ConceptualMetaphor概念隱喻實(shí)用

會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)1ConceptualMetaphor概念隱喻實(shí)用Whatismetaphor?Comparisontheory

—Metaphorisafigureofspeechinwhichonethingiscomparedtoanotherbysayingthatoneistheother.(Kovecses,2002:vii)

Substitutiontheory

—Ametaphoricalexpressionisusedinplaceofanequivalentliteralexpressionandis,therefore,completelyreplaceablebyitsliteralcounterpart.(Way,1991:23)Conceptualmetaphortheory

—Metaphorisnotsimplyastylisticfeatureoflanguage,butthatthoughtitselfisfundamentallymetaphoricalinnature.Whatmakesitametaphoristheconventionalassociationofonedomainwithanother.Whatmakesitconceptual(ratherthanpurelylinguistic)istheideathatthemotivationforthemetaphorresidesatthelevelofconceptualdomains.(Lakoff&Johnson)第1頁(yè)/共12頁(yè)MetaphorsandcognitivemodelCognitivemodelistheknowledgeexperiencedandstoredforacertainfieldbyindividuals.

IdealizedCognitiveModel,orICM,isthephenomenoninwhichknowledgerepresentedinasemanticframeisoftenaconceptualizationofexperiencethatisnotcongruentwithreality.Fromacognitivepointofview,thecrucialaspectsofametaphoraretheirroleinthestructureofanentirecognitivemodel.Whatistransferredbymetaphoristhestructure,theinternalrelationsorthelogicofacognitivemodel.Inotherwords,fromacognitiveperspectiveametaphorisamappingofthestructureofasourcemodelontoatargetmodel.第2頁(yè)/共12頁(yè)Mapping

LOVE

ISAJOURNEY

傳統(tǒng)：（tenor/primaryterm）（vehicle/secondaryterm）

當(dāng)代：(targetdomain)(sourcedomain)Amappingisthesystematicsetofcorrespondencesthatexistbetweenconstituentelementsofthesourceandthetargetdomain.第3頁(yè)/共12頁(yè)TheunidirectionalityofmetaphorAnimportantobservationmadebyconceptualmetaphortheoristsisthatconceptualmetaphorsareunidirectional.Thismeansthatmetaphorsmapstructurefromasourcedomaintoatargetdomainbutnotviceversa.Forexample:1.PEOPLEAREMACHINES

Johnissoefficient;he’sjustamachine.2.MACHINESAREPEOPLE

Idon’tthinkmycarwantstostartthismorning.Althoughthesetwometaphorsappeartobethemirrorimageofoneanother,closeinspectionrevealsthateachmetaphorinvolvesdistinctmappings:inthefirstone,themechanicalandfunctionalattributesassociatedwithcomputeraremappedontopeople,suchastheirspeedandefficiency.Inthesecondmetaphor,itisthenotionofdesireandvolitionthatismappedontomachine.第4頁(yè)/共12頁(yè)MetaphoricalentailmentInadditiontotheindividualmappingsthatconceptualmetaphorsbringwiththem,theyalsoprovideadditional,sometimesdetailedknowledge.Thisisbecauseaspectsofthesourcedomainthatarenotexplicitlystatedinthemappingscanbeinferred.Inthisway,metaphoricmappingscarryentailments.Forexample:ANARGUMENTISAJOURNEYWewillproceedinastep-by-step

fashion.Wehavecoveredalotofground.Inthismetaphor,PARTICIPANTSintheargumentcorrespondtoTRAVELERS,theARGUMENTitselfcorrespondstoaJOURNEYandthePROGRESSoftheargumentcorrespondstotheROUTEtaken.However,inthesourcedomainJOURNEY,travelerscangetlost,theycanstrayfromthepath,theycanfailtoreachtheirdestination,andsoon.TheassociationbetweensourceandtargetgivesrisetotheentailmentthattheseeventscanalsooccurinthetargetdomainARGUMENT.metaphorical

entailments

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concept第5頁(yè)/共12頁(yè)MetaphorsandimageschemasSubsequenttothedevelopmentofimageschematheory,theideathatcertainconceptswereimage-schematicinnaturewasexploitedbyConceptualMetaphorTheory.LakoffandJohnsonbotharguedthatimageschemascouldserveassourcedomainsformetaphoricmapping.Imageschemasappeartobeknowledgestructuresthatemergedirectlyfrompre-conceptualembodiedexperience.Thesestructuresaremeaningfulattheconceptuallevelpreciselybecausetheyderivefromthelevelofbodilyexperience,whichisdirectlymeaningful.Theimportanceofimageschemasisthattheycanprovidetheconcretebasisformetaphoricmappings.第6頁(yè)/共12頁(yè)Invariance

LakoffandTurnerobservedthatthereappeartobecertainrestrictionsintermsofwhichsourcedomainscanserveparticulartargetdomains.Inordertoaccountfortheserestrictions,LakoffpositedtheInvariancePrinciple:

—Metaphoricalmappingspreservethecognitivetopology(thatis,theimageschemastructure)ofthesourcedomain,inawayconsistentwiththeinherentstructureofthetargetdomain.(Lakoff,1993:215)Whattheinvarianceprincipledoesisguaranteethatimage-schematicorganizationisinvariantacrossmetaphoricmappings.Thismeansthatthestructureofthesourcedomainmustbepreservedbythemappinginawayconsistentwiththetargetdomain.第7頁(yè)/共12頁(yè)HidingandhighlightingAnimportantideainConceptualMetaphorTheoryrelatestohidingandhighlighting:

whenatargetisstructuredintermsofaparticularsource,thishighlightscertainaspectsofthetargetwhilesimultaneouslyhidingotheraspects.Forexample:ARGUMENTISWARhighlightstheadversarialnatureofargumentbuthidesthefactthatargumentofteninvolvesanorderedandorganizeddevelopmentofaparticulartopic.Thisshowsthatthatthemetaphoricalstructuringinvolvedhereispartial,nottotal.Ifitweretotal,oneconceptwouldactuallybetheother,notmerelybeunderstoodintermsofit.第8頁(yè)/共12頁(yè)CategoriesofMetaphors（1）Orientationalmetaphor

relatestospatialorientation,isnotarbitrarybutisbasedonourphysicalandculturalexperience.Throughorientationalmetaphor,wecanprojectspecificspatialorientationsontosomeabstractconcepts,suchasemotion(happyandsad),body(illnessanddeath),andmorality(virtueanddepravity).Forexample：HAPPYISUP；SADIDDOWN—I’mfeelingup.

—Myspiritsrose.

—He’sreallylowthesedays.

—Ifellintoadepression.

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ontologicalmetaphormeanshumanexperienceswithphysicalobjectsenableustoviewabstractconceptsandexperiencesasentitiesandsubstances.Forexample:INFLATIONISANENTITY.—Inflationisloweringourstandardofliving.—Weneedtocombatinflation.

Containermetaphorisanontologicalmetaphorinwhichsomeconceptisrepresentedashavinganinsideandoutside,andcapableofholdingsomethingelse.Personificationcan