語法課(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較)

PresentPerfectSimple–PresentPerfectProgressive陳麗明現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)—現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)PresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressivecomparePresentPerfectSimpleFormofPresentPerfectPositiveNegativeQuestionI/you/we/theyIhavespoken.Ihavenotspoken.HaveIspoken?he/she/itHehasspoken.Hehasnotspoken.Hashespoken?Thepresentperfectsimpleexpressesanactionthatisstillgoingonorthatstoppedrecently,buthasaninfluenceonthepresent.Itputsemphasisontheresult.過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，或從過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。TimeExpressionswithPresentPerfectWhenweusethePresentPerfectitmeansthatsomethinghashappenedatsomepointinourlivesbeforenow.Remember,theexacttimetheactionhappenedisnotimportant.

Sometimes,wewanttolimitthetimewearelookinginforanexperience.Wecandothiswithexpressionssuchas:inthelastweek,inthelastyear,thisweek,thismonth,sofar,uptonow,etc.

Examples:HaveyoubeentoMexicointhelastyear?Ihaveseenthatmoviesixtimesinthelastmonth.Theyhavehadthreetestsinthelastweek.Shegraduatedfromuniversitylessthanthreeyearsago.Shehasworkedforthreedifferentcompaniessofar.Mycarhasbrokendownthreetimesthisweek.UseofPresentPerfect

1、putsemphasisontheresultExample:Shehaswrittenfiveletters.2、actionthatisstillgoingonExample:Schoolhasnotstartedyet.3、actionthatstoppedrecentlyExample:Shehascookeddinner.4、finishedactionthathasaninfluenceonthepresent

Example:Ihavelostmykey.5、actionthathastakenplaceonce,neverorseveraltimesbeforethemomentofspeakingExample:IhaveneverbeentoAustralia.SignalWordsofPresentPerfectAlreadyEverjustneverNotyetsofartillnowUptonowPositiveNegativeQuestionI/you/we/theyIhavespoken.Ihavenotspoken.HaveIspoken?he/she/itHehasspoken.Hehasnotspoken.Hashespoken?表示從過去某一時(shí)間開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。這一動(dòng)作可能剛剛開始，也可能仍在繼續(xù)，并可能延續(xù)到將來。FormofPresentPerfectPresentPerfectProgressiveThepresentperfectprogressiveexpressesanactionthatrecentlystoppedorisstillgoingon.Itputsemphasisonthedurationorcourseoftheaction.Examplesof

TypicalTimeExpressionsUptonow

Recentlyfor

latelysince

recentlyallmorningalldayUseofPresentPerfectProgressive1、putsemphasisonthedurationorcourseofanaction(nottheresult)Example:Shehasbeenwritingfortwohours.2、actionthatrecentlystoppedorisstillgoingon

Example:Ihavebeenlivingheresince2000.3、finishedactionthatinfluencedthepresentExample:Ihavebeenworkingallafternoon.SignalWordsofPresentPerfectProgressivealldayfor4yearssince1993howlong?thewholeweekPresentPerfectSimplevsPresentPerfectProgressive

FormUsePresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressiveirregularverbs:formof'have'+3rdcolumnofirregularverbsExample:I/you/we/theyhavespokenhe/she/ithasspokenregularverbs:formof'have'+infinitive+edExample:I/you/we/theyhaveworkedhe/she/ithasworkedformof'have'+been+verb+ingExample:I/you/we/theyhavebeenspeakinghe/she/ithasbeenspeakingExceptionsExceptionswhenadding'ed':whenthefinalletterise,onlyadddExample:love-lovedafterashort,stressedvowel,thefinalconsonantisdoubledExample:admit-admittedfinallisalwaysdoubledinBritishEnglish(notinAmericanEnglish)Example:travel-travelledafteraconsonant,finalybecomesi(but:notafteravowel)Example:worry-worriedbut:play-playedExceptionswhenadding'ing':silenteisdropped.(but:doesnotapplyfor-ee)Example:come-coming

aber:agree-agreeingafterashort,stressedvowel,thefinalconsonantisdoubledExample:sit-sittingafteravowel,thefinalconsonantlisdoubledinBritishEnglish(butnotinAmericanEnglish).Example:travel-travellingfinaliebecomesy.Example:lie-lyingPresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressiveResult(what/howmuch/howoften)Ihavewritten5letters./IhavebeentoLondontwice.Duration(howlong)Ihavebeenwritingforanhour.Resultorduration?Doyouwanttoexpresswhathashappenedsofarorhowlonganactionhasbeengoingonyet?PresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressiveEmphasisoncompletionIhavedonemyhomework.(Meaning:Myhomeworkiscompletednow.)EmphasisondurationIhavebeendoingmyhomework.(Meaning:That'showIhavespentmytime.Itdoesnotmatterwhetherthehomeworkiscompletednow.)Emphasisoncompletionorduration?Doyouwanttoemphasisethecompletionofanactionoritscontinuouscourse(howhassomebodyspenthistime)?PresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressivedesiredresultIhavewashedthecar.(Result:Thecariscleannow.)unwantedsideeffectWhyareyousowet?-Ihavebeenwashingthecar.(sideeffect:IbecamewetwhenIwaswashingthecar.Itdoesnotmatterwhetherthecariscleannow.)Resultorsideeffect?Doyouwanttoexpressthatacompletedactionledtoadesiredresultorthattheactionhadanunwantedsideeffect?PresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressivesincethelasttimeIhaven'tplayedthatgameforyears.(Meaning:It'syearsagothatIlastplayedthatgame.)sincethebeginningIhaven'tbeenplayingthatgameforanhour,onlyfor10minutes.(Meaning:It'snotevenanhouragothatIstartedtoplaythatgame.)Time+negation:lasttimeorbeginningofanaction?Innegativesentences:Doyouwanttoexpresshowmuchtimehaspastsincethelasttimetheactiontookplaceorsincethebeginningoftheaction?PresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressivepermanentJameshaslivedinthistownfor10years.(Meaning:Heisapermanentresidentofthistown.)temporaryJamesha