollows.3）Fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove，wecancometotheconclusionthat...

1/5/202346表示結(jié)論的常用句型

1）Inshort，itcanbe例如：Fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove，wecancometotheconclusionthatexaminationisnecessary，however，itsmethodshouldbeimproved.1/5/202347例如：12/28/202247部分常用套語

1）It’swellknowntousthat...2）Asisknowntous，...3）Thisisatopicthatisbeingwidelytalkedabout.4）Fromthegraph（table，chart）listedabove，itcanbeseenthat...5）Asaproverbsays，“Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.1/5/202348部分常用套語

1）It’swellknowntous例如：

Asiswellknowntous，itisimportantforthestudentstoknowtheworldoutsidecampus.Thereasonforthisisobvious.Nowadays，thesocietyischanginganddevelopingrapidly，andthecampusisnolongeran“ivorytower.Ascollegestudents，wemustgetintouchwiththeworldoutsidethecampus.Onlyinthiswaycanweadaptourselvestothesocietyquicklyafterwegraduate.1/5/202349例如：12/28/202249再如：

Doesitpaytobehonest？Thisisatopicthatisbeingwidelytalkedaboutanddifferentpeoplehavedifferentopinionsonit.1/5/202350再如：12/28/202250實(shí)用的構(gòu)思方法1.組織素材：要想盡快，高效地收集，羅列素材，可分兩個(gè)步驟走：第一步，圍繞文章的主題展開風(fēng)暴式思考（Brainstorming),盡可能多地調(diào)集腦海中已有觀點(diǎn)和詞匯，可無序排列，但必須剔除不熟悉和不會(huì)拼寫的部分；第二步，按素材的重要性，邏輯歸屬等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對(duì)素材加以篩選，歸類和排列，整理，以備后用。1/5/202351實(shí)用的構(gòu)思方法1.組織素材：12/28/202251Title:DiningOutinaFastFoodRestaurant要求：1.Presentsituationforfastfood.2.Possiblereasonsforitspopularity.3.ProspectsoffastfoodinChina.文章構(gòu)思根據(jù)主題句將內(nèi)容分為幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)，再給出若干細(xì)節(jié)具體說明，如圖所示：1/5/202352Title:DiningOutinaFastFoReasonsforthepopularityofFastFoodRestaurantAvarietyoffastfoodSatisfypeople’sneedsReasonsrelaxTastefoodWashingdishesTraditionalChinesefoodPizzaReasonablepriceListentomusicFrenchfrieshamburgerDomoreimportantthingnutritiousBenefitpeoplealotSavetimeandtroublecookingconvenientdeliciousshoppingCleaninguptables1/5/202353ReasonsforthepopularitDiningOutinaFastRestaurant

Nowadays,fastfoodispopularinChina.Fastfoodrestaurantshavemushroomedeverywhereandmanyworkingcouplesandschoolchildrennowenjoyhavingtheirbreakfastandlunchthere.

1/5/202354DiningOutinaFastRestauranFastfoodrestaurantsarerapidlygainingpopularityinChinaforquiteafewreasons.Firstly,thereareavarietyoffastfoodavailable.Ifyouarebusyortiredofcooking,youmayhaveAmericanhamburgers,Frenchfries,anItalianpizzaornumeroustraditionalChinesefoodcookedquicklybymoderntechniquesforachange.Thefoodoftenlookssoniceandsmells1/5/202355FastfoodrestaurantsaSogoodthatyoucannothelptryingityourself.Secondly,fastfoodsatisfiespeople’sneeds.Itisconvenient,nutritiousanddelicious;thepriceisalsoreasonablesothateverybodycanaffordit.Finally,withfastfood,youcansavetimeandaworldtrouble,suchasshopping,cooking,cleaninguptablesandwashinggreasydishes.Consequently,itbenefitspeoplealot.Youmaytasteallkindsoffood,listentosoftmusic,relax,andhavetimetodomoreimportantthings.1/5/202356SogoodthatyoucannothelptFastfoodhasalreadychangedourwaysofliving.Withtherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,fastfoodwillgiveusbetterserviceandpossiblywillbecomeindispensabletoourmodernlife.1/5/202357Fastfoodhasalreadycha文章總體構(gòu)建1.合理布局篇章結(jié)構(gòu)引言Introduction交代背景Background)點(diǎn)明主題Thesis概括性介紹文章的發(fā)展，內(nèi)容和作者的觀點(diǎn)正文Body主題句TopicS.拓展句SupportingS.總結(jié)句ConclusionS.詳細(xì)具體地展開（敘述，論述，說明）文章的話題和作者的態(tài)度結(jié)論Conclusion小結(jié)Summary概括大意，重復(fù)要點(diǎn)，得出結(jié)論，提出建議1/5/202358文章總體構(gòu)建1.合理布局篇章結(jié)構(gòu)引言交代背景Ba2.寫好引言，主體部分和結(jié)尾段落3.遵循科學(xué)的寫作步驟A.審題B.組織素材C.撰寫提綱D.行文E.修改與修訂

1/5/2023592.寫好引言，主體部分和結(jié)尾段落12/28/202259段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu)段落可以概括地定義為圍繞一個(gè)主題而展開的一組相關(guān)的句子。這組句子是密切關(guān)聯(lián)的信息組合，也是文字表達(dá)的一個(gè)基本單位。段落的中心思想通常有主題句概括，而主題句中提出的問題和論點(diǎn)要在段落中通過擴(kuò)展句進(jìn)行討論與回答。段落常常有三部分構(gòu)成：1.主題句（topicsentence)2.擴(kuò)展句（supportingsentences)3.結(jié)尾句（concludingsentence)1/5/202360段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu)段落可以概括地定義為圍繞一個(gè)主題而展開的一組相段落種類1.開頭段：概括陳述主題，提出觀點(diǎn)或論點(diǎn)，點(diǎn)明寫作目的。吸引讀者的興趣與好奇心。2.中間段：是一篇文章的正文，其作用是對(duì)文章主題進(jìn)行解釋和證明。3.結(jié)尾段：是簡要地呼應(yīng)前面段落的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，點(diǎn)明主題，使文章的意思更明確，從而得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論。1/5/202361段落種類1.開頭段：概括陳述主題，提出觀點(diǎn)或論點(diǎn)，點(diǎn)明寫作

generalintroductoryremarksIntroductionnarrowcontrollingideaBody

Topicsentence________________________________________supportingdetails(examples,reasonsorarguments)___________________________________concludingremarksconclusion

restatementofcontrollingideafinalstatement1/5/202362generalintroductoryremaTitle:TaxiOutline:1.Personalexperience;2.Advantagesoverbuses;3.Summaryandmycomments.1/5/202363Title:TaxiOutline:12/28/2022Taxi

Iwellrememberthedayswhenmymothersentmetokindergartenbybuseverymorning.Wehadtowaitforhoursuntilwefinallygotonboardabus.Beingsqueezedoutofbreathlikesatininanovercrowdedbus,wefeltluckywhenwesawwomenwithchildrenwaitinghelplesslyatbusstopsinheavyrainorbittercold.Nowwehavetaxiasanalternative,andpeoplelikeitscomfort,convenienceandreasonableprice.1/5/202364TaxiIwellrememberTaxiisgainingpopularityforseveralreasons.First,travelinginanairconditionedtaxicabiscomfortable.Whereveryougo,thedrivertakescareofeverything;whatyoudoisjustsittingincozyseats,enjoyingyourselfinallkindsofweatheratanytime.Besides,itcansaveyoutimeandaworldoftroubleofdriving.Second,taxiisconvenient,especiallyinanemergencyoronspecialoccasions.1/5/202365TaxiisgainingpopulariForexample,ifyouaresuddenlyverysickdeepatnightwithnobodytoturnforhelpinanunfamiliarplace,taxiisalwaysavailabletohelpyoutoahospital.Finally,taxifareisaffordable.Evenyouhaveacar,youhavetopaythebillsofgas,insuranceandcarmaintenance.Whatismore,themanyadvantagesofataxiarerecognizedbymorepeople.1/5/202366Forexample,ifyouaresuddenWiththerapidimprovementoflivingstandards,taxihasbecomeanimportantmeansoftransportationinChinabecauseofitsreasonableprice,itsavailabilityandthecomfortitoffers.Infact,manypeopledependontaxitogotoworkandalmosteveryonehastheexperienceoftakingataxionspecialoccasions.Iamhappyfornothavingbusesastheonlychoiceanymore.1/5/202367Withtherapidimproveme句子的安排英語短文寫作既然是一種語言創(chuàng)作，就不可能像數(shù)學(xué)有嚴(yán)格的公式可套用，但卻可以找出一定的思路來遵循。第一段：引言句—擴(kuò)展句—限制主題句第二段：主題句—擴(kuò)展句—擴(kuò)展句—擴(kuò)展句—擴(kuò)展句—段落小結(jié)；第三段：連接詞+全文概括總結(jié)句—擴(kuò)展句。當(dāng)然這只是構(gòu)成短文的基本思路，其中各段擴(kuò)展句的數(shù)量在不同的文章可適當(dāng)增減，以達(dá)到內(nèi)容清晰，主題突出的目的。1/5/202368句子的安排英語短文寫作既然是一種語言創(chuàng)作，就不可能段落的擴(kuò)展(1)主題句Ifindacademiclifeendlesslyfascinating.(2)擴(kuò)展句Ifindtheclassstimulating,mostoftheprofessorsinteresting,thereadingandstudyingsatisfying,andthestudentdelightful.(3)擴(kuò)展句Iconsiderabigassignmentalivelychallenge.(4)擴(kuò)展句ButIliketheleisureactivitiesbestofall.Everystudentmayhavehisorherchoiceofactivity:athletics,music,theater,lectures,discussionsandstudentpolitics.(5)結(jié)尾句IbelievethevarietyunequaledanywhereelseandImaygotoschoolforalongtime.1/5/202369段落的擴(kuò)展(1)主題句Ifindaca主題句寫法示例1.Scienceandtechnologyconstitutetheprimaryproductiveforce.2.Moneyisagoodservantbutabadmaster.3.WithoutInternetitisdifficulttoimagemodernlife.4.Nowadayscollegegraduateshavemanyjoboptions.5.Asuccessfulinterviewdependsonthreefactors:jobrequirements,thequalificationandmannersoftheapplicant.1/5/202370主題句寫法示例1.Scienceandtechnolo

首尾段的寫作方式

首段開篇的方式常見的有：

1）諺語法

由于諺語一般已經(jīng)被大家所接受，用諺語提出自己的觀點(diǎn)也容易被讀者所接受。

Asthesayinggoes,"Moneymakesthemarego",buttherearemanythingswecan'tbuywithmoney,suchastimeandtruelove.…

1/5/202371

2）定義法

定義法是通過對(duì)文章中的關(guān)鍵詞做一些簡單或正面或反面的解釋，限定其范圍，這樣比較有利于引出主題。

"Practicemakesperfect"isanoldsaying.Ittellsusthatitdoesnotmatterifweareclumsyatdoingsomething.Aslongaswekeepontryingandpracticing,wewilldoagoodjobintheend.1/5/202372

2）定義法

定義法是通過對(duì)文章中的關(guān)鍵詞做一些簡單或

3）提問法

通過提問一個(gè)或一連串的問題，可以激發(fā)讀者的興趣，從而引出主題。

a.Doyouhavemanyfriends?Aretheysimilartoyouordifferentfromyou?Whichkindoffriendsdoyouprefer?

b.Whatisagoodstudent?Differentpeoplemayhavedifferentanswerstothisquestion.1/5/202373

3）提問法

通過提問一個(gè)或一連串的問題，可以激發(fā)讀者4）概括法

概括法指先總結(jié)文章內(nèi)容所涉及的現(xiàn)狀，然后引出主題。

Inrecentyears,withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,theInternethascomeintomoreandmorehomesandisplayingamoreandmoreimportantroleinourworkanddailylife.Ithasbecomeamusttous,butatthesametime,Internethasalsobroughtwithitalotofproblems.1/5/2023744）概括法

概括法指先總結(jié)文章內(nèi)容所涉及的現(xiàn)狀，然后引

5）故事法

故事法指用簡單有趣的故事激發(fā)讀者的興趣，從而提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。

6）引語法

"Justaseatingwithoutlikingharmsthehealth,learningwithoutinterestharmsthememoryandcan'tberetained."FromVinci'swordswecanseehowimportantitistomotivatethestudentsinlanguagelearning.1/5/202375

5）故事法

故事法指用簡單有趣的故事激發(fā)讀者的興趣，

7）調(diào)查法

為了得到讀者的認(rèn)可，文章的開始可以引出調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)等，借以提出主題。8）假設(shè)法

假設(shè)法是指通過假設(shè)提出一種選擇，交代文章要涉及的問題，從而提出文章的主題。

Supposeyouwereofferedtwojobs,oneishighly-paidbutratherdemanding,theotherislessdemanding,butpoorly-paid,whichwouldyouprefer?…

9）綜合法

具體寫作時(shí)，同學(xué)們沒有必要拘泥于一種方式，可以將上述方法總和起來。1/5/202376

7）調(diào)查法

為了得到讀者的認(rèn)可，文章的開始可以引出調(diào)常用與開頭的短語、句式

(1)Withthe（rapidly）growingpopularityof（computers,/privatecars/,ourliveshasbeenconsiderablychanged）inChina，thequalityof

（2）Withthe（rapid）growthof（oureconomy/population)，manyproblemssuchas（watershortages/wasteofenergy/lackofprofessionalsandchaoticmanagement）arebeggingtosurface1/5/202377常用與開頭的短語、句式

(1)Withthe（rap（3）Withthedevelopmentof（scienceandtechnology/marketeconomy），moreandmore/anincreasingnumberofpeoplecometorealizethat…（4）Currentlythereisawidespread/seriousconcernover(illegalpublication/drugabuse/negativeinfluenceofwesterncultures).（5）Nowadays,aheateddebated/discussionabout…isunderwayinChina.somepeoplebelievethat…,whereasothersarguethat…1/5/202378（3）Withthedevelopmentof（s（6）Therearesomereasonsforowning(privatecars/personalcomputers).Tobeginwith,…Next,…Last,…Thereare,ontheotherhand,manyreasonsagainstit,First,…Second,…Finally,…（7）Therearemanyadvantagesanddis-advantagesin(owningacar).（8）Therearevarious/atleastthreeways/possibletechniques/problems/methodstodosomething1/5/202379（6）Therearesomereasonsfor（9）Smoking/Alcoholicbeverageshouldbebannedfromcollegecampusesfortoereasons.Thefirstreasonisthat…Thesecondreasonisthat…/Ontheonehand,…Ontheotherhand,…(10）Thepossiblesolutionsof(theenergycrisis/watershortages/thesesocialproblems)dependonthreefactors…（11）Thetwomajorreasonsresponsiblefor(therapideconomicgrowth/thewidespreadoffakeproducts)are…1/5/202380（9）Smoking/Alcoholicbeverage用于開“起”文章，常置于主題句前后的：

Atpresent;currently;first(ly);Firstofall;generallyspeaking;Ingeneral;lately;now;Recently;tobeginwith;Foronething…foranother;Ontheonehand…ontheotherhand1/5/202381用于開“起”文章，常置于主題句前后的：12/28/202WhenaskedaboutWhenitcomestoFacedwith…,Somepeopleclaim/think/argue/believethat…,but/whileothers…(differently)

Nowadaysthereismuch/generaldiscussionasto….

Withthedevelopment/improvement/growthof…,

1/5/202382Whenaskedabout12/28/202282Now,itiscommonly/widely/increasinglybelieved/thought/held/acknowledgethat…,

Accordingtoarecentsurvey/investigation/poll,…

Haveyoueverthought/wondered…?

Suppose…

Asthesayinggoes,…

1/5/202383Now,itiscommonly/widely/inc結(jié)尾寫好結(jié)尾就是要使文章作到善始善終，使主題更加突出，使文章前后呼應(yīng)，結(jié)尾要遵循簡潔的原則，點(diǎn)到為止，不得拖拉，應(yīng)避免節(jié)外生枝。在結(jié)尾部分不可出現(xiàn)與全文不一致的新話題。常用的結(jié)尾方式有:1/5/202384結(jié)尾寫好結(jié)尾就是要使文章作到善始善終，使主題1.概括總結(jié)全文,提出解決方法(summary&solution)Tosolvetheproblem,theRe-employmentProjectiswellunderway.Thegovernment,mostimportantofall,needstodrawupaneconomicpolicythatwillcreatemorejobopportunitiestoeasethemountingunemploymentcreatedbytherestructuringofthestatesector.Thelaid-offworkers,too,shouldadjustthemselvestothenewsituationbyarmingthemselveswithnewerknowledgeandskillstogettheadvantageinnewpositions.1/5/2023851.概括總結(jié)全文,提出解決方法(summary&sol2.回答前面問題（answertothequestion)Personally,Ibelievethatparentsshouldpaymoreattentiontothecultivationofsuchqualitiesasindependence,confidenceandcourageintheirchildren.Onlyinthiswaycanthechildrengrowup,fullyequippedtomeetwhateverchallengesthatlifemaypresent.1/5/2023862.回答前面問題（answertothequesti3.提出建議（recommendation&suggestion)Inbrief,byrepeatingthissimplestep-by-stepprocess,youcanputasideyourfearsandwriteaclear,coherent,andconvincingessay.Allyouneediseagerness,perseveranceandcourageandapencilandpaper.1/5/2023873.提出建議（recommendation&sugges4.給出預(yù)見(prediction)Ifpeoplestoppedtothinkbeforeacquiringpets,therewouldbefewerofcrueltytoanimals.Manytimes,itisthepeoplewhoadoptpetswithoutconsideringtheexpenseandresponsibilityinvolvedwhomistreatandneglecttheiranimals.Petsarelivingcreatures.Theydonotdeservetobeacquiredascarelesslyasonewouldacquireastuffedtoy.1/5/2023884.給出預(yù)見(prediction)Ifpeopl5.發(fā)人深省的問題（thought-provokingquestion)What,then,willhappeninthetwenty-firstcenturywhenmostofthepopulationwillbeoversixtyyearsold?Retirementpolicescouldchangedramatically.1/5/2023895.發(fā)人深省的問題（thought-provokingqu6.發(fā)出號(hào)召（callforaction)Therefore,tomakeourworldabetterplaceinwhichtolive,wemustmakethebestuseofeverydropofwaterandworkhandinhandtoprotectwaterresources.1/5/2023906.發(fā)出號(hào)召（callforaction)T常用于結(jié)尾的短語、句式

（1）Itishopedthatweshouldplacemuchemphasison/paymoreattentionto…（2）Toconclude，wecanseethat（thebestway/thepossiblesolution）is…（3）Inshort，（shortagesofwater，decreaseoffertilefieldsandenvironmentalpollution）arethemajorproblemstobesolvedto（increaserainproduction）1/5/202391常用于結(jié)尾的短語、句式

（1）Itishopedth（4）Inordertomakeourworldabetterplaceinwhichtoliveweshouldmakegreateffortsto…（5）Inaword，therearethreesuggestionswemustfollow，onlyinthiswaycanwe（achieveagreatsuccess）（6）Itistimeforustotakeanactivepartin…（7）Letusworkhandinhandinhandto（solve