2023年考研英語(yǔ)真題及答案解析

SectionI

UseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesmewonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1

thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedinCarlZimmer’spieceintheScienceTimesonTuesday.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2

toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3

bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisan4

innotbeingtooterrificallybright.

Intelligence,it5

out,isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslow6

thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—agradual7

—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8

.

Isthereanadaptivevalueto9

intelligence?That’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Ilikeit.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10

atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11

ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12

themindofeveryanimalI’veevermet.

Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesmewonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13

onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,14

,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.webelievethat15

animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto16

thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforterrain.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17

,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.

18

,theywouldhopetostudya19

question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?20

theresultsareinconclusive.1.[A]Suppose

[B]Consider

[C]Observe

[D]Imagine

2.[A]tended

[B]feared[C]happened

[D]threatened

3.[A]thinner

[B]stabler

[C]lighter

[D]dimmer

4.[A]tendency

[B]advantage

[C]inclination

[D]priority

5.[A]insistson

[B]sumsup

[C]turnsout

[D]putsforward

6.[A]off

[B]behind

[C]over

[D]along

7.[A]incredible

[B]spontaneous

[C]inevitable

[D]gradual

8.[A]fight

[B]doubt

[C]stop

[D]think

9.[A]invisible

[B]limited

[C]indefinite

[D]different

10.[A]upward

[B]forward

[C]afterward

[D]backward

11.[A]features

[B]influences

[C]results

[D]costs

12.[A]outside

[B]on

[C]by

[D]across

13.[A]deliver

[B]carry

[C]

perform

[D]apply

14.[A]bychance

[B]incontrast

[C]asusual

[D]forinstance

15.[A]if

[B]unless

[C]as

[D]lest

16.[A]moderate

[B]overcome

[C]determine

[D]reach

17.[A]at

[B]for

[C]after

[D]with

18.[A]Aboveall

[B]Afterall

[C]However

[D]Otherwise

19.[A]fundamental

[B]comprehensive

[C]equivalent

[D]hostile

20.[A]Byaccident

[B]Intime

[C]Sofar

[D]BetterstillSectionII

ReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.“Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,”WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit”carriesanegativeconnotation.

Soitseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.

Butdon’tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothehippocampus,they’retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelyingrainintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.

“Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,”saysDawnaMarkova,authorof“TheOpenMind”andanexecutivechangeconsultantforProfessionalThinkingPartners.“Butwearetaughtinsteadto‘decide,’justasourpresidentcallshimself‘theDecider.’

”Sheadds,however,that“todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”

Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe’reunaware,shesays.Researchersinthelate1960coveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:analytically,procedurally,relationally(orcollaboratively)andinnovatively.Atpuberty,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.

Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought.“ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything,”explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2023book“ThisYearIWill...”andMs.Markova’sbusinesspartner.“That’saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou’regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.”Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.

21.TheviewofWordsworthhabitisclaimedbybeing

A.casual

B.familiar

C.mechanical

D.changeable.

22.Theresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitcanbe

A.predicted

B.regulated

C.traced

D.guided

23.”ruts”(inlineone,paragraph3)hasclosestmeaningto

A.tracks

B.series

C.characteristics

D.connections

24.Ms.Markova’scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtesting

?

A,preventsnewhabitsformbeingformed

B,nolongeremphasizescommonness

C,maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodel

D,complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem

25.Ryanmostprobablyagreethat

A.ideasarebornofarelaxingmind

B.innovativenesscouldbetaught

C.decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideas

D.curiosityactivatescreativemindsText2

Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdom–oratleastconfirmthathe’sthekid’sdad.Allheneedstodoisshellour$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore–andanother$120togettheresults.

Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsDirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.

Amongthemostpopular:paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandlatestrageamanypassionategenealogists-andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily’sgeographicroots.

Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbywebbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting.

AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.

Butsomeobserversareskeptical,“Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,”saysTreyDuster,aNewYorkText3

Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalikeprogressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatisit,becauseneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicalhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.

Ironically,thefirstevidenceforthisideaappearedintheUnitedStates.Notlongago,withthecountryenteringarecessingandJapanatitspre-bubblepeak.TheU.S.workforcewasderidedaspoorlyeducatedandoneofprimarycauseofthepoorU.S.economicperformance.Japanwas,andremains,thegloballeaderinautomotive-assemblyproductivity.YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHondaNissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheirJapanesecounterepantsaresultofthetrainingthatU.S.workersreceivedonthejob.

Morerecently,whileexaminghousingconstruction,theresearchersdiscoveredthatilliterate,non-English-speakingMexicanworkersinHouston,31.Theauthorholdsinparagraph1thattheimportantofeducationinpoorcountries

___________.

[A]issubjectgroundlessdoubts

[B]hasfallenvictimofbias

[C]isconventionaldowngraded

[D]hasbeenoverestimated

32.Itisstatedinparagraph1thatconstructionofaneweducationsystem

__________.

[A]challengeseconomistsandpoliticians

[B]takeseffortsofgenerations

[C]demandspriorityfromthegovernment

[D]requiressufficientlaborforce

33.AmajordifferencebetweentheJapaneseandU.Sworkforcesisthat__________.

[A]theJapaneseworkforceisbetterdisciplined

[B]theJapaneseworkforceismoreproductive

[C]theU.Sworkforcehasabettereducation

[D]]theU.Sworkforceismoreorganize

34.Theauthorquotestheexampleofourancestorstoshowthateducationemerged__________.

[A]whenpeoplehadenoughtime

[B]priortobetterwaysoffindingfood

[C]whenpeopleonlongerwenthung

[D]asaresultofpressureongovernment

35.Accordingtothelastparagraph,developmentofeducation__________.

[A]resultsdirectlyfromcompetitiveenvironments

[B]doesnotdependoneconomicperformance

[C]followsimprovedproductivity

[D]cannotaffordpoliticalchangesText4

Themostthoroughlystudiedinthehistoryofthenewworldaretheministersandpoliticalleadersofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland.AccordingtothestandardhistoryofAmericanphilosophy,nowhereelseincolonialAmericawas“Somuchimportantattachedtointellectualpursuits”Accordingtomanybooksandarticles,NewEngland’sleadersestablishedthebasicthemesandpreoccupationsofanunfolding,dominantPuritantraditioninAmericanintellectuallife.

TotakethisapproachtotheNewEnglandersnormallymeantostartwiththePuritans’theologicalinnovationsandtheirdistinctiveideasaboutthechurch-importantsubjectsthatwemaynotneglect.Butinkeepingwithourexaminationofsouthernintellectuallife,wemayconsidertheoriginalPuritansascarriersofEuropeancultureadjustingtoNewworldcircumstances.TheNewEnglandcolonieswerethescenesofimportantepisodesinthepursuitofwidelyunderstoodidealsofcivilityandvirtuosity.

TheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincludedmenofimpressiveeducationandinfluenceinEngland.`BesidestheninetyorsolearnedministerswhocametoMassachusettschurchinthedecadeafter1629,TherewerepoliticalleaderslikeJohnWinthrop,aneducatedgentleman,lawyer,andofficialoftheCrownbeforehejourneyedtoBoston.Theremenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness.

Weshouldnotforget,however,thatmostNewEnglanderswerelesswelleducated.Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeanalyzed,Theinthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitionsquality.AtailornamedJohnDane,whoemigratedinthelate1630s,leftanaccountofhisreasonsforleavingEnglandthatisfilledwithsigns.sexualconfusion,economicfrustrations,andreligioushope-allnametogetherinadecisivemomentwhenheopenedtheBible,toldhisfatherthefirstlinehesawwouldsettlehisfate,andreadthemagicalwords:“comeoutfromamongthem,touchnouncleanthing,andIwillbeyourGodandyoushallbemypeople.”O(jiān)newonderswhatDanethoughtofthecarefulsermonsexplainingtheBiblethatheheardinpuritanchurched.

Meanwhile,manysettleshadslighterreligiouscommitmentsthanDane’s,asoneclergymanlearnedinconfrontingfolkalongthecoastwhomockedthattheyhadnotcometotheNewworldforreligion.“Ourmainendwastocatchfish.”

36.Theauthornotesthatintheseventeenth-centuryNewEngland___________.

[A]Puritantraditiondominatedpoliticallife.

[B]intellectualinterestswereencouraged.

[C]Politicsbenefitedmuchfromintellectualendeavors.

[D]intellectualpursuitsenjoyedaliberalenvironment.

37.Itissuggestedinparagraph2thatNewEnglanders__________.

[A]experiencedacomparativelypeacefulearlyhistory.

[B]broughtwiththemthecultureoftheOldWorld

[C]paidlittleattentiontosouthernintellectuallife

[D]wereobsessedwithreligiousinnovations

38.TheearlyministersandpoliticalleadersinMassachusettsBay__________.

[A]werefamousintheNewWorldfortheirwritings

[B]gainedincreasingimportanceinreligiousaffairs

[C]abandonedhighpositionsbeforecomingtotheNewWorld

[D]createdanewintellectualatmosphereinNewEngland

39.ThestoryofJohnDaneshowsthatlesswell-educatedNewEnglanderswereoften__________.

[A]influencedbysuperstitions

[B]troubledwithreligiousbeliefs

[C]puzzledbychurchsermons

[D]frustratedwithfamilyearnings

40.ThetextsuggeststhatearlysettlersinNewEngland__________.

[A]weremostlyengagedinpoliticalactivities

[B]weremotivatedbyanillusoryprospect

[C]camefromdifferentbackgrounds.

[D]leftfewformalrecordsforlaterreferencePartB

Directions:

Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions(41-45),choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

CoincidingwiththegroundbreakingtheoryofbiologicalevolutionproposedbyBritishnaturalistCharlesDarwininthe1860s,BritishsocialphilosopherHerbertSpencerputforwardhisowntheoryofbiologicalandculturalevolution.Spencerarguedthatallworldlyphenomena,includinghumansocieties,changedovertime,advancingtowardperfection.41.____________.

AmericansocialscientistLewisHenryMorganintroducedanothertheoryofculturalevolutioninthelate1800s.Morgan,alongwithTylor,wasoneofthefoundersofmodernanthropology.Inhiswork,heattemptedtoshowhowallaspectsofculturechangedtogetherintheevolutionofsocieties.42._____________.

Intheearly1900sinNorthAmerica,German-bornAmericananthropologistFranzBoasdevelopedanewtheoryofcultureknownashistoricalparticularism.Historicalparticularism,whichemphasizedtheuniquenessofallcultures,gavenewdirectiontoanthropology.43._____________.

Boasfeltthatthecultureofanysocietymustbeunderstoodastheresultofauniquehistoryandnotasoneofmanyculturesbelongingtoabroaderevolutionarystageortypeofculture.44._______________.

HistoricalparticularismbecameadominantapproachtothestudyofcultureinAmericananthropology,largelythroughtheinfluenceofmanystudentsofBoas.Butanumberofanthropologistsintheearly1900salsorejectedtheparticularisttheoryofcultureinfavorofdiffusionism.Someattributedvirtuallyeveryimportantculturalachievementtotheinventionsofafew,especiallygiftedpeoplesthat,accordingtodiffusionists,thenspreadtoothercultures.45.________________.

Alsointheearly1900s,FrenchsociologistémileDurkheimdevelopedatheoryofculturethatwouldgreatlyinfluenceanthropology.Durkheimproposedthatreligiousbeliefsfunctionedtoreinforcesocialsolidarity.Aninterestintherelationshipbetweenthefunctionofsocietyandculture—knownasfunctionalism—becameamajorthemeinEuropean,andespeciallyBritish,anthropology.

[A]Otheranthropologistsbelievedthatculturalinnovations,suchasinventions,hadasingleoriginandpassedfromsocietytosociety.Thistheorywasknownasdiffusionism.

[B]Inordertostudyparticularculturesascompletelyaspossible,Boasbecameskilledinlinguistics,thestudyoflanguages,andinphysicalanthropology,thestudyofhumanbiologyandanatomy.

[C]Hearguedthathumanevolutionwascharacterizedbyastrugglehecalledthe“survivalofthefittest,”inwhichweakerracesandsocietiesmusteventuallybereplacedbystronger,moreadvancedracesandsocieties.

[D]Theyalsofocusedonimportantritualsthatappearedtopreserveapeople’ssocialstructure,suchasinitiationceremoniesthatformallysignifychildren’sentranceintoadulthood.

[E]Thus,inhisview,diverseaspectsofculture,suchasthestructureoffamilies,formsofmarriage,categoriesofkinship,ownershipofproperty,formsofgovernment,technology,andsystemsoffoodproduction,allchangedassocietiesevolved.

[F]Supportersofthetheoryviewedasacollectionofintegratedpartsthatworktogethertokeepasocietyfunctioning.

[G]Forexample,BritishanthropologistsGraftonElliotSmithandW.J.Perryincorrectlysuggested,onthebasisofinadequateinformation,thatfarming,potterymaking,andmetallurgyalloriginatedinancientEgyptanddiffusedthroughouttheworld.Infact,alloftheseculturaldevelopmentsoccurredseparatelyatdifferenttimesinmanypartsoftheworld.PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

Thereisamarkeddifferencebetweentheeducationwhicheveryonegetsfromlivingwithothers,andthedeliberateeducatingoftheyoung.Intheformercasetheeducationisincidental;itisnaturalandimportant,butitisnottheexpressreasonoftheassociation.46Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience;butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.Religiousassociationsbegan,forexample,inthedesiretosecurethefavorofoverrulingpowersandtowardoffevilinfluences;familylifeinthedesiretogratifyappetitesandsecurefamilyperpetuity;systematiclabor,forthemostpart,becauseofenslavementtoothers,etc.47Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted,andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.Eventoday,inourindustriallife,apartfromcertainvaluesofindustriousnessandthrift,theintellectualandemotionalreactionoftheformsofhumanassociationunderwhichtheworld'sworkiscarriedonreceiveslittleattentionascomparedwithphysicaloutput.

Butindealingwiththeyoung,thefactofassociationitselfasanimmediatehumanfact,gainsinimportance.48Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults.Theneedoftrainingistooevident;thepressuretoaccomplishachangeintheirattitudeandhabitsistoourgenttoleavetheseconsequenceswhollyoutofaccount.49Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornoweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.Ifhumanityhasmadesomeheadwayinrealizingthattheultimatevalueofeveryinstitutionisitsdistinctivelyhumaneffectwemaywellbelievethatthislessonhasbeenlearnedlargelythroughdealingswiththeyoung.

50Wearethusledtodistinguish,withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering,amoreformalkindofeducation--thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.Inundevelopedsocialgroups,wefindverylittleformalteachingandtraining.Thesegroupsmainlyrelyforinstillingneededdispositionsintotheyounguponthesamesortofassociationwhichkeepstheadultsloyaltotheirgroup.

SectionⅢWriting

PartA

51.Directions:

Restrictionsontheuseofplasticbagshavenotbeensosuccessfulinsomeregions.“Whitepollution”isstillgoingon.Writealettertotheeditor(s)ofyourlocalnewspaperto

giveyouropinionsbrieflyand

maketwoorthreesuggestions

Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.

PartB

52.Directions:

Inyouressay,youshould

1)describethedrawingbriefly,

2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen

3)giveyourcomments.

YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(20points)2023考研英語(yǔ)試題答案

1—5BADBC

6—10ADCBD

11—15DBCDA

16—20CBAAC

21—25ABCAA

26—30ACDAB

31—35DBBAC

36—40BBDAC

41—45CEABG

46．Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience,butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive

盡管人們可以這樣說(shuō)，對(duì)任何一種社會(huì)制度價(jià)值旳衡量就是其在增長(zhǎng)和豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)方面所產(chǎn)生旳影響，不過(guò)這種影響并不是其最初（本來(lái)）動(dòng)機(jī)旳一部分。

47.Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted.andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution。

這個(gè)制度旳副產(chǎn)品僅僅是為人們所逐漸注意到，而在實(shí)行這種制度時(shí)，認(rèn)為這種影響是一種制約原因則仍然更為緩慢。

48.whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition.itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults.

盡管我們?cè)谂c年輕人交往時(shí)，很輕易忽視我們旳行為對(duì)他們性格旳影響，不過(guò)與成年人接觸或交往卻并不那么輕易。

49.Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornotweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.

既然我們對(duì)他們旳重要職責(zé)（任務(wù)）就是使年輕人可以參與到一種共同旳生活中去，因此我們不禁思索我們與否正具有這種力量，而這種力量將有助于我們獲得這種能力。

50.Wearethusledtodistinguish.withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering.amoreformalkindofeducation-thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.

因此，我們到目前為止一直在思索這種廣泛旳教育過(guò)程，從而促使我們?nèi)^(qū)別一種更為正規(guī)旳教育，也就是說(shuō)，那種直接教導(dǎo)或?qū)W校教育。

51：在某些地區(qū)塑料袋旳嚴(yán)禁使用并不是很成功，因此白色污染仍然繼續(xù)

給當(dāng)?shù)貓?bào)紙旳編輯寫一封信，信內(nèi)包括

1給出自己簡(jiǎn)短旳見(jiàn)解和觀點(diǎn)

2給出2-3條提議

【范文】

DearEdito