批評(píng)言語(yǔ)行為研究課件

SpeechActofCriticismPresentedbyXiaoJie1.TheNewOxfordDictionaryofEnglishdefinecriticismastheexpressionofdisapprovalofsomeoneorsomethingbasedonperceivedfaultsandmistakes.2.TheModernChineseDictionarygivesadefinitionofcriticismas:1.commentsonsomeone’smeritsanddemerits;evaluationofsomeone’sstrengthandweakness;2.commentsonsomeone’smistakesandfaults.DefinitionObviously,thetwodefinitionsarestaticwithouttakingthedynamiccontextandpragmaticfunctionintofullaccount.Directcriticismisdirectexpressionofnegativeevaluationwithoutreservation.Itismostexplicitinspeaker’sintentiontocriticize,leavingnochancefortheinterlocutortomisunderstandit,sothatdirectcriticismisregardedasveryeffectivecriticismstrategy.Indirectcriticismmeansthattheillocutionaryforceofcriticismisutteredbymeansoftheperformanceofotherspeechacts,sothespeaker’srealintentioncanbepartiallyconcealed.criticismIndirectcriticismDirectcriticismThespeakertendtoaccepttheIndirectCriticismwhichmeansthattheillocutionaryforceofcriticismisutteredbymeansoftheperformanceofotherspeechacts.The“FaceTheory”wasputforwardbyBrownandLevinson.“Face”canbedividedintotwokinds,andoneisthe“positiveface”whichisintheneedofpraiseandcomplimentfromotherpeople,theotheristhe“negativeface”whichavoidslosingfacebyinterferedanddisturbedbyotherpeople.FacetheoryGenerallyspeaking,criticismisafacethreateningactwhichthreatsthehearer’spositiveface.Thereforethespeakeremployssomestrategiesinexpressingcriticism.Thespeaker’srealintentioniscanbepartiallyconcealedthusfacewantscanbesatisfiedtosomedegree.Bystatingtheintentions,thespeakermakehisattitudesandopinionsrealizedbytheaddressee.Itcanlessenthedistancebetweenthespeakerandlistener.forexample:

(1)夏天是個(gè)多夢(mèng)的季節(jié)我當(dāng)學(xué)生的時(shí)候也在課堂上睡過(guò)覺(jué)學(xué)習(xí)是件辛苦的事情我特別理解大家的心情但是學(xué)生時(shí)代是學(xué)知識(shí)長(zhǎng)本領(lǐng)的黃金時(shí)代無(wú)窮歲月增中減有趣學(xué)問(wèn)苦后甜人生的關(guān)鍵只有幾步特別是年輕的時(shí)候讓我們一起振作起來(lái)同仇敵愾驅(qū)走瞌睡這個(gè)惡魔.(2)Iknowhowbusyyouareandwhataheavypaperloadyoumusthave.Itisunderstandablethatoccasionallyatermpaperismisplaced,but...1.empathyThespeakerintentionallyofferssomeremindertothehearerinordertomakehimawareofhismistakeandcorrectitaccordingly.Forexample:(1)店里只有這么塊板了，你們穿西裝的文明人要講理。Thisplankisalltheinnhas.YoucivilizedmeninWesternsuitsmustbereasonable.(2)老同志，您是不是忘了一個(gè)程序就把書(shū)往書(shū)包里裝？2.hintsThespeakeroftenuseidiomstoenhancethehumorouseffect.Itcansurelyreducetheembarassingconditionandfacewantcanbesatisfied.Forexample:(1)有眼不識(shí)新衣(泰山)。(2)你怎么“濤聲依舊”？4.ChangetheidiomsPrinciplearetheestablishedsocialormoralrulesorregulationsthatshouldbeobeyedbyboththespeakerandtheaddressee.Whentheyparticipateinsocialactivities,theyshouldabidebysomeprinciples.Bypresentingtheprinciples,thespeakertriestopreservethemutualfacewantsandenablethehearertorealizehisorherfault.(7)Inourcompany,promptnesshasspecialimportance.(8)公司的規(guī)定你是知道的,很抱歉,明天你不用來(lái)了。5.Statementsofprinciples1.performativesandcriticismPerformativescanbedividedintotwokinds,theexplicitperformativesandimplicitperformatives.Andcriticismspeechactcanhaveeitheroneofthem.2.thefelicityconditionsofillocutionaryactandcriticismSincecriticismisatypicalspeechact,itsurelysatisfythefelicityconditionsofillocutionaryact.CriticismfromtheperspectiveofSATBasedontheSpeechActTheory,criticismcanbeclassifiedintoseventypes,eachbearingadifferentwaysofexpressionwhichistypicalandshowingnosimilaritieswithothers.Inthispoint,thecriticismwearetodiscussspecificallyreferstoindirectcriticism.Indirectcriticismischaracterizedbythechangeoftheillocutionarypointoftheperformativeswhichoriginallyshouldbecriticizingverbs.ClassificationaccordingtoSAT1.Instructinge.g.天下哪有免費(fèi)的午餐呢？2.Requeste.g.Wouldyoulikenottothrowrubbishinthiswayagain?

爸，媽，你們給我點(diǎn)自尊好不好？3.Warne.g.如果再遲到一次，我就炒你的魷魚(yú)4.Persuasione.g.You’dbetterstopdrinking,oryouwilldie.5.Expressive