大學(xué)考試計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)chapter

計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)授課教師：鄧丹君課程安排課程學(xué)時(shí)：32學(xué)時(shí)上課時(shí)間：1-16周課程內(nèi)容：Chapter1HardwareChapter

2

SoftwareChapter

3

ApplicationChapter

4

Introduction

to

Computer

NetworksChapter

5

Architecture

of

Computer

NetworksChapter

6

Internet

and

the

World

Wide

Web課程安排課程總成績(jī)=10%平時(shí)作業(yè)成績(jī)+10%課堂提問(wèn)成績(jī)+10%平時(shí)考勤+70%期末考試成績(jī)?yōu)槭裁匆獙W(xué)習(xí)《計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)》？計(jì)算機(jī)相關(guān)的主流技術(shù)來(lái)源于以英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的國(guó)家。計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)中專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)多，如“bandwidth”

、“conductor”、“register”等，而且派生和新出現(xiàn)的專業(yè)用語(yǔ)還在不斷增加，如“Internet”、“Intranet”、“Extranet”等。計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)中縮略語(yǔ)多，如“CPU”、“ATM”等。為什么要學(xué)習(xí)《計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)》？計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)中復(fù)雜長(zhǎng)句多。如：Thecomputationalpowerandmemoryofthecomputerisanotherimportantcomponentindeterminingwhatcanbeachievedintheinteraction,whiledueattentionisalsopaidtopaperoutputsincethisformsoneofthemajorusesofcomputersandusers’taskstoday.為什么要學(xué)習(xí)《計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)》？上句的正確翻譯是：計(jì)算機(jī)的計(jì)算能力和存儲(chǔ)器是另一個(gè)重要的部分，它確定在交互中可以實(shí)現(xiàn)什么，同時(shí)我們還要注意打印輸出，因?yàn)檫@是今天計(jì)算機(jī)的一個(gè)主要用途和用戶的一個(gè)主要工作。為什么要學(xué)習(xí)《計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)》？操作系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)、操作系統(tǒng)使用中、軟件安裝、程序設(shè)計(jì)中均涉及計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容。為什么要學(xué)習(xí)《計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)》？本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中的外文翻譯、研究生入學(xué)考試中都有計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容。部分計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)考試中也涉及到了計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)方面的內(nèi)容。如程序員、軟件設(shè)計(jì)師、網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理員、網(wǎng)絡(luò)工程師等考試中都有計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容。Chapter1Hardware

Chapter1HardwareUnit

1.1

Computer

HardwareUnit

1.2

Computer

ArchitectureUnit

1.3

MicroprocessorUnit

1.1

Computer

HardwareHarddisk硬盤Hardreturn硬回車比較soft軟

software軟件floppydisk軟盤

firmware固件1.Hardware硬件Unit

1.1

Computer

Hardware3.digitalcircuitry數(shù)字電路circuitry電路，電路學(xué)，電路圖physicaladdress物理地址physicallayer物理層比較logicala.邏輯的

2.physicala.物理的，實(shí)際的Unit

1.1

Computer

Hardware5.micro–

微；小[前綴]microwaveoven微波爐microcomputer微機(jī)microprogram微程序microimage縮微圖像4.auto–

自動(dòng)[前綴]automobile汽車autosave自動(dòng)保存autocorrect自動(dòng)更正Unit

1.1

Computer

Hpactdisk光碟[盤](同opticaldisk)compactdiskplayerCD播放器opticaldrive光驅(qū)opticalfiber光纖Unit

1.1

Computer

Hputerclassificationsupercomputer巨型機(jī)mainframe大型機(jī)minicomputer小型機(jī)workstation工作站microcomputer微機(jī)Personalcomputer個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)Embeddeddevice嵌入式設(shè)備PDA-PersonalDigitalAssistant掌上計(jì)算機(jī)Unit

1.1

Computer

Hardware8.chassis機(jī)箱，車輛底盤，飛機(jī)機(jī)架cabinet機(jī)箱10.motherboard主板systemboard主板mainboard主板9.desktop桌面，桌上式的，臺(tái)式電腦laptop

筆記本電腦，膝上型電腦11.CPU-CentralProcessingUnit中央處理器microprocessor微處理器CPUcacheCPU高速緩存CPUfanCPU風(fēng)扇Unit

1.1

Computer

HardwareUnit

1.1

Computer

Hardware比較ROM-readonlymemory只讀存儲(chǔ)器EEPROM-electricallyerasableprogrammableROM電可擦可編程ROMEPROM-erasableprogrammableROM可擦可編程ROMPROM-programmableROM可編程ROM12.RAM-randomaccessmemory隨機(jī)(存取)存儲(chǔ)器13.memory存儲(chǔ)器，內(nèi)存mainmemory主存(primarystorage)secondarymemory輔存(secondarystorage)Unit

1.1

Computer

Hardwarememorybank存儲(chǔ)器插槽memorycell存儲(chǔ)單元memorychip存儲(chǔ)芯片Unit

1.1

Computer

Hardware14.slot插槽socket插座clip夾子15.ROMBIOS存于ROM的基本輸入輸出系統(tǒng)OnPC-compatiblecomputers,thesetofessentialsoftwareroutinesthattestshardwareatstartup,startstheoperatingsystem,andsupportsthetransferofdataamonghardwaredevices.在PC兼容計(jì)算機(jī)上的一組基本軟件例程，這些程序在計(jì)算機(jī)開機(jī)時(shí)測(cè)試硬件，啟動(dòng)操作系統(tǒng)，支持硬件設(shè)備之間的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸。16.bus總線databus數(shù)據(jù)總線addressbus地址總線controlbus控制總線Unit

1.1

Computer

Hardware17.powersupply電源transformer變壓器voltage電壓transform變換transfer傳送translate翻譯transmit發(fā)送Themovementofdatafromonelocationtoanother.將數(shù)據(jù)從一個(gè)地點(diǎn)移動(dòng)到另一個(gè)地點(diǎn)。Tochangetheappearanceorformatofdatawithoutalteringitscontent.改變數(shù)據(jù)的外部特性或格式，而不改變其內(nèi)容。Tosendinformationoveracommunicationslineoracircuit.經(jīng)過(guò)通信線路或電路發(fā)送信息。Unit

1.1

Computer

Hardware19.card卡soundcard聲卡graphicscard顯卡networkcard網(wǎng)卡Unit

1.1

Computer

Hardware18.floppydisk軟盤harddisk硬盤storage存儲(chǔ)器Unit

1.1

Computer

Hardwaregraphicstablet圖形輸入板graphicsprinter圖形打印機(jī)graphicsprocessor圖形處理器graphicsinterface圖形界面20.graphica.圖的，圖形的21.parallelport并行端口serialport串行端口Unit

1.1

Computer

Hardware22.parallela.并聯(lián)；并行parallelaccess并行存取parallelcomputer并行計(jì)算機(jī)parallelinterface并行接口parallelprocessing并行處理paralleltransmission并行傳輸比較seriala.串行Unit

1.1

Computer

Hardware23.portn.端口

v.轉(zhuǎn)出，移出Aninterfacethroughwhichdataistransferredbetweenacomputerandotherdevices(suchasaprinter,keyboardormouse),anetwork,oradirectconnectiontoanothercomputer.一種接口，數(shù)據(jù)通過(guò)它可以在計(jì)算機(jī)和其他設(shè)備之間、網(wǎng)絡(luò)之間或者其他直接相連的計(jì)算機(jī)之間進(jìn)行傳輸。24.peripheral外圍設(shè)備（peripheral

device）modem調(diào)制解調(diào)器printer打印機(jī)scanner掃描儀writer刻錄機(jī)speaker揚(yáng)聲器，音箱microphone擴(kuò)音器，麥克風(fēng)monitor顯示器（display）keyboard鍵盤mouse鼠標(biāo)Unit

1.1

Computer

HardwareUnit

1.1

Computer

Hardware26.keyboard鍵盤keyboardbuffer鍵盤緩沖區(qū)keyboardshortcut鍵盤快捷鍵keycap鍵帽25.modem調(diào)制解調(diào)器(modulator/demodulator)modulation調(diào)制demodulation解調(diào)Unit

1.1

Computer

Hardware27.mouse鼠標(biāo)(器)

relativepointingdevice相對(duì)定位設(shè)備如trackball軌跡球mechanicalmouse機(jī)械鼠標(biāo)器opticalmouse光鼠標(biāo)器optomechanicalmouse光機(jī)械鼠標(biāo)器Unit

1.1

Computer

Hardwaremousepad鼠標(biāo)墊mouseport鼠標(biāo)端口mousesensitivity鼠標(biāo)靈敏度mousetrails鼠標(biāo)蹤跡28.image圖像imagecompression圖像壓縮imageediting圖像編輯Unit

1.1

Computer

Hardware29.scanv.掃描scanner掃描儀Typesofscanner：

flatbedscanner平板式掃描儀

feedscanner送紙掃描儀

drumscanner鼓式掃描儀

handheldscanner手持式掃描儀Unit

1.1

Computer

Hardware30.printer打印機(jī)impactprinter擊打式打印機(jī)如dot-matrixprinter點(diǎn)陣式打印機(jī)nonimpactprinter非擊打式打印機(jī)如laserprinter激光打印機(jī)

ink-jetprinter噴墨打印機(jī)31.monitor監(jiān)視器(同CRTcathode-raytube陰極射線管)比較display顯示器Thevisualoutputdeviceofacomputer,whichiscommonlyaCRT-basedvideodisplay.Withportableandnotebookcomputers,thedisplayisusuallyanLCD-basedoragasplasma-basedflat-paneldisplay.計(jì)算機(jī)的可視輸出設(shè)備，通常是基于陰極射線的視頻顯示。便攜式和筆記本計(jì)算機(jī)的顯示器通常是基于液晶顯示器或基于等離子體的平板顯示器。LCDliquidcrystaldisplay液晶顯示器Thetermmonitorusuallyreferstoadisplayanditshousing.監(jiān)視器一詞通常包括顯示器及其外殼。AbbreviationsPC(PersonalComputer) 個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)CPU(CentralProcessingUnit) 中央處理器RAM(Random-AccessMemory) 隨機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器ROM(Read-OnlyMemory) 只讀存儲(chǔ)器BIOS(BasicInput/OutputSystem) 基本輸入輸出系統(tǒng)ISA(IndustrialStandardArchitecture) 工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)結(jié)構(gòu)化總線PCI(PeripheralComponentInterconnect)外部設(shè)備接口AGP(AcceleratedGraphicsPort)加速圖形端口CD-ROM(CompactDisc,Read-OnlyMemory) 只讀光盤AbbreviationsEEPROM(ElectricallyErasableProgrammableRead-OnlyMemory) 電可擦除只讀存儲(chǔ)器DVD-ROM(DigitalVersatileDisc,Read-OnlyMemory) 只讀數(shù)字化視頻光盤USB(UniversalSerialBus) 通用串行總線IDE(IntegratedDeviceElectronics)集成設(shè)備電路SATA(SerialAdvancedTechnologyAttachment)串行ATA接口SCSI(SmallComputerSystemsInterface)小型計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)接口CRT(CathodeRayTube)陰極射線管顯示器LCD(LiquidCrystalDisplay)液晶顯示器Unit1.2Computer

Architecture1.architecture體系結(jié)構(gòu)2.layer層3.assembler匯編程序，匯編語(yǔ)言assemblev.集合，收集，裝配assemblyn.集合，收集，裝配assemblylanguage匯編語(yǔ)言Unit1.2Computer

Architecture4.kerneln.內(nèi)核[核心]程序 仁；核；要點(diǎn)；核心Thecoreofanoperatingsystem—theportionofthesystemthatmanagesmemory,files,andperipheraldevices;maintainsthetimeanddate;launchesapplications;andallocatessystemresources.操作系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)核，是管理內(nèi)存、文件和外圍設(shè)備，維持時(shí)間和日期，啟動(dòng)應(yīng)用程序，以及分配系統(tǒng)資源的那部分操作系統(tǒng)。Unit1.2Computer

Architecture5.operate操作，運(yùn)算operatingsystem操作系統(tǒng)operationcode操作碼operand操作數(shù)operator運(yùn)算符operatorassociability運(yùn)算符結(jié)合性operatorprecedence運(yùn)算符優(yōu)先級(jí)6.application應(yīng)用程序Unit1.2Computer

Architecture7.implementvt.使生效；貫徹；執(zhí)行

n.工具；器具implementationn.貫徹；執(zhí)行Unit1.2Computer

Architecture8.Internala.內(nèi)部internalcommand內(nèi)部命令internalinterrupt內(nèi)部中斷internalmodem內(nèi)置調(diào)制解調(diào)器比較externala.外部Unit1.2Computer

Architecture9.instruction指令Mostprogramsconsistoftwotypesofstatements:declarationsandinstructions.大部分程序由兩種類型的語(yǔ)句組成：聲明和指令。instructioncode指令代碼instructionset指令集instructvt.命令；指示；指導(dǎo)；教；通知Unit1.2Computer

Architecture10.machinelanguage機(jī)器語(yǔ)言assemblylanguage匯編語(yǔ)言highlevellanguage高級(jí)語(yǔ)言lowlevellanguage低級(jí)語(yǔ)言11.Programmer程序員Programn.程序；vt.編程Unit1.2Computer

Architecture12.moden.方式，模式，狀態(tài)addressmode尋址方式compatibilitymode兼容方式safemode安全模式13.processor處理器Microprocessor微處理器比較process進(jìn)程Unit1.2Computer

Architecture14.register寄存器比較registry注冊(cè)表15.formatn.格式v.格式化Unit1.2Computer

Architecture16.Constituentn.選民；成分，構(gòu)成部分；委托人adj.構(gòu)成的，組成的；選舉的；有選舉權(quán)的

17.cache高速緩沖區(qū)，緩存cachememory高速緩沖存儲(chǔ)器Aspecialmemorysubsysteminwhichfrequentlyuseddatavaluesareduplicatedforquickaccess.一種專用的內(nèi)存子系統(tǒng)，其中存放著那些被頻繁使用的數(shù)據(jù)以便于快速訪問(wèn)。Unit1.2Computer

Architecture18.Issuen.問(wèn)題；爭(zhēng)論點(diǎn)；發(fā)行物

vt.出版；發(fā)行；發(fā)表；發(fā)布19.Switchn.開關(guān)；交換機(jī)Unit1.2Computer

Architecture20.hierarchyn.分層[分級(jí)]結(jié)構(gòu)hierarchicaldatabase層次(型)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)比較hierarchicala.分層，分級(jí)，層次21.DirectMemoryAccess，直接內(nèi)存存取22.multiprocessing多進(jìn)程Unit1.2Computer

Architecture23.Specifyvt.指定；詳述Speciala.特殊的；專門的；特別親密的

n.特殊的事件；特價(jià)Specifica.明確的；詳盡的；特定的

n.特效藥；特性；細(xì)節(jié)；顯著的性質(zhì)，特性Unit1.2Computer

Architecture25.equation等式，公式，方程Amathematicalstatementthatindicatesequalitywiththeuseofanequalsign(=)betweentwoexpressions..一種用等號(hào)(=)連接兩個(gè)表達(dá)式以表示它們相等的數(shù)學(xué)語(yǔ)句。24.block塊；內(nèi)存塊logicequation邏輯方程Unit1.2Computer

Architecture26.transistor晶體管(transferresistor)Resistor電阻器Emitter發(fā)射極Base基極Collector集電極Unit1.2Computer

Architecture27.chip芯片TypesofintegratedcircuitSSI:small-scaleintegration小規(guī)模集成MSI:medium-scaleintegration中規(guī)模集成LSI:large-scaleintegration大規(guī)模集成VLSI:very-large-scaleintegration極大規(guī)模集成ULSI:ultra-large-scaleintegration超大規(guī)模集成比較integratedcircuit集成電路Unit1.2Computer

Architecture28.Routen.路；（公共汽車和列車等的）常規(guī)路線；航線；渠道，途徑vt.按某路線發(fā)送；給…規(guī)定路線[次序，程序]

Unit1.2Computer

Architecture29.capacity容量memorycapacity內(nèi)存容量比較theamountofmemory31.throughoutn.吞吐量30.latencyn.延遲比較delay延遲Unit1.2Computer

Architecture32.Powerconsumption能耗Unit1.2Computer

Aegrator集成商，積分電路，積分器integratedsoftware集成軟件比較integration集成；芯片封裝；積分

integratedcircuit集成電路

integrity完整性34.clock時(shí)鐘(電路)Theelectroniccircuitinacomputerthatgeneratesasteadystreamoftimingpulses—thedigitalsignalsthatsynchronizeeveryoperation.計(jì)算機(jī)內(nèi)的產(chǎn)生穩(wěn)定的時(shí)序脈沖信號(hào)的電子電路，該數(shù)字信號(hào)同步每次操作。clockrate時(shí)鐘頻率clockspeed時(shí)鐘速度clockpulse時(shí)鐘脈沖Unit1.2Computer

ArchitectureUnit1.2Computer

Architecture35.Theamountofcachecache的容量

Theamountofmemory內(nèi)存的容量36.Interrupt中斷38.Bounda.受約束的39.benchmarkn.基準(zhǔn)(測(cè)試)程序v.測(cè)量性能Atestusedtomeasurehardwareorsoftwareperformance.一種用于測(cè)量硬件或軟件性能的測(cè)試程序。Unit1.2Computer

Architecture37.real-time實(shí)時(shí)的Unit1.3Microprocessor1.Microprocessor微處理器processor處理器processn.過(guò)程；工序；做事方法；進(jìn)程

vt.加工；處理；審閱；審核例；Anerroroccurredwhenstartingabackgroundprocess.啟動(dòng)后臺(tái)進(jìn)程時(shí)出錯(cuò)。Unit1.3Microprocessor2.circuitryn.電路；線路；電路圖；電路系統(tǒng)circuitn.電路；線路；巡回；環(huán)形道；電流closed-circuittelevision閉路電視short-circuit短路Unit1.3Microprocessor3.operation操作，運(yùn)算operationcode操作碼operand操作數(shù)operator運(yùn)算符add加addition加法subtract減subtraction減法multiply乘multiplication乘法divide除division除法Unit1.3Microprocessor4.storagecell存儲(chǔ)單元比較memorycell存儲(chǔ)單元celln.單間牢房；細(xì)胞；蜂巢；電池；單元格cellphone手機(jī)powercell電池cellborder單元格邊框Unit1.3Microprocessor5.ALU：arithmeticandlogicunit算術(shù)邏輯單元，運(yùn)算器

controlunit控制單元，控制器arithmeticoperation算術(shù)運(yùn)算Unit1.3MicroprocessorThisunitconsistsoftwoparts：thearithmetic/logicunit，whichcontainsthecircuitrythatperformsdatamanipulation,andthecontrolunit，whichcontainsthecircuitryforcoordinatingthemachine’sactivities．Unit1.3Microprocessor6.register寄存器比較registry注冊(cè)表7.general-purposeregister通用寄存器general-purpose

controller通用控制器general-purposelanguage通用語(yǔ)言general-purposecomputer通用計(jì)算機(jī)8.special-purposeregister專用寄存器special-purposelanguage專用語(yǔ)言special-purposecomputer專用計(jì)算機(jī)specialcharacter特殊字符Unit1.3MicroprocessorUnit1.3Microprocessor9.Concernn.憂慮，擔(dān)心；重要的或感興趣的事物；企業(yè)；公司；股份；

vt.有關(guān)于；使擔(dān)憂；10.Serveas用作（相當(dāng)于beusedas）Unit1.3MicroprocessorGeneral-purposeregistersserveastemporaryholdingplacesfordatabeingmanipulatedbythemicroprocessor．Theseregistersholdtheinputstothearithmetic/logicunit’scircuitryandprovidespaceforresultsproducedbythatunit．定語(yǔ)Unit1.3Microprocessor11.Toperformanoperationondatastoredinmainmemory,itisthecontrolunit’sresponsibilitytotransferthedatafrommemoryintothegeneral-purposeregisters，to

informthearithmetic/logicunitwhichregistersholdthedata，toactivatethedatacircuitrywithinthearithmetic/logicunit，andtotellthearithmetic/logicunitwhichregistershouldreceivetheresult.形式主語(yǔ)，真實(shí)主語(yǔ)為其后的四個(gè)并列的動(dòng)詞不定式Unit1.3Microprocessor12.Instructivea.有教育意義的；啟發(fā)性的Instructvt.教育；指導(dǎo)；命令；指示Instructionn.教育；指導(dǎo)；指令instructioncode指令代碼instructionset指令集Unit1.3Microprocessor13.Contextn.背景；上下文；語(yǔ)境；14.Facilityn.設(shè)備；特色；天資；才能Unit1.3Microprocessor15.applicableadj.適當(dāng)?shù)?；可?yīng)用的applyvt.應(yīng)用，運(yùn)用；申請(qǐng)；vi.申請(qǐng)，請(qǐng)求，適用；適用，適合；applicationn.適用，應(yīng)用，運(yùn)用；申請(qǐng)，請(qǐng)求application應(yīng)用程序；應(yīng)用軟件Unit1.3Microprocessor16.Massstorage大容量存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備Massn.團(tuán)；塊；堆；大量；眾多；群眾Unit1.3Microprocessor17.cache高速緩沖區(qū)，緩存cachememory高速緩沖存儲(chǔ)器Aspecialmemorysubsysteminwhichfrequentlyuseddatavaluesareduplicatedforquickaccess.一種專用的內(nèi)存子系統(tǒng)，其中存放著那些被頻繁使用的數(shù)據(jù)以便于快速訪問(wèn)。Unit1.3Microprocessor19.Responsetime響應(yīng)時(shí)間18.hierarchyn.等級(jí)制度；分層結(jié)構(gòu)；體系結(jié)構(gòu)hierarchicaldatabase層次(型)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)比較hierarchicala.分層的，分級(jí)的，層次的Unit1.3Microprocessor

Inthissetting,datatransfersthatnormallywouldbemadebetweenregistersandmainmemoryaremadebetweenregistersandcachememory.Thesechangesarethentransferredcollectivelytomainmemoryatamoreopportunetime.

Unit1.3Microprocessor20.Setting環(huán)境；背景；裝置；設(shè)置22.Opportunea.恰好的；適當(dāng)?shù)?；及時(shí)的opportunityn.機(jī)會(huì)21.Collectivelyadv.集體地；共有地；共同地Unit1.3Microprocessor23.Patternn.模式；方式；形式；花樣；樣品；榜樣

24.Extractvt.提?。怀槿?；壓榨

n.精華；萃取物；提取液bitpattern位形式25.Pertinent有關(guān)的；恰當(dāng)?shù)腢nit1.3Microprocessor26.Theprocessinvolvesthecombinedeffortsofboththecontrolunit,whichcoordinatesthetransferofinformationbetweentheregistersandmainmemory,andthearithmetic/logicunit,whichperformstheoperationofadditionwheninstructedtodosobythecontrolu