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5.2.4Anexample:BelfastByJamesandLesleyMilroyinBelfastLesleyMilroy,wasacceptedasafriendbythegroupswhosespeechshestudied,whichmadeitunnecessarytousetheformalinterviewtechnique.Twoadvantages:1.Tostudygenuinelycasualspeechthatcanobservethespeakersinrelaxedspeech.2.Itopensnewandexcitingpossibilitiesforthetheoreticalinterpretationofsociolinguisticdata.Milroydecidednottotrytocoveracompletespectrumofthesocio-economicclasses,buttoexcludethisdimensionandconcentrateonthespeechofworking-classpeopleinBelfast.Thedifferencesinemploymentpatternsishighlyrelevanttospeechdifferences.Thefriendofafriend–awell-recognizedstatusinthiscommunity,whichconfersastatusalmostequivalenttothatofamemberoffamily.Buildingandmaintainingalargenumberoffriendshipsmakesheavydemandsonaresearcher’stimeandenergy.AsaresultofMilroy’sefforts,shebecameacceptedasafriendwhocould“dropin”atcertainhousesatanytime.Shemademanyrecordings,identifyingvariantsofapredeterminedlistofvariables,andcomparingtheirfrequenciesacrosstexts.Thesefindingscontributetotheinvestigationofthesocialnetworkstructureonspeech.
NetworkStrengthScore(Hudson:190)
NSSDensityMultiplexity5.2.5Anexample:CardiffResearcher:NikolasCouplandPlace:Cardiff,WalesQuestion:Dowespeakdifferentlytodifferentpeople?AccommodationTheoryAim:Totestthepredictionbyfindingasituationinwhichonepersonspoketoawidevarietyofpeople,ofdifferenttypesandspeakingindifferentways.Speakerchosen:Sue(anassistantinatravelagency)Aim:Totestthepredictionbyfindingasituationinwhichonepersonspoketoawidevarietyofpeople,ofdifferenttypesandspeakingindifferentways.Speakerchosen:Sue(anassistantinatravelagency)Procedure:1)AmicrophonewaslocatedinfrontofSue’spositionatthecounter.2)Couplandsatinacorneroftheshop,waitingtotalkwiththecustomerswhohavetalkedwithSue.3)ConversationbetweenSueandevercustomerwasrecorded.4)Couplandtoldthecustomerstheyhadbeenrecordedandaskedthemsomequestions(togettheiroccupationandeducationinformation).5)Produceusableamountsofdataonarangeoffrequentphonologicalvariablesbylumpingtogetherpeopleofsimilarsocialbackground.Result:1)TheresearchconfirmedAccommodationTheory(Giles,19792)Afewvariablesmightwellbesingledoutforaccommodation.Question:WasSueaccommodatinglinguisticallyorsocially?××××××SocialaccommodationLinguisticaccommodation5.2.6Anexample:DetroitResearcher:PenelopeEckertTimeandplace:intheearly1980satasecondaryschoolinthesuburbsofDetroitwhichshecalls“BeltenHigh”Question:whatsocialstructuresarerelevanttolanguageinthecommunity?
SampleJocksBurnoutsthe‘good’pupils,Identifywiththeschooldosporttakedrugssupporttheout-of-hoursactivitiesatschoolleavethepremisesassoonaspossiblegenerallyaccepttheschool’svaluesandculturerejecttheschool’scultureMostfriendsarewithinthesameclassofBeltenHighTheirliferevolvesaroundtheworldoutsideandmanyfriendsareoutsidetheschool.Thetwogroupsdressdifferently,behavedifferently,andfrequentdifferentpartsofschool.Researchapproach:theethnographicmethods
Theaim:notsimplytostudythethingseasilyobserved,buttounderstandtheunderlyingsystemofideas,valuesandsoon.Theimportanceofthisresearch
liesintheclearwayinwhichitshowsthed
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