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2010中考英語(yǔ)知識(shí)總結(jié)本資料為特級(jí)教師原創(chuàng)(一)形容詞和副詞

I.要點(diǎn)

A.形容詞

1、形容詞的用法

形容詞是用來(lái)修飾、描繪名詞的,通常在句中作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓補(bǔ),有時(shí)還可作狀語(yǔ)。如:

Heishonestandhardworking.

Ifoundthebookinteresting.

某些形容詞與定冠詞連用表示一類(lèi)人作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:

Therichandthepoorliveindifferentpartsofthecity.

TheEnglishliketobewiththeirfamilies.

多個(gè)形容詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞的順序:

冠詞+序數(shù)詞+基數(shù)詞+性質(zhì)狀態(tài)(描述性)+形狀大小+新舊老少+顏色+國(guó)籍+材料+名詞。如:

thesecondfiveinterestingbignewredChinesewallpapers.

2、形容詞比較等級(jí)的形式

(1)規(guī)則形式

一般說(shuō)來(lái),單音節(jié)詞及少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞在后加-er;--est來(lái)構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí);其他雙音節(jié)詞及多音節(jié)詞在前加more,most.如:

great-greater-greatest

busy-busier-busiest

important-moreimportant-(the)mostimportant

(2)不規(guī)則形式

good(well)-better-best

bad(ill)-worse-worst

many(much)-more-most

little-less-least

(3)形容詞比較等級(jí)的用法

①表示兩者的比較,用形容詞的比較級(jí)+than.如:

Heisclevererthantheotherboys.

Thisoneismorebeautifulthanthatone.

②表示兩者以上的比較,用"the+形容詞最高級(jí)(+名詞)+of(in)…"如:

Heisthecleverestboyinhisclass.

③表示兩者是同等程度,用"as+形容詞原級(jí)+as".如:

HeisastallasI.

Ihaveasmanybooksasyou.

④越…越…

例如:ThemoreIlearn,thehappierIam.

⑤Youcanneverbetoocareful.越小心越好

又如:Youcanneverpraisetheteachertoohighly.

你怎么贊揚(yáng)這個(gè)老師也不過(guò)分。

⑥Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.

那一天是最令我擔(dān)心的一天。

Ihaveneverhadabetterdinner.

這是我吃過(guò)的最好的一頓飯。

⑦M(jìn)yEnglishisnobetterthanyours.

我的英語(yǔ)和你的英語(yǔ)都不怎么樣。

B.副詞

1、副詞的種類(lèi)

(1)時(shí)間副詞如:ago,before,already,just,now,early,late,finally,tomorrow等

(2)地點(diǎn)副詞如:here,there,near,around,in,out,up,down,back,away,outside等。

(3)方式副詞如:carefully,angrily,badly,calmly,loudly,quickly,politely,nervously等。

(4)程度副詞如:almost,nearly,much,greatly,abit,alittle,hardly,so,very等。

2、副詞比較等級(jí)的用法

其用法與形容詞相似,只是副詞最高級(jí)前可省略定冠詞。如:

Ofalltheboyshesings(the)mostbeautifully.

Wemustworkharder.

3、某些副詞在用法上的區(qū)別

(1)already,yet,still

already表示某事物已經(jīng)發(fā)生,主要用于肯定句;yet表示期待某事發(fā)生,主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句;still表示某事還在進(jìn)行,主要用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句,有時(shí)也可用于否定句。如:

We'vealreadywatchedthatfilm.

Ihaven'tfinishedmyhomeworkyet.

Hestillworksuntillateeverynight.

(2)too,aswell,also,either

too,aswell和also用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句,too和aswell多用于口語(yǔ),一般放在句末,而also多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ),一般放在句中與動(dòng)詞連用。either用于否定句和否定的疑問(wèn)句,往往放在句末。如:

Hewenttheretoo.

Hedidn'tgothereeither.

Ilikeyouaswell.

Ialsowentthere.

(3)hard,hardly

hardly意為"幾乎"與hard在詞義上完全不同。如:

Iworkhardeveryday.

Icanhardlyrememberthat.

(4)late,lately

lately意為"最近、近來(lái)",late意為"晚、遲"。如:

Henevercomeslate.

Haveyoubeentothemuseumlately?II.例題

例1Tom'sfatherthinksheisalready____

AhighenoughBtallenough

CenoughhighCenoughtall

解析:該題正確答案是B。修飾人高用tall,而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修飾形容詞要放在形容詞后面。因此該題選B。

例2____theworseIseemtobe.

AWhenItakemoremedicine

BThemoremedicineItake

CTakingmoreofthemedicine

DMoremedicinetaken

解析:該題正確答案為B。"the+形容詞比較級(jí)+…,the+形容詞比較級(jí)+…"意為越…,越…。該句意為:吃的藥越多,我的病越是加重。

例3"Ihaven'tbeentoLondonyet".

"Ihaven'tbeenthere____".

AtooBalsoCeitherDneither

解析:該題正確答案為C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意為否定"兩者都不",而C-either則用于否定句中,意為"也"。

例4MrSmithwas____movedatthenews.

AdeepBdeeplyCverydeepDquitedeeply

解析:該題正確答案為B。A.deep用于副詞時(shí),修飾具體的深,如digdeep,而B(niǎo)-deeply則修飾表示感情色彩的詞,如該題為deeplymoved.另如deeplyregret等。而D-quite和deeply均為副詞,不能互相修飾。(二)介詞I.要點(diǎn)

1、介詞和種類(lèi)

(1)簡(jiǎn)單介詞,常用的有at,in,on,about,across,before,beside,for,to,without等。

(2)復(fù)合介詞,如bymeansof,alongwith,becauseof,infrontof,insteadof等。

2、介詞和其他詞類(lèi)的習(xí)慣搭配關(guān)系

(1)和動(dòng)詞的搭配,如agreewith,askfor,belongto,breakawayfrom,careabout等。

(2)和形容詞的搭配,如afraidof,angrywith,differentfrom,goodat

(3)和名詞的搭配,如answerto,keyto,reasonfor,causeof,visitto等.

3、介詞短語(yǔ)可以有自己的修飾語(yǔ),這種修飾語(yǔ)通常有right,just,badly,all,well,directly,completely等少數(shù)幾個(gè)副詞。如:

Hecamerightafterdinner.

Helivesdirectlyoppositetheschool.

4、某些介詞的意義與用法舉例

(1)at,on,in(表時(shí)間)

表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)用at,如atfouro'clock,atmidnight等;表示不確定的時(shí)間或短期假日也用at,如atthattime,atChristmas等。

指某天用on,如onMonday,ontheendofNovember,指某天的朝夕用on,如onFridaymorning,ontheafternoonofSeptemberlst等。

指長(zhǎng)于或短于一天的時(shí)段用in,如intheafternoon,inFebruary,inSummer,in1999等。

(2)between,among(表位置)

between僅用于二者之間,但說(shuō)三者或三者以上中的每?jī)蓚€(gè)之間的相互關(guān)系時(shí),也用between,如

I'msittingbetweenTomandAlice.

Thevillageliesbetweenthreehills.

among用于三者或三者以上之間。如:

Heisthebestamongthestudents.

(3)beside,besides

beside意為"在…旁邊",而besides意為"除…之外"。如:

Hesatbesideme.

Whatdoyouwantbesidesthis?

(4)inthetree,onthetree

inthetree指動(dòng)物或人在樹(shù)上,而onthetree指果實(shí)、樹(shù)葉長(zhǎng)在樹(shù)上

(5)ontheway,intheway,bytheway,inthisway

ontheway指在路上intheway指擋道

bytheway指順便問(wèn)一句inthisway用這樣的方法

(6)inthecorner,atthecorner

inthecorner指在拐角內(nèi)atthecorner指在拐角外

(7)inthemorning,onthemorning

inthemorning是一般說(shuō)法onthemorning特指某一天的早晨

(8)bybus,onthebus

bybus是一般說(shuō)法onthebus特指乘某一輛車(chē)II.例題

例1Doyouknowanyotherforeignlanguage____English?

AexceptBbutCbesideDbesides

解析:A、B兩項(xiàng)except等于but,意為"除了…",C-beside意為"在…旁邊",不符合題意。而D-besides,意為"除了…之外,還有"。所以該題正確答案為D。該題意為:除了英語(yǔ)外,你還知道別的語(yǔ)言嗎?

例2Hesuddenlyreturned____arainynight.

AonBatCinDduring

解析:我們均知道,atnight這一短語(yǔ),但如果night前有修飾詞,表具體的夜晚,則要用介詞on來(lái)修飾,故該題正確答案為A。

例3I'mlookingforward____yourletter.

AtoBinCatDon

解析:該題正確答案為A。lookforwardto為固定搭配,意為"期望、盼望"。

(三)連詞I.要點(diǎn)

1、連詞的種類(lèi)

(1)并列連詞用來(lái)連接并列關(guān)系的詞、短語(yǔ)或分句,如and,for,or,both…and,either…or,neither…nor等。

(2)從屬連詞用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句,如that,if,whether,when,after,assoonas等。

除了從屬連詞(引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句)外,還有其它可以用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句的詞類(lèi)。它們是連接代詞和連接副詞(引導(dǎo)名詞性從句),關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞(引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句)。

2、常用連詞舉例

(1)and和,并且

Theydrankandsangallnight.

(2)both…and和,既…也…

BothmyparentsandIwentthere.

(3)but但是,而

I'msad,butheishappy.

(4)either…or或…或…,要么…要么…

Eitheryou'rewrong,orIam.

(5)for因?yàn)?/p>

Iaskedhimtostay,forIhadsomethingtotellhim.(6)however然而,可是

Affirst,hedidn'twanttogothere.Later,however,hedecidedtogo.

(7)neither…nor既不…也不

Neithermyparentsnormyauntagreeswithyou.

(8)notonly…but(also)不但…而且…

Henotonlysingswell,butalsodanceswell.

(9)or或者,否則

Hurryup,oryou'llbelate.

Areyouaworkeroradoctor?

(10)so因此,所以

It'sgettinglate,soImustgo.

(11)although雖然

Althoughitwaslate,theywentonworking.

(12)assoonas一…就

I'lltellhimassoonasIseehim.

(13)because因?yàn)?/p>

Hedidn'tgotoschool,becausehewasill.

(14)unless除非,如果不

Iwon'tgounlessitisfinetomorrow.

(15)until直到…

Hedidn'tleaveuntileleven.(瞬間動(dòng)詞用于not…until結(jié)構(gòu))

Hestayedthereuntileleven.

(16)while當(dāng)…時(shí)候,而(表示對(duì)比)

WhileIstayedthere,Imetafriendofmine.(while后不可用瞬間動(dòng)詞)

Mypenisredwhilehisisblue.

(17)for因?yàn)?/p>

Hewasill,forhedidn'tcome.(結(jié)論是推斷出來(lái)的)

(18)since自從…

Ihavelivedheresincemyuncleleft.

(19)hardly…when一…就

Ihadhardlygottothestationwhenthetrainleft.

(20)asfaras就…來(lái)說(shuō)

AsfarasIknow,thatcountryisverysmall.

Youmaywalkasfarasthelake.(一直走到湖那里)II.例題

例1Johnplaysfootball____,ifnotbetterthan,David.

AaswellBaswellasCsowellDsowellas

解析:該題意為:John踢足球如果不比David好的話(huà),那也踢得和David一樣好。和…一樣好為aswellas.故該題正確答案為B。

例2ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,____,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.

AwhenBwhereCwhichDwhile

解析:該處意為"然而",只有while有此意思,故選D。

例3Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffee____shallwegetdowntobusinessrightaway?

A.andB.thenC.orD.otherwise

解析:該處意為"或者",正確答案為C。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)難點(diǎn)(二)(四)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)I.要點(diǎn)

1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

(1)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)在存在的狀態(tài),常與sometimes,always,often,everyday等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如:

Sometimes,wegoswimmingafterschool.

(2)表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)等。如:

Theearthgoesroundthesun.

2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

(1)表示說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,常與now,atpresent等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如:

Whatareyoudoingnow?

(2)和always,continually等連用,表一種經(jīng)常反復(fù)的動(dòng)作,常含有某種情感。如:

Heisalwaysdoinggooddeeds.

3、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

主要表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響,或動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,或可能還要繼續(xù)下去,常與just,already,sofar,once,never等詞連用。如:

HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?

4、一般將來(lái)時(shí)

表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),常與tomorrow,nextyear等連用。如:

I'llmeetyouattheschoolgatetomorrowmorning.

We'regoingtoseeafilmnextMonday.

5、一般過(guò)去時(shí)

表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),常與yesterday,lastyear,in1998,amomentago等詞連用。如:

Ithappenedmanyyearsago.

6、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一時(shí)期正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如:

Whatwereyoudoingthistimeyesterday?

7、過(guò)去完成時(shí)

表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作。如:

Thetrainhadalreadyleftbeforewearrived.

8、一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

表示說(shuō)話(huà)人從過(guò)去的角度來(lái)看將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如:

Hesaidhewouldcome,buthedidn't.

9、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài),以give為例。時(shí)/式一般進(jìn)行完成現(xiàn)在am

is

given

aream

is

being

arehas

beengiven

have

過(guò)去was

given

werewas

beinggivenwere

hadbeengiven將來(lái)shall

begiven

will

shall

havebeengiven

will過(guò)去將來(lái)should

begiven

would

should

havebeengiven

wouldII.例題例1Ilearnedthatherfather____in1950.

AhaddiedBdiedCdeadDisdead

解析:該題正確答案為B。從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作雖然發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前,但因從句中有明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)in1950,所以不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài),而用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。例2Thefive-year-oldgirl____byherparents.

AislookedBhaslookedfor

CisbeinglookedforDhasbeenlooked解析:該題正確答案為C。在帶有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句中,介詞不能省,否則就變成了不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),而不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子中。(五)動(dòng)詞虛擬語(yǔ)氣I.要點(diǎn)

表示說(shuō)的話(huà)不是事實(shí),或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況,而是一種愿望、建議或與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)等。一般常用于正式的書(shū)面語(yǔ)中。

1、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成情景條件從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式(be要用were)should

+動(dòng)詞原形

would與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反had+過(guò)去分詞should

+have+過(guò)去分詞

would與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反1、動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)

2、should+動(dòng)詞原形

3、wereto+動(dòng)詞原形should

+動(dòng)詞原形

would

注:如果條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包含有were或had,should,could有時(shí)可將if省去,但要倒裝。如:

Hadyou(Ifyouhad)invitedus,wewouldhavecometoyourparty.

2、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在各種從句的應(yīng)用

(1)在主語(yǔ)從句中用來(lái)表示驚奇、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等,其謂語(yǔ)形式是"should(可省)+動(dòng)詞原形",常用于以下三種句型中。

句型一:Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,etc)that…

句型二:Itisapity(ashame,nowonder,etc)that…

句型三:Itissuggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc)that…

如:Itisstrangethathe(should)havedonethat.

Itisapitythathe(should)besocareless.

Itisrequestedthatwe(should)besocareless.

(2)在賓語(yǔ)從句中用于suggest,propose,move,insist,desire,demand,request,order,command等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中,表間接的命令和建議。其謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如:

Isuggestthatwe(should)goswimming.

(3)在表語(yǔ)從句中,表示間接的命令,要求、請(qǐng)求、建議、決定等,主句中的主語(yǔ)通常是suggestion,proposal,request,orders,idea等。從句謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如:

Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)leaveatonce.

(4)在同位語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如:

Wereceivedorderthattheworkbedoneatonce.

(5)在Itistimethat…句型中,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式是"動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式"或

"should+動(dòng)詞原形",should不可省。如:

It'stime(that)wewent(shouldgo)toschool.II.例題

例1Wehadhopedthathe____longer.

AstaysBhavestayedCstayedDwouldstay

解析:該題正確答案為D。hadhoped表示"本希望",同樣用法的動(dòng)詞還有think,expect等,后面的句子需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣

例2"Marywantstoseeyoutoday".

"Iwouldrathershe____tomorrowthantoday."

AcomesBcameCshouldcomeDwillcome

解析:該題正確答案為B。wouldrather后面的從句需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,用動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)表示。

例3Hadshebeenolder,she____itbetter.

AhaddoneBmighthavedone

CmightdoDwoulddo

解析:Hadshebeenolder=Ifshehadbeenold.故該題正確答案為B。(六)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞I.要點(diǎn)

英語(yǔ)中有許多短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在意義上是一個(gè)整體,其用法有的相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞,有的相當(dāng)于不及物動(dòng)詞,有的兼有及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的特征。英語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成主要有以下六種:

(1)動(dòng)詞+介詞

常見(jiàn)的有l(wèi)ookfor,lookafter,sendfor,careabout,askfor,laughat,hearof(from),addto,leadto等。這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)只能放在介詞后。如:

Don'tlaughatothers.

Ididn'tcareaboutit.

(2)動(dòng)詞+副詞

常見(jiàn)的有g(shù)iveup,pickup,thinkover,findout,handin,pointout等。這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)如果是名詞,既可放在副詞前邊,又可放在副詞后邊;賓語(yǔ)如果是人稱(chēng)代詞或反身代詞,則要放在副詞前邊。如:

You'llhandinyourhomeworktomorrow.

Pleasedon'tforgettohanditin.

(3)動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞

常見(jiàn)的有l(wèi)ookdownupon,goonwith,breakawayfrom,addupto,catchupwith等。這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)只能放在介詞后邊。如:

Allhismoneyaddeduptonomorethan$100.

Afterashortrest,hewentonwithhisresearchwork.

(4)動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞

常見(jiàn)的有takecareof,makeuseof,payattentionto,makefunof等。這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)只能放在介詞后邊。如:

Youshouldpayattentiontoyourhandwriting.

Weshouldmakefulluseofourtime.

(5)動(dòng)詞+形容詞

常見(jiàn)的有l(wèi)eaveopen,setfree,cutopen等。這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)如果是名詞,則賓語(yǔ)可放在形容詞的前邊,也可放在后邊;賓語(yǔ)如果是人稱(chēng)代詞或反身代詞,則必須放在形容詞前邊。如:

Theprisonersweresetfree.

Hecutitopen.

(6)動(dòng)詞+名詞

常見(jiàn)的有takeplace,makefriends等。這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用作不及物動(dòng)詞。如:

Thisstorytookplacethreeyearsago.

Imakefriendswithalotofpeople.

(7)辨析

giveaway(讓給,暴露)和giveup(放棄,停止)

putaway(放起,收起)和putout(撲滅)

turnup(出席,放大)和turnon(打開(kāi))

keepout(阻止)和keepoff(不讓靠近)

makeup(編造,補(bǔ)上)和makeout(辨認(rèn))

takeoff(脫,起飛)和takeout(拿出)II.例題

例1Itiswisetohavesomemoney____foroldage.

AputawayBkeptupCgivenawayDlaidup

解析:該題正確答案為A。意為"存";keepup意為"繼續(xù)";giveaway意為"分發(fā)";layup"貯藏"。

例2Here'smycard.Let'skeepin____.

AtouchBrelationCconnectionDfriendship

解析:該題正確答案為A.keepintouch為短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,意為"保持聯(lián)系"。

例3____!There'satraincoming.

ALookoutBLookaroundCLookforwardDLookon

解析:該題選A.lookout意為"小心"。(七)動(dòng)詞不定式I.要點(diǎn)

1、不定式的形式。以動(dòng)詞write為例。式|語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式towritetobewritten完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten進(jìn)行式tobewriting

完成進(jìn)行式tohavebeenwriting

2、不定式的句法功能

(1)作主語(yǔ)

Tohearfromyouisnice.

Tobeagoodteacherisnoteasy.

不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),為了保持句子的平衡,往往以it作形式主語(yǔ),而不定式置于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后。如:

It'snicetohearfromyou.

It'snoteasytobeagoodteacher.

(2)作賓語(yǔ)

通常用于want,hope,wish,like,need,hate,begin,start,remember,agree,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help等詞后。如:

Iforgottolockthedoor.

Pleaseremembertowritetome.

(3)作表語(yǔ)

Myjobistopickupletters.

Heseemedtohaveheardnothing.

(4)作定語(yǔ)

不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí),須放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞后。如:

Ihavetwoletterstowrite.

Ihavealotofworktodo.

(5)作賓補(bǔ)

通常用于want,wish,ask,order,tell,know,help,advise,allow,cause,force等詞后。如:

Heorderedhertoleaveatonce.

Hewasforcedtoobeyhisorder.

(6)作狀語(yǔ)

Hegotupearlytocatchthefirstbus.

Heworkedhardtocatchupwiththeotherstudents.

(7)作獨(dú)立成分

Totellyouthetruth,Itoldalie.

(8)"疑問(wèn)詞+不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)。如:

Idon'tknowhowtochoosethem.

Icannotdecidewheretogo.

(9)不定式的否定式。如:

Idecidednottogo.

(10)不定式的完成式。如:

HeseemedtohavecleanedtheroombeforeIcamein.

Theboyissaidtohavebeensenttothehospitallastweek.(11)too…to結(jié)構(gòu)。如:

Hewastooexcitedtogotosleep.

Hewasonlytoogladtogo.(他太高興了,樂(lè)意去)

(12)主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。如:

Thebookiseasytoread.

Ihaveabooktoread.II.例題

例1Ihaven'tgotachair____.

AtositBfortositonCtositonDforsitting

解析:該題選C。不定式tositon在句中作定語(yǔ),修飾名詞chair.因?yàn)椴欢ㄊ胶退揎椀拿~間是"動(dòng)賓關(guān)系",所以不定式必須是及物動(dòng)詞,故此處on不能省略。

例2Hewasmade____.

AgoBgoneCgoingDtogo

解析:該題選D。makesb.dosth.如果是被動(dòng)形式,不定式do前的to不能省略。例3Anewfactoryis____verysoon.

AtobebuiltBbuilt

CtobuildDtobuilding

解析:該題選A。istobebuilt意為"將要被建"。(八)動(dòng)名詞I.要點(diǎn)

動(dòng)名詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征,又具有名詞的句法功能。

1、動(dòng)名詞的形式,以write為例。式|語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式writingbeingwritten完成式havingwrittenhavingbeenwritten否定式not+動(dòng)名詞

2、動(dòng)名詞的用法

(1)作主語(yǔ)

Playingfootballismyfavoritesport.

Travellingwithfriendsatweekendisfun.

作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜且長(zhǎng)時(shí),可用it作形式主語(yǔ)。如:

Itisfuntravellingwithfriendsatweekend.

(2)作賓語(yǔ)

IenjoyplayingPCgame.

Hegaveupwritingfiveyearsago.

(3)作表語(yǔ)

Whathehatedmostwasdoingnothing.

Seeingisbelieving.

動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí),句子的主語(yǔ)常是無(wú)生命名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。

(4)作定語(yǔ)

There'sadiningroominmyschool.

Allthepeoplewatchinglaughed.

(5)動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)"物主代詞(或名詞的所有格)+動(dòng)名詞"。如:

Tom'sgoinghomelatemadehermotherangry.

Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?

不過(guò),動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)在遇到以下情況時(shí),必須用名詞的普通格(或人稱(chēng)代詞的賓格)。

①無(wú)生命名詞

Thegirlswereafraidofthedoorsuddenlyclosing.

Fireburnsbetterbyoxygenbeingatwork.

②有生命名詞,但表泛指。

Haveyoueverheardofgirlssmoking?

③兩個(gè)以上的有生命的名詞并列。

Doyoustillremembermyparentsandmecomingtoseeyouthatday?3.后面常接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)

mind,enjoy,finish,consider,practise,magine,

keep,suggest,advise,allow,permit,

beworthdoing,beusedtodoing,bebusydoing,

can'thelpdoing,itisnogooddoing,itisnousedoing,

lookforwardtodoing,sticktodoing,payattentiontodoing,

devotetodoing,leadtodoingII.例題

例1Shesaysshedoesn'tfeellike____outwithyou.

AgoingBtogoCforgoingDwent

解析:該題正確答案為A。feellike=want,此處like為介詞,后面要接名詞或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)

例2Thegardenneeds____.

AwaterBwateringCtowaterDwatered

解析:該題正確答案為B。need=want=require.如果物作主語(yǔ),此三者后要接動(dòng)名詞或tobedone這一結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)。

例3Excuseme____you.

AinterruptingBtointerrupt

CinterruptedDtohaveinterrupted

解析:該題正確答案為A。excuse后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),此句中的me為動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)(常用于口語(yǔ)中)。(九)分詞I.要點(diǎn)

分詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征,又具有形容和副詞的句法功能。它分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞兩類(lèi)。現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的主要差別在于現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式,過(guò)去分詞則只有一般式。現(xiàn)在分詞表動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,表主動(dòng)。過(guò)去分詞及物動(dòng)詞表動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,表被動(dòng)。過(guò)去分詞不及物動(dòng)詞表動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,表主動(dòng)。

過(guò)去分詞的句法功能:

1、作定語(yǔ)

IliketoreadthenovelwrittenbyLuXun.

Thewomansittingbesidethebrokenwindowwasafriendofmine.

2、作表語(yǔ)

WhenIcameintotheroom,Ifoundthewindowwasbroken.

I'minterestedinthisbook.

3、作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

I'mgoingtohavemybikerepaired.

WhenIwalkedhome,Isawthethiefcaughtbythepolice.

4、作狀語(yǔ)

Seenfromthetopofthemountain,thecitylookssmall.

Theteachercameintotheclassroom,followedbyhisstudents.現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能。

1、作狀語(yǔ)

Seeingfromthetopofthemountain,Ifoundthecitywasbeautiful.

Walkingalongthestreet,theysuddenlysawhim.

2、作賓語(yǔ)

Ihatebeingspokenillof.

HeconsideredvisitingJapanduringthewintervocation.

3、作表語(yǔ)

Seeingisbelieving.

Thebookisinteresting.

4、作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

Inoticedhimcrossingthestreet.

Mothercaughthimsmokinginthekitchen.

5、作定語(yǔ)

Doyouknowthemanwritingaletter?

Theworkerrunningamachineismybrother.分詞使用中的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題

1、現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式

Havingcleanedtheroom,Iwentout.

2、現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式

Nothavingreceivedanyletter,hefeltalittleworried.

3、現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的不同

現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)、正在,過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)、完成

Ifoundthemankilledthere.

Ifoundthemanstandingthere.

4、have結(jié)構(gòu)

Wehavethecarrepaired.

Wehaverepairedthecar.

WehaveTomrepairthecar.

WehaveTomrepairingthecarthewholemorning.

5、分詞作表語(yǔ)

Wewereexcitedatthenews.

Thefootballgameisexciting.

6、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

Itbeingafineday,wewentouttovisitthepark.II.例題

例1、Time_______,I'llgoonapicnicwithyou.

A.permitB.topermitC.permittedD.permitting

解析:該題答案為D。Timepermitting…是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),意為"如果時(shí)間允許的話(huà)…"

例2、_______ifhehadanybadhabit,sherepliedthathewasaheavysmoker.

A.AskB.ToaskC.AskedD.Asking

解析:該題答案為C。主語(yǔ)she是被問(wèn)。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)難點(diǎn)(三)

(十)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與助動(dòng)詞I.要點(diǎn)

助動(dòng)詞本身無(wú)意義,在句中幫助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成一定的時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣,或是幫助構(gòu)成否定句和疑問(wèn)句,常用的助動(dòng)詞有be,do,have,shall(should),will(would).

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表一定的詞義,本身并不表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),而僅僅表達(dá)說(shuō)話(huà)人的態(tài)度,它在句中須和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ),主要的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can(could),may(might),must,haveto,oughtto,need,dare,shall,should,will,would.

1、can能,可以,表說(shuō)話(huà)人同意,許可還可表客觀條件許可,如:Youcangonow.

提建議或請(qǐng)求時(shí)可用canI,canyou表客氣,如CanIbuyyouadrink?

can和beableto表能力時(shí)的區(qū)別。

can表一般具有的能力,beableto表在特定條件下的能力,如:Althoughthedriverwasbadlyhurt,hewasabletoexplainwhathadhappened.

2、may

(1)、可以,表說(shuō)話(huà)人同意,許可或請(qǐng)求對(duì)方許可。Youmaygo.

(2)、(現(xiàn)在和將來(lái))可能,也許,只用于肯定句和否定句中,如Hemaynotberight.

3、must,haveto

must表主觀上的必須,haveto表客觀上的必須,如:It'sgettinglate.Ihavetogo.-MustIgonow.-Yes,youmust.

(No,youneedn't./No,youdon'thaveto.)

4、need,dare這二詞有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞兩種詞性,如用作實(shí)意動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞不定式todo,如用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞原形。NeedIgonow?--Yes,youmust./No,youneedn't.)

5、shall用于第一人稱(chēng)疑問(wèn)句中表說(shuō)話(huà)人征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)或向?qū)Ψ秸?qǐng)求,如,Shallwebeginourlesson?

用于二、三人稱(chēng)陳述句,表說(shuō)話(huà)人命令、警告、允諾、威脅等口吻,如:Youshallfailifyoudon'tworkharder.

6、should表應(yīng)該,意為有責(zé)任,有義務(wù)。如:Weshouldtryourbesttomakeourcountrymorebeautiful.

7、will表有做某事的意志、意愿、安心、打算,如"Willyoulendmeyourbook?""Yes,Iwill.",

8、shouldhavedone表應(yīng)該做而未做

musthavedone表對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)的肯定推測(cè)

couldhavedone表本可以做某事

9、判斷句:肯定句用must,否定句用can't,不太肯定用may,might

Hemustbeintheofficenow.

Hemusthavegonetobed,forthelightisout.

Hecan'tbeintheoffice.Heisathome.

Hecouldn'thavecleanedtheclassroom,becausehedidn'tcomeheretoday.

Hemightbeintheoffice,Iamnotsure.

Hemighthavecleanedtheroom,Isuppose.II.例題

例1,They_______towalkinthestreetatmight.

A.didn'tdareB.notdaredC.notdareD.darednot

解析,該題答案為A,此空需選一動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ),因?yàn)楹竺媸莟owalk,didn'tdare是行為動(dòng)詞dare過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的否定形式。

例2,Whenhewasveryold,Mr.Smith_______

sitforhourswithoutsayingaword.

A.wouldB.shouldC.mustD.used

解析,該題答案為A,would此處表過(guò)去的傾向性,習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,意為"總是"如:Whenwewerechildren,wewouldgoswimmingeverysummer.(十一)句子種類(lèi)I.要點(diǎn)

句子按使用目的可分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句;按結(jié)構(gòu)又分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。

1、陳述句的否定

(1)在含有賓語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句中,當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是think,expect,believe,suppose,guess,fancy,imagine等,且主句主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng)時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)的否定習(xí)慣上要移到主句謂語(yǔ)上,如:Idon'tthinkheisright.

(2)含有否定意義的副詞never,seldom,hardly,scarcely,rarely,barely的句子應(yīng)視為否定句,如:Ihaveneverbeentherebefore.

2、反意疑問(wèn)句

(1)need和dare既可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,又可作實(shí)意動(dòng)詞,在反問(wèn)部分須加以區(qū)別,如Weneedn'tleave,needwe?Wedon'tneedtoleave,dowe?

(2)陳述部分出現(xiàn)否定意義的副詞或代詞如never,seldom,few,hardly,little等時(shí),反問(wèn)部分須用肯定形式如:Heseldomcomes,doeshe?

(3)陳述部分用不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),反問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)用it,如:Nothingcanstopme,canit?

陳述部分用everybody,everyone,somebody,someone,等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),反問(wèn)部分常用it,有時(shí)也用they,如:Everybodyknowsthat,don'tthey?

(4)陳述部分包括usedto時(shí),反問(wèn)部分可有兩種形式,如:Youusedtogetupearly,usedn't(didn't)you?

(5)陳述部分是"there+be"結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),反問(wèn)部分用there,如:There'ssomethingwrongwithyou,isn'tthere?

(6)陳述部分是含有賓語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句時(shí),反問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)和主句保持一致,如:Henevertoldotherswhathethought,didhe?

但,如果是Ithink,Ibelieve等+賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),反問(wèn)部分須和從句的動(dòng)詞保持一致,如,Idon'tthinkheisright,ishe?Idon'tbelievehedoesthat,doeshe?

3、感嘆句

用what或how,

Whatabeautifulparkitis.

Howbeautifulaparkitis.

Howbeautifultheparkis.

Howweworked!

4、祈使句

Takecare!

Don'tstandthere.

Pleaseopenthedoorfortheoldlady.II.例題

例1,Don'tforgettoposttheletter,_______?

A.willyouB.doyouC.won'tyouD.shallyou

解析:該題答案為A,在否定句、祈使句后只用"willyou"?,但肯定的祈使句后可用如,Waitforme,will(won't,can,can't,could)you?例2,Let'sgooutforawalk,_______?

A.willyouB.won'tyouC.shallweD.dowe

解析:該題答案為C,let's…后加上shallwe來(lái)表語(yǔ)氣婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣,而在letus后加上willyou。

例3,Hehardlywritestoyou,_______?

A.doesn'theB.doesheC.dotheyD.hashe

解析:該題答案為B,hardly否定副詞,反問(wèn)部分要用肯定形式。(十二)各種從句I.要點(diǎn)

根據(jù)從句在句中的句法功能,從句可分為名詞性從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句。

1、名詞性從句

(1)主語(yǔ)從句

Whathewantsisapieceofpaper.

Itisbelievedthathecansolvetheproblem.

注:主語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

(2)賓語(yǔ)從句

Idon'tknowhowtosolvetheproblem.

Doyouknowwherehelives?

(3)表語(yǔ)從句

Theproblemiswhocanhelpme.

ThisiswhyIcamehere.

(4)同位語(yǔ)從句

Ihavenoideawherehewent.

Iheardthenewsthathewouldcome.

同位語(yǔ)從句用that引導(dǎo),常跟在fact,idea,news,promise,thought,message,hope,belief,doubt等詞后,that在從句中不作任何成分。

2、定語(yǔ)從句

在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞,或修飾整個(gè)主句的從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句,引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有who,whom,whose,which,that,as,和關(guān)系副詞when,where,why。

(1)that指物時(shí)一般可與which互換,但在下列情況下,要用that而不用which。

a.先行詞有all,everything等不定代詞時(shí),如,

Everything(that)hedidiswrong.

b.先行詞被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修飾時(shí),如,

I'llreadallthebooks(that)youlendme.

c.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí),

Thisisthefirstletter(that)theboyhaswritten.

d.先行詞被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修飾時(shí),如

Heistheveryman(that)I'mlookingfor.

e.只用which的情況

在介詞后或在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中

Thisisthebookaboutwhichwehavetalkedalot.

Thebook,whichhegavemeyesterday,isveryinteresting.

f.where和when作關(guān)系副詞

ThisistheroomwhereIworked.

ThisistheroomwhichIstayedin.

Irememberedthedaywhenwelivedthere.

IrememberedthedaythatIspentthere.

g.as和which

as可以放于句首,而which不可以

Asyouknow,heisgoodatEnglish.

threeofthem和threeofwhich

Ihavealotofbooks,threeofwhichareinRussian.

IhavealotofbooksandthreeofthemareinRussian.3、狀語(yǔ)從句

在復(fù)合句中起狀語(yǔ)作用的從句叫做狀語(yǔ)從句。狀語(yǔ)從句可分為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、原因狀語(yǔ)、目的狀語(yǔ)、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)、條件狀語(yǔ)、行為方式狀語(yǔ)、比較狀語(yǔ)、讓步狀語(yǔ)等多種。II.例題

例1、_______

Iacceptthegiftorrefuseitisnoneofyourbusiness.

A.IfB.WhetherC.EvenifD.Nomatterwhen

解析:該題答案為B。whether可以和or連用,if不可以,此外if一般僅用于賓語(yǔ)從句。

例2、Theway_______

thesecomradeslookatproblemsiswrong.

A.whereB.inthatC.XD.withwhich

解析:該題答案為C,先行詞是way,定語(yǔ)從句中用that或inwhich來(lái)引導(dǎo)或不填。

例3,____alongtimesinceIsawyoulasttime.

A.ItwasB.ItisC.IthadbeenD.Itcanbe

解析:該題答案為B,Itis+時(shí)間數(shù)+since引導(dǎo)的從句是一個(gè)句型,意為"從…時(shí)候以來(lái)過(guò)了多久了。"(十三)主謂一致I.要點(diǎn)

謂語(yǔ)受主語(yǔ)支配,須和主語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上保持一致,這叫做主謂一致,主謂一致包括語(yǔ)法一致、意義上一致和就近一致。

1、語(yǔ)法上一致

(1)、以單數(shù)名詞或代詞,動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù),主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù),如,

Toworkhardisnecessaryforastudent.

(2)、用and或both……and連接的并列主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),如,

BothheandIareright.

但并列主語(yǔ)如果指的是同一人,同一事物或同一概念,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),如,Histeacherandfriendisabeautifulgirl.

(3)、主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)時(shí),盡管后面跟有aswellas,but,except,besides,with,alongwith,togetherwith,like等,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù),如,

Theteacheraswellashisstudentsisexcited.

(4)、某些不定代詞,如做主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù),如:Everyonehasabook.

(5)、一些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞,如people,cattle,clothes等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù),如,Alotofpeoplearedancingoutside.

2、意義上一致

(1)、表時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、度量衡等的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù),如,

Twentyyearsisnotalongtime.

(2)、表示總稱(chēng)意義的名詞public,police,cattle,clothes等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),如,

Peoplearetalkingabouttheaccident.

(3)、有些集合名詞,如family,team等作主語(yǔ),如作為一個(gè)整體看待,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),如指其中每個(gè)成員,則用復(fù)數(shù),如,

Myfamilyisabigone.

MyfamilyarewatchingTV.

3、鄰近一致

用連詞or,either……or,neither……nor,whether……or,notonly…butalso,等連接的并列主語(yǔ),如果一個(gè)是單數(shù),一個(gè)是復(fù)數(shù),則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞按就近一致原則,與最靠近它的主語(yǔ)一致,如,

EitheryouorIammad.II.例題

例1、Thechemicalworks_______

wheremyfatherhasworkedforthirtyyearsin1949.

A.wasbuiltB.werebuiltC.isbuiltD.arebuilt

解析:該題答案為A。works形式上是復(fù)數(shù),意思上是單數(shù),因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),類(lèi)似的還有news,maths,politics,physics.

例2、Theyeach_______

acopyofthenewphysics.

A.haveB.hasC.havingD.gets

解析:該題答案為A。Theyeach不等于eachof…,eachof這個(gè)詞組作主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)如eachofthestudentshandsintheirhomework,而theyeach作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)要隨each前面的詞來(lái)變化。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)難點(diǎn)(四)(十四)倒裝

I.要點(diǎn)

按"主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)"這種順序排列的句子是陳述語(yǔ)序,如果變?yōu)?謂語(yǔ)(或謂語(yǔ)的一部分)+主語(yǔ)",就是倒裝語(yǔ)序。

1、全部倒裝

(1)therebe句型

Thereisgoingtobeameeting.

Thereisabookonthetable.

(2)here,there,now,then,in,out等副詞置于句首時(shí),主謂倒裝,但如果主語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞時(shí),主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序不倒裝,如,

Herecomesthebus.

Herehecomes.

(3)直接引語(yǔ)的部分或全部位于句首時(shí),有時(shí)也用倒裝,如,

"Whathesaidmeantnothing",saidtheteacher.

(4)為保持句子平衡,強(qiáng)調(diào)表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ),使上下文緊密銜接時(shí)須完全倒裝,如,Infrontofthehousesatasmallboy.2、部分倒裝

(1)so,neither,nor置于句首說(shuō)明與前者情況一致時(shí),如,

Ilikeswimming,sodoesmybrother.

(2)only+狀語(yǔ)放在句首,如,

Onlythroughthismethodcanwewin.

Onlyinthiswaycanwedotheworkwell.

(3)含有否定意義的詞置于句首,如,Hardly,scarcely,not,seldom,nosooner,never,little,atnotime,innoway,nomore等,如,

NeverhadIheardthat.

LittledidIknowaboutthis.

(4)以often,so+形容詞或副詞開(kāi)頭的句子,如,

Soheavyistheboxthathecannotcarryit.

(5)用于省略if的虛擬條件句中,將had,were,should提前,如,

WereIyou,Iwouldn'tdothat.

Hadhecome,wewouldhavewon.

(6)用于某些表示祝愿的句中,如,

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