大學英語寫作之詞匯0210的知識

LectureTwo

TheSentenceOutlineCompleteSentencesandSentenceFragmentsTypesofSentencesEffectiveSentencesSkillsinWritingSentencesCommonMistakesCorrectionCompleteSentencesandSentenceFragmentsAgrammaticallycompletesentenceisonethatcontainsatleastasubjectandapredicateverb;iftheverbistransitive,theremustbeanobject;iftheverbisalinkverb,theremustbeapredicativeorcomplement.Attributesandadverbials,thoughtheyarenotessentialelementsofasentence,helptomakethemeaningclearorcomplete：Hecame.Hecametotheclassroomveryearly.Shewrotealetter.Shewrotealonglettertoherparents.Dr.Smithisaprofessor.Dr.Smithisawell-knownprofessorofphysics.IammajorinEnglish.ImajorinEnglish.Thenumberyoudialedisnotexist.Pleasecheckanddialitagain.Thenumberyoudialeddoesnotexist.Pleasecheckanddialitagain.Finally,hebecametobeinterestedinart.Finally,hebecameinterestedinart.Finally,hecametobeinterestedinart.Ourcountryhastgakenplaceagreatchangeinmanyfield.Greatchangehastakenplaceinmanyfieldsinourcountry.Butitmayoccursomenewproblems.Butitmayoccursomenewproblems.Idon’tsatisfiedwithmyEnglish.IamnotsatisfiedwithmyEnglish.

Acompletesentencebeginswithacapitalletterandendswithaperiod.Donotseparatedcompletesentenceswithcommas.Faulty:Itwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefields.Improved:Itwasraininghard;theycouldnotworkinthefields.Itwasraininghard.Theycouldnotworkinthefields.Itwasrainingsohardthattheycouldnotworkinthefields.Theycouldnotworkinthefieldsbecauseitwasraininghard.Itwasraininghard,sotheycouldnotworkinthefields.Asitwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefields.Faulty:Iwasborninasmalltown,inthetowntherewasonlyoneschool,Istudiedthereforsixyears.Improved:InthesmalltownwhereIwasborn,therewasonlyoneschool.Istudiedthereforsixyears.Iwasborninasmalltown,wheretherewasonlyoneschool.Istudiedthereforsixyears.IstudiedforsixyearsattheonlyschoolinthesmalltownwhereIwasborn.Inordertobeasentence,agroupofwordsmustmeetthreecriteria:Itmustcontainasubject;Itmustcontainapredictiveverb;Itmustmakeacompletethought.SentenceFragmentasentencefragmentisapartofasentence;itisagroupofwordsnotcompleteinitselfSentenceFragment

FragmentsThatDoNotContainaSubjectoraVerb

Iopenedthedoor.Expectingtoseemybrotherstandingontheporch.Iopenedthedoor,expectingtoseemybrotherstandingontheporch.Iopenedthedoor.Iwasexpectingtoseemybrotherstandingontheporch.FragmentsThatContainaSubjectandaVerb

butDoNotExpressaCompleteThoughtDonaldwascheckinghistrap.Hesawanenormousblackbear.WhileDonaldwascheckinghistrap.Hesawanenormousblackbear.Somestudentsinordertogetabetterjobaftergraduation.SomestudentsstudyEnglishhardinordertogetabetterjobaftergraduation.HavebetterskillsinEnglishmeanshavemorechancestogetjobs.HavingbetterskillsinEnglishmeanshavingmorechancestogetjobs.HavingbetterskillsinEnglishmeanstohavemorechancestogetjobs.HavingbetterskillsinEnglishmeansonecanhavemorechancestogetjobs.TypesofSentencesDeclarativeInterrogativeImperativeExclamatorySimpleCompoundComplexCompound-ComplexMakesanassertionorastatementAsksaquestionExpressesacommandorarequestExpressesastrongfellingoremotiononesubjectandonepredicate-verband,but,or,;,etconemainclauseandoneormoredependentclausesacombinationofacompoundandacomplexsentence

(a)Theyoungpilotonhisfirstoverseastrainingfeltveryuneasy.

(b)Theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasyduringhisfirstoverseastraining.

(c)Theyoungpilot'sfirstoverseastrainingmadehimfeelveryuneasy.

(d)Extremeuneasinessseizedtheyoungpilotonhisfirstoverseastraining.

(e)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,feelingveryuneasy.

(f)Itbeinghisfirstoverseastraining,theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasy.

(g)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastrainingandfeltveryuneasy.

(h)Theyoungpilot,whowasonhisfirstoverseastraining,feltveryuneasy.

(i)Whentheyoungpilotwasonhis/firstoverseastraining,hefeltveryuneasy.

(j)Astheyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,hefeltveryuneasy.

(k)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,sothathe

feltveryuneasy.

(1)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining.

(2)Hefeltveryuneasy.

Loose松散句Itputsfirstthingsfirst,andletsthereaderknowwhatitismainlyaboutwhenhehasreadthefirstfewwords.Periodic圓周句Themainideaisexpressedatorneartheend,anditisnotgrammaticallycompleteuntiltheendisreached.Theworkersherearemostlydiligent,thoughnotall.Theworkersherearemostly,thoughnotall,diligent.Hewillgoabroadifhehasenoughmoney.Ifhehasenoughmoney,hewillgoabroad.Balanced平行結構Containstwoormorepartsofthesameformandgrammaticalfunction.Wecangainknowledgebyreading,byreflection,byobservationorbypractice.ShortandLongSentencesShortsentencesareusuallyemphatic,whereaslongsentencearecapableofexpressingcomplexideas.Shortsentencesaresuitableforthepresentationofimportantfactsandideas,andlongsentencesoftheexplanationofviewsandtheories,orthedescriptionofthingswithmanydetails.

Weneedalargerpoliceforceforpublicprotection.Weneedamodernizedfiredepartment.Weneedanenlargedlibrary.Weneedtoincreasethepayscaleofteachersinthepublicschools.Weneedtoimproveourwatersupply.Foralltheseneedsthereisbutonesolution.WemustseethatthebondissueisapprovedbythevotersintheNovemberelection.Ihaveoftenwonderedwhethersomepeople，whohadnointentionofmakingapurchase，wouldtakeadvantageofthisprivilege．OnedayIaskedthisquestiontotheshopgirl，andIlearneditwasindeedthecase。

EffectiveSentencesUnityCoherenceConcisenessEmphasisVarietyUnity（統(tǒng)一）Aunifiedsentenceexpressesasinglecompletethought.Itdoesnotcontainideasthatarenotcloselyrelated,nordoesitexpressathoughtthatisnotcompletebyitself.Faulty:BorninasmalltowninSouthChinaintheearly50s,hegrewuptobeafamousmusician.Revised:HewasborninasmalltowninSouthChinaintheearly50s.Inhischildhoodhelikedtosingsongs.Laterheenteredaconservatory.Inthe70shebecameafamousmusician.Coherence（連貫）Coherencemeansclearandreasonableconnectionbetweenparts.Faulty:Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobyhisdeeds.Revised:Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobywhathedoes.Amanisjudgednotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobyhisdeeds.Faulty:Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andaverycapableyoungwoman.Revised:Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andverycapable.Wethoughtshewasacharming,intelligent,andverycapableyoungwoman.Faulty:Wehavegreatfaithandhighhopesforher.Revised:Wehavegreatfaithinandhighhopesforher.Faulty:Shetoldmysisterthatshewaswrong.Revised:“I’mwrong,”shesaidtomysister.Sheadmittedthatshewaswrongandsaidsotomysister.“You’rewrong,”shesaidtomysister.Mysisterwastoldthatshewaswrong.Faulty:Thefreshwater,itisthemostimportantthingsoftheearth.Revised:Freshwateristhemostimportantthingsoftheearth.Conciseness（簡潔）Asentenceshouldcontainnounnecessarywords.Iftheideaisfullyexpressed,thefewerwordsareused,thebetter.Wordy:Itwasblueincolor.Maryisaquietandcarefulwoman.HereturnedintheearlypartofthemonthofAugust.Inspiteofthefactthatheislazy,Ilikehim.Ilikedhiminspiteofhislaziness.Forthepeoplewhoarediligentandkind,moneyisjustthethingtobeusedtobuythethingtheyneed.Diligentandcaringpeopleusemoneyonlytobuywhattheyneed.

Emphasis（強調(diào)）Whenthereisanimportantidea,itshouldbeexpressedwithemphasis.Inwritingtherearewaysforplacingemphasisonsentencesorwordsthatshouldbeemphasized.

EmphaticSentences

Theskywasovercast.Anorthwindwasblowing.Itthreatenedtorainatanymoment.Agloomyday.Thepoetwasbornpoor,andpoorheremainedallhislife.

Don’tmove!/Hownice!

Didn’tItellyouthatyoumustn’ttouchthismachine?Ididn’tgetaticketfortheopera.HowcouldI?Thereweresomanyerrorsintheperformancethattheresultwasnotatragedy,butacomedy.Governmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeopleshallnotperishfromtheearth.2.EmphasiswithintheSentencesa.Placing.Thebeginningandtheend,especiallytheend,ofasentencearethetwoplacesthatattractthereader’sattention.Thereisabigtree,whichissaidtobe300yearsold,inthetemple.Inthetemplethereisabigtree,whichissaidtobe300yearsold.b.Repetition.Unnecessaryrepetitionshouldbeavoided.Butinapropercontextrepeatingawordoranideaindifferentwordsmaybeameansofemphasis.Bright,verybright,werethestarsoverthewild,darkYenanhills.Thegoodolddaysweregoneforever,couldneverbegotbackagain.2.EmphasiswithintheSentencesc.Theverbandtheactivevoice.Whendescribingactions,onehadbetteruseverbsinsteadofnounsdenotingactions.Atthesightofthedisorderlycrowd,hewasawarethatsomethingbadwouldbepossible.Themomenthesawthedisorderlycrowd,heknewthatsomethingbadwouldhappen.e.Subordination.Puttingaminorideainadependentelementofthesentencesoastogivethemainideaaprominentposition.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroomandhecarriedabagofbookswithhim.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroom,carryingabagofbookswithhim.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroomwithabagofbooksunderhisarm.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroom,abagofbooksunderhisarm.Theywerewaitingforthemeetingtobegin.Theytalkedwitheachother.Theytalkedaboutthewomen’sfootballteam.TheteamhadwonvictoriesinGuangzhou.Whilewaitingforthemeetingtobegin,theytalkedaboutthevictorieswonbythewomen’sfootballteaminGuangzhou.e.Emphaticwordsandphrases.ThisistheverydictionaryIhavebeenlookingfor.Thedirectorhimselftoldmethisnews.Hislatestnovelisby

farthebesthehaseverwritten.Whatoneartharethechildrendoinginthenextroom?Idon’tliketheplayatall.Thistheatreisfarbetterthantheonewewenttolasttime.I’msohungrythatI’lleatwhateverfoodIcanfind.Variety（多樣）

要寫好句子，就要學會寫簡單句，寫復雜句，并具備能由簡單句變復雜句，復雜句變簡單句的寫作能力，使所寫的句子在文章中有短有長，有起有伏。Varietyisessentialtogoodwriting.Aseriesofsentencesofthesamestructureandlength,beginningwiththesamenounorpronounasthesubject,wouldsoundmonotonous.Varietyisachievedwhenshortsentencesareusedinbetweenlongones,simplesentencesinbetweencompoundandcomplexone.

試比較以下兩個段落（1）Wecanimaginethebeautifulsurroundings.(2)Therearemanytreesalongthestreets.(3)Thereisacleanriverinthecity.(4)Therearemanyfishesintheriver.(5)Therearewillowtreesontheoneside.(6)Therearesomepiecesofgrasslandontheotherside.(7)Therearemanyflowersonthem.(1)Justimaginethebeautifulsurroundingsifwehavemadeourcitiesgreener.(2)Greentreeslinethestreets.(3)Acleanriverwindsthroughthecity,inwhichalotoffishesabound.(4)Ontheonesidestandrowsofwillowtrees.(5)Ontheothersideliesastretchofgrasslandsprinkledwithmanyyellowandredflowers.

一些被濫用的句型Therebe句型Therearefewerandfewercitizenswholiketoseefilms.Filmsarenowlosingtheirappealformanycitizens.Therearemanypeoplewhocomplainofseverehousingshortages.Housingshortagesbecomethesourceofgreatcomplaint.一些被濫用的句型IfIfyoucomparethetwotablescarefully,youwillfindthedifference.Carefulcomparisonofthetwotableswillshowyouthedifference.Ifweonlyapplybookknowledge,wewillnotgetgoodresult.Bookknowledgeonlywillnotbesufficientforustogetgoodresult.Ifthereisnopollution,mancancertainlysurvive.Mancancertainlysurvivewithoutpollution.一些被濫用的句型InordertoInordertopreventtheproblembecomingtooserioustosolve,wemusttakeanimmediatestep.Animmediatestepmustbetakenbeforetheproblembecomestooserioustosolve.一些被濫用的句型MoreandmoreMoreandmorepeoplenowprefertostayathomeandwatchTV.PeopleinincreasingnumbersprefertostayathomeandwatchTV.Moreandmorepeoplewhobecomemoreandmorerichcanaffordamotorcycle.Thegrowingnumberofpeoplewhobecomeincreasinglyrichcannowaffordamotorcycle.Moreandmoreteenagerssmokecigarettesinrecentyears.Teenagesmokingisontheriseinrecentyears.Moreandmoreteachersareneededwiththedevelopmentofeconomy.Thereisanincreasingdemandforteacherswiththedevelopmentofeconomy.Moreandmoretreeshavedisappearedinthecity.Thereisasharpdeclineinthenumberoftreesinthecity.Withthedevelopmentofinformationtechnology,moreandmoreE-booksappearinourlives.ThenumberofE-booksisconstantlyontheriseasaresultoftherapiddevelopmentofinformationtechnology.Nowadays,moreandmoreyoungpeopledelayhavingchildren.Thereisagrowingtrendtowarddelayedchildbearingamongyoungcouples.一些被濫用的句型Itis…或Itis…that…Itisnecessarytomakeoutwhyagriculturehasdrawnsomuchattention.Whyhasagriculturedrawnsomuchattention.ItisreportedthatthesumofcapitalflowingtoChinaranks2ndintheworld.ThecapitalflowingtoChinaisthesecondlargestintheworld.Itisamatteroffactthatmoreandmorestudentsespeciallycollegestudentstakepart-timejobsintheirsparetimeorinholidays,themostordinaryformofwhichistoactasatutor.Manystudentsaretakingonpart-timejobssuchastutoringyoungerstudents.Itisthecommonsensethatfakecommoditiesareharmfultous.Commonsensetellsusthatpiratedgoodsarenotbeneficialinthelongrun.練習1：Rewritethefollowingbyputtingtheshortsentencesintocompoundorcomplexsentences,orsentenceswithparticipial,prepositional,orotherphrasesThegirlbegantolearntoplaythepiano.Atthattimeshewasachild.Hermotherwasafamouspianist.Thegirl,whosemotherwasafamouspianist,begantolearntoplaythepianowhenshewasachild.Becausehermotherwasafamouspianist,thegirlbegantolearntoplaythepianoveryearly.Beingadaughterofafamousfemalepianist,thegirlbegantolearntoplaythepianowhenshewasveryyoung.Hermotherbeingafamousfemalepianist,thegirlbegantolearntoplaythepianoveryearly.Theyoungdancerappearedonthestage.Astormyapplausebrokeforth.Astormyapplausebrokeforthbecausetheyoungdancerappearedonthestage.Astormyapplausebrokeforthwhentheyoungdancerappearedonthestage.Theyoungdancerreceivedastormyapplauseduringherappearanceonthestage.Theyoungdancerappearedonthestage,receivingastormyapplause.Astormyapplausebrokingforth,thedancerappearedonthestage.Hereturnedtohishometown.Hehadbeenawayfortwelveyears.Helookedinvainforthefamiliarlandmarks.Helookedinvainforthefamiliarlandmarkswhenhereturnedtohishometownwhichhehadbeenawayfortwelveyears.Hereturnedtohishometownwhichhehadbeenawayfortwelveyears,lookinginvainforthefamiliarlandmarks.Helookedinvainforthefamiliarlandmarksinhishometownwhichhehadbeenawayfortwelveyears.Havingbeenawayfromhishometownfortwelveyears,helookedinvainforthefamiliarlandmarks.Hereturnedtohishometownwhichhehadbeenawayfortwelveyearsonlytofindtheunfamiliarlandmarks.Wehavemadesomeprogress.Westillhavealongwaytogo.Wehavemadesomeprogressbutwestillhavealongwaytogo.Westillhavealongwaytogoalthoughwehavemadesomeprogress.Someprogresshavingbeenmade,westillhavealongwaytogo.Havingmadesomeprogress,westillhavealongwaytogo.ThegypsiesarereallyanomadicpeoplefromIndia.TheymigratedintoEurope.OncetheywerethoughttobeEgyptians.BeforemigratingintoEurope,thegypsiesareanomadicpeoplefromIndiabutoncetheywerethoughttobeEgyptians.OriginallybeinganomadicpeoplefromIndia,thegypsiesmigratedintoEuropebutoncetheywerethoughttobeEgyptians.Thegypsies,whoseancestorsarenomadicpeoplefromIndiaandlatermigratedintoEuropewereoncethoughttobeEgyptians.ProfessorLihadgreatconcernforus.Sheoftencametohelpus.AsProfessorLihadgreatconcernforus,sheoftencametohelpus.ProfessorLihadgreatconcernforus,sosheoftencametohelpus.ProfessorLioftencametohelpusbecauseshehadgreatconcernforus.ProfessorLi,whohadgreatconcernforus,oftencametohelpus.Havinggreatconcernforus,ProfessorLioftencametohelpus.ProfessorLihadgreatconcernforusandthereforeoftencametohelpus.練習2：Rewritethefollowingsentences,emphasizingthemainideaineach.Huang,whoisovertwometerstall,isthetallestmanoftheteam.Huang,thetallestmanoftheteam,isovertwometerstall.Socialposition,reputation,evenlifeitself,andfriends,werenolongerinterestingtohimafterhewentbankrupt.Afterbankruptcy,henolongerinterestedinanything,suchassocialposition,reputation,evenlifeitselfandfriends.Hedecidedtotakethejob,anditwassomethingunexpected.Outofexpectation,hedecidedtotakethejob.Chinawillnotbethefirsttousenuclearweaponsunderanycircumstances.UndernocircumstanceswillChinabethefirsttousenuclearweapons.Yangalonecandothework,andtherearetwentystudentsintheclass.Therearetwentystudentsintheclass,butYangalonecandothework.Chinahaschangedagreatdealasaresultofreformandtheopenpolicyduringthepast20years.ItisthereformandopenpolicythatmadeChinachangedagreatdeal.練習3：Rewritethefollowingpassage,givingthesentencessomevarietyinlengthandstructure.IgotupalittlelaterthanusualonSundaymorning.Iwashedandhadaquickbreakfast.ThenIstartedgoingtotowntobuythedictionaryrecommendedbytheteacher.AttheschoolgateIsawLiPing.Iaskedhimifhewasgoingtotowntoo,andhesaidthathewas.Sowedecidedtogotogether.Allthebuseswerecrowded.Wehadtowaitforalongtimeatthebusstopbeforewecouldgetonabus.Anhourlaterwegotoffthebusatabusystreet.Therewerethreebookstoresthere.Wewenttothefirstoneanddidn’tfindthedictionary.Thenwewenttothesecondoneandtheshopassistantsaidthatthedictionarywassoldout.Ifinallyboughtthedictionaryatthethirdbookstore.AfterthatLiPingandIwenttootherstoresandboughtvariousthings.Wereturnedtoschooljustintimeforlunch.

GettingupalittlelaterthanusualonSundaymorningandhavingawashandaquickbreakfast,istartedgoingtotowntobuythedictionaryrecommendedbytheteacher.WhatpleasedmeisthatImetLiPingattheschoolgateandheagreeedtogowithme.Allthebusesbeingcrowded,wehadtowaitforalongtimeatthebusstopbeforegettingonone.Wegotoffthebusatabusystreetanhourlaterwheretherearethreebookstores.Butthedictionaryisnotavailableatthefirsttwostores.Itisatthelastonethatwegotthebookweneed.Wereturnedtoschooljustintimeforlunchwiththebookandotherthingswebought.SkillsinWritingSentences1.句子擴充句子擴充指的是在簡單句的基礎上添加適當?shù)男揎棾煞?使句子能準確客觀地表達作者的思想,反映事物的本來面貌。

Heisacollegestudent.HeisajunioratBeijingUniversity,majoringincomputerscience.1.1添加形容詞或副詞通過添加形容詞或副詞對句子中的名詞和動詞加以修飾,使名詞表意更確切,動詞行為更生動,給人以親臨其境,栩栩如生之感。這在句子擴充的技巧中是最常用,也是最容易做到的。如:Thiscourseisawaytoimprovemylanguageskills(這門課程是改進我語言技巧的一種途徑)。修改后，ThisoptionalcourseisagoodwaytoimprovemyEnglishlanguageskillseffectively。練習1.Thepaintingcompetitiondrewstudents.Theyearlypaintingcompetitiondrewcrowdsofcollegestudents.2.InChina,bothwomenandmencandowellintheircareer.Intoday’sChina,womencan

doequallywellintheirwork.1.2添加介詞短語用來擴充句子的介詞短語一般在句子中作定語和狀語,表明事物的特征和行為發(fā)生的時間、地點、原因、目的、方式等。通過給句子添加介詞短語,可以使句子意思更明確,信息更充實。在說明文和記述文中介詞短語用的最多。例1A)Braindrainisoftenheard·

B)Inrecentyears,braindrainisoftenheardinmostofthedevelopingcountries·例2A)Creativityisanimportantfeature·B)Creativityisoneofthemostimportantfeaturesofasuccessfulpersoninourdays·練習：1.HeisgoingtoBeijing.HeisgoinguptoBeijingnextweekforajobinterview.1.3添加分詞短語用于擴充句子的分詞短語一般在句子中作定語或狀語。分詞短語可分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞?，F(xiàn)在分詞一般可表示行為方式、伴隨動作及時間和原因等,而過去分詞在句子中可表示原因、時間、條件及動作發(fā)生時的背景或情況。A)Theycompletedtheexperiment·B)Workingrightthroughmorethantwoyears,theycompletedtheexperiment.A)Wehadgreatdifficultyincompletingtheproject.B)Nothavinggotenoughhands,wehadgreatdifficultyincompletingtheproject.1.4添加不定式不定式是動詞的一種非限定形式,在句子中可以擔當多種成分。不定式在句子中可以做主語、賓語、表語、定語和狀語。不定式具有動詞的特征,有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。通過添加不定式,可以把作者的思想表達的更充分,把事情的原因,目的,結果,狀態(tài),性質(zhì)和特征交代地更清楚。A)Youshouldhaveconfidenceinyourability·B)Youshouldhaveconfidenceinyourabilitytofulfillthetask·A)Manystudentsgotothelibraryatweekends·B)Manystudentsgotothelibraryatweekendstoenjoyreadingbooks。練習ThediseaseSARSmadeanattackonourcountry.AnunexpectedinfectiousdiseaseSARSmadeasuddenattackonmanyareasofourcountryatthebeginningof2003.Itisasteptomakeitlegalforallpeopletoreceiveeducation.Itisabigstepforwardtomakeitlegalforallpeopletohavetherighttoreceivehighereducation.Theworldpopulationis6billion.Thecurrentworldpopulationisapproximately6billion.Themoneywillsupportstudentstocontinuetheirstudy.Consequently,theextramoneyobtainedfrompart-timejobwillstronglysupportstudentstocontinuetheirstudy.Doingpart-timejobcouldtaketime;neverthelessitisnotharmfulifthestudentscanmanagetheirtime.Admittedly,doingpart-timejobcouldtakemuchtime;neverthelessitisnotabsolutelyharmfulifthestudentsappropriatelymanagetheirtime.Modernindustryhasalsopollutedourenvironment.Havingalltheadvantagesmentionedabove,modernindustryhasseriouslypollutedourenvironment.Governmentmusttakeimmediateaction.Governmentmusttakeimmediateactionto

preventtheproblembecomingtooserioustosolve.Onemeasureistocreatenaturereserveswhereanimalscanwanderandbeprotected.Oneofthemosteffectivemeasurestoavoidtheextinctionofwildanimalsisforallcountriestocreatenaturereserveswhereallthenativespeciesofanimalscanwanderfreelyandbeprotectedfrommen.Moneyisconsideredtobeanimportantthing.Moneyisconsideredbysomepeopletobethemost

powerfulandimportantthinginlife.Thecitygovernmentshouldgiveconsiderationtotheplantingoftrees.Intheplanningofurbandevelopment,thecitygovernmentshouldgivefullconsiderationtotheplantingoftrees.2.句子合并由于受漢語思維的影響和出于求穩(wěn)怕錯的心理,很多中國學生在寫作時都喜歡用簡單句。簡單句短小精悍,意義明確,但卻無法表達各個單句之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。讀來讓人覺得散亂,層次不清楚,重點不突出。有時思路的不連貫還會導致句子之間的關系游離,給理解帶來一定的困難。A)Awrist-watchisatime-tellingdevice·B)Itssizeisverysmall·C)Itisverymuchconvenient·D)Itcanbewornonthewrist·

Awristwatchisatimetellingdevice,whichissosmallandconvenientthatitcanbeworeonthewrist.從而突出了手表的功能,兼顧了手表的特征,句子之間的主從關系一目了然。A)Therearemanynetbarsalongthestreets.B)Theyarecrowdedwithpeople.C)Theyaremostlyyoungmen.D)Theirfingersaredancingonthekeyboard.主語變來變?nèi)?讓人摸不著頭腦。如果用句子合并的技巧把它改譯成:Ifyougoalongthestreets,youcannoticealotofnetbarscrowdedwithpeople,mostofwhomareyoungmen,whosefingersaredancingonthekeyboard·就可以使句子結構嚴謹、布局合理、主題突出。2.1.復合句——名詞從句主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句在句子中的作用相當于名詞通常在句子中所起的作用，因此統(tǒng)稱為名詞從句。引導名詞從句的關聯(lián)詞，主要有三類：主從連詞：that,whether,if連接代詞：who,whom,whose,what,which連接副詞：when,where,why,how主從連詞只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞除了起連接作用外，還充當句子成分。2.1.1主語從句主語從句有三類：1)由what等代詞引起的主語從句,可以代替一個名詞加定語從句的結構：Whattheyareafterisprofit.2)由連詞that引起的主語從句，通常放到句子的后面，而用it作形式主語：It’snotyourfaultthatthishashappened.3)由連接代詞或連接副詞或whether引起的主語從句,這類句子可以直接用在句首作主語，也可以放到句子后面用it作形式主語：Whentheywillcomehasn’tbeenmadepublic.Ithasn’tbeenmadepublicwhentheywillcome.練習KeepingadiaryinEnglishisnotdifficult.Itonlyneedsyourdeterminationandpractice.KeepingadiaryinEnglishisnotsodifficultassomestudentsimagine.Whatitdemandsisthedeterminationandpractice.Hecometotheofficeearlierthanbeforethismorning.Hesuddenlyrealizedhehadforgottentotakethekeywithhim.Hemeanttocometotheofficeearlierthanbeforethismorning.Butitoccurredtohimthathehadforgottentotakethekeywithhimhalfway.Developingtheundergroundwillsolvetheseverehousingproblem.Manypeopledoubtthis.Whetherdevelopingtheundergroundwillhelptosolvetheseverehousingproblemisstilladoubtfulquestion.Westillhavesomewaystosolvetheproblem.Thatisgoodnews.Itisgoodnewsthatwestillhavesomewaystosolvetheproblem.常用的經(jīng)典主語從句Itiswrong/foolish/false/ridiculous/afallacytosay/think/believe…money/happinessItisridiculoustobelievethatmoneyalwaysbringshappiness.Itisacommonlyacceptedbeliefthat…,coupledwith…,leadsto/contributeto/resultin…interestinEnglish,itsroleinseekinghighlypaidpositioninbigcorporations,enthusiasmforlearningEnglishItisacommonlyacceptedbeliefthatinterestinEnglish,coupledwiththegrowingawarenessof