年考研英語沖刺班講義

07考研英語沖刺班講義及內(nèi)部模擬試題（周固）考研沖刺班講義[主講人：周固]

一：英語知識運用

05版：

Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,(1)thisislargelybecause,(2)animals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare(3)toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthoughtheair,(4)themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,(5),weareextremelysensitivetosmells,(6)wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof(7)humansmellsevenwhentheseare(8)tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,(9)othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate(10)smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend(11)tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell(12)cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen(13)toitoftenenough.

Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatbrainfindsit(14)tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan(15)newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay(16)explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmellswesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot(17)oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe(18)newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse's.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors(19)forunfamiliarandemergencysignals(20)thesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.

1.［A］although［B］as［C］but［D］while

2.［A］above［B］unlike［C］excluding［D］besides

3.［A］limited［B］committed［C］dedicated［D］confined

4.［A］catching［B］ignoring［C］missing［D］tracking

5.［A］anyway［B］though［C］instead［D］therefore

6.［A］evenif［B］ifonly［C］onlyif［D］asif

7.［A］distinguishing［B］discovering[C]determining［D］detecting

8.［A］diluted［B］dissolved［C］dispersed［D］diffused

9.［A］when［B］since［C］for［D］whereas

10.［A］unusual［B］particular［C］unique［D］typical

11.［A］signs［B］stimuli［C］messages［D］impulses

12.［A］atfirst［B］atall［C］atlarge［D］attimes

13.［A］subjected［B］left［C］drawn［D］exposed

14.［A］ineffective［B］incompetent［C］inefficient［D］insufficient

15.［A］introduce［B］summon［C］trigger[D］create

16.［A］still［B］also［C］otherwise［D］nevertheless

17.［A］sure［B］sick［C］aware［D］tired

18.［A］tolerate［B］repel［C］neglect［D］notice

19.［A］available［B］reliable［C］identifiable［D］suitable

20.［A］similarto［B］suchas［C］alongwith［D］asidefrom

06版：

ThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica'spopulation.1,homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentscan'tpossibly2.Tohelphomelesspeople3independence,thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,4theminimumwage,andfundmorelow-costhousing.

5everyoneagreesonthenumberofAmericanswhoarehomeless.Estimates6anywherefrom600,000to3million.7_thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis8__.Oneofthefederalgovernment'sstudies9thatthenumberofthehomelesswillreachnearly19millionbytheendofthisdecade.

Findingwaysto10thisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.11whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda12_thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday13_thestreet.Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,14_notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeveryday15skillsneededtoturntheirlives16_.BostonGlobereporterChrisReidynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthereare17_programsthataddressthemanyneedsofthehomeless.18_EdwardZlotkowski,directorofcommunityserviceatBentleyCollegeinMassachusetts,19__it,“Therehastobe20__ofprograms.What'sneededisapackagedeal.”

1.［A］Indeed［B］Likewise［C］Therefore［D］Furthermore

2.［A］stand［B］cope［C］approve［D］retain

3.［A］in［B］for［C］with［D］toward

4.［A］raise［B］add［C］take［D］keep

5.［A］Generally［B］Almost［C］Hardly［D］Not

6.［A］cover［B］change［C］range［D］differ

7.［A］Nowthat［B］Although［C］Provided［D］Exceptthat

8.［A］inflating［B］expanding［C］increasing［D］extending

9.［A］predicts［B］displays［C］proves［D］discovers

10.［A］assist［B］track［C］sustain［D］dismiss

11.［A］Hence［B］But［C］Even［D］Only

12.［A］lodging［B］shelter［C］dwelling［D］house

13.［A］searching［B］strolling［C］crowding［D］wandering

14.［A］when［B］once［C］while［D］whereas

15.［A］life［B］existence［C］survival［D］maintenance

16.［A］around［B］over［C］on［D］up

17.［A］complex［B］comprehensive［C］complementary［D］compensating

18.［A］So［B］Since［C］As［D］Thus

19.［A］puts［B］interprets［C］assumes［D］makes

20.［A］supervision［B］manipulation［C］regulation［D］coordination英譯漢

05版

ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfused,andone'simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.(46)TelevisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyedandperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoples,theirculturesandnationalidentities.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.(47)InEurope,aselsewhere,multimediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessfulgroupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radionewspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind.Clearly,onlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotlycontestedmarket.(48)Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein,afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworks,nolessthan50%tookalossin1989.

Moreover,theintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution.

(49)Creatinga“Europeanidentity”thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheoldcontinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoicethatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarket,whoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown.

Inordertoachievetheseobjectives,wemustconcentratemoreonductions,theexchangeofnews,documentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankwillhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.(50)Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascale,itisnoexaggerationtosay“Unitywestand,dividedwefall”andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbe“Unityinourdiversity.”Aunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.

06版

IsittruethattheAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccountinhissociety?Iamgoingtosuggestthatitisnottrue.FatherBruckbergentoldpartofthestorywhenheobservedthatitistheintellectualswhohaverejectedAmerica.Buttheyhavedonemorethanthat.Theyhavegrowndissatisfiedwiththeroleofintellectual.Itisthey,notAmerica,whohavebecomeanti-intellectual.

First,theobjectofourstudypleadsfordefinition.Whatisanintellectual?(46)IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocratic(蘇格拉底的)wayaboutmoralproblems.Heexploressuchproblemsconsciously,articulately,andfrankly,firstbyaskingfactualquestions,thenbyaskingmoralquestions,finallybysuggestingactionwhichseemsappropriateinthelightofthefactualandmoralinformationwhichhehasobtained.(47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamatteraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.

Thisdefinitionexcludesmanyindividualsusuallyreferredtoasintellectuals—theaveragescientist,forone.(48)Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.Likeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenintheeverydayperformanceofhisroutineduties—heisnotsupposedtocookhisexperiments,manufactureevidence,ordoctorhisreports.(49)Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.Duringmostofhiswakinglifehewilltakehiscodeforgranted,asthebusinessmantakeshisethics.

Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityofteachers,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyintellectualsearntheirliving.(50)Theymayteachverywell,andmorethanearntheirsalaries,butmostofthemmakelittleornoindependentreflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.Thisdescriptionevenfitsthemajorityofeminentscholars.Beinglearnedinsomebranchofhumanknowledgeisonething;livingin“publicandindustriousthoughts”,asEmersonwouldsay,issomethingelse.

——Q47滿分譯文參考：

（1）他的功能是一個分析家，好比一個法官，他必須接受這個責任：用盡可能明顯的方式揭示導致他做出決定的這個原因的過程。

（2）他的功能類似于一個有責任和義務用盡可能明顯的方式展現(xiàn)導致他做出決定的理性過程的法官。

（3）他的功能與法官相似，必須以盡可能明顯的方式對引導他做出判斷的推理過程進行揭示為己任。

（4）他的作用被類比為一名法官，這個法官必須以顯而易見的方式盡可能接受導致他做出決定的推理過程所揭示的責任。

（5）知識分子的職能是具有分析能力的審判官，他必須接受這樣的責任，用盡可能明顯的方式揭示出他得出結(jié)論的推理過程。寫作

Directions：（04版）

Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould

1)describethedrawing.

2)interpretitsmeaning,and.

3)supportyourviewwithexamples.

Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

終點又是起點

Sample1

Asisshowninthepicture,onarrivingatthefinishinglineofaraceontheplayground,theactiveyoungmanhastocontinuehisnewjourneyinnotimeinsteadofstoppingtotakearest.Hehassuccessfullysettledthepuzzleof“stoppingorgoingon”whichmighthaveconfusedmanyothers.

Withtheincreasingpaceofmodernlife,perhapsnochangehascharacterizedthepastdecademoredramaticallythatthatofpeople'sviewontheirlife.Itisgenerallyagreeduponthatpeoplehavetoadjustthemselvestothisnewchange.Ontheonehand,nodoubt,peoplewillgainalotbysettingnewgoalsintheirdailylife.TakethefamousscientistThomasEdisonforexample.Hehaddoneverywellinhisearlylife,butcontinuedtopursuesomethingmoredifficultallthroughhislife.Ontheotherhand,ifoneisobsessedwiththesuccesshehasachieved,hewouldlosethechancetopursuenewsuccess.What'smore,hemaybecometheslaveofhissuccess.Therearemanycasesshowingthatpeoplelosetheircouragetobetterthemselvesafterbecomingsuccessful.

Tosumup,one'sviewonhissuccessdetermineshisfuture.Inmyopinion,itisnecessarytocarryoutanation-widecampaignpublicizingpeoplewhohaveaburningdesireformoreandevergreaterachievementwhentheyarealreadywellknown.Sothatpeopleinthesocietywilldevelopaforward-lookingattitudeandmaketheirlifeworthlivingandtheworldmorebeautifulaswell.

Sample2

Thedrawingdepictsthataboyafteralongdistancerunning,isjusthittingtheendingrod.Therearetwomarksontheground.Theoneaftertheboymarks“ending”andtheoneinfrontoftheboymarks“starting”.

Fromthedrawing,wecanconcludeeasilythat“Endingmeansanotherbeginning”.Defferentracesthatcomeonearoundanotherconsistourlives.Wehavenochoicebuttofacethem.Incollege,we“run”withourclassmates.Incompany,we“run”withourcolleagues.Duringtherace,wemustalwaystryourbestforifyouarelazyyouwilllossyourposition.To“run”fasterandtokeepupwiththequickdevelopmentofmoderntechnologyandoursocietyistheprincipleoffuturesociety.Theearlyyouendtherace,theearlyyoucanbeginthenextone,themorechancesyoumayheld.

Nowadayswiththequickdevelopmentoftechnology,wescientificcollegestudentmusttrytokeepupwithit.Weshouldn'tfeelsatisfiedwithwhatwehaveachieved.Developingisthefirstprinciple.Theonlythingwecandonowisrunninganddeveloping.

Sample3

Asisknowntoallpeopleshouldnevergiveuphardworking.Justlikeadrawinghastoldus.Inthedrawing,thereisarunnerwhohasreachedtheend,buthedoesn'tstop,heiskeepingonrunning.Therunnerdoesn'thavearestbecauseofheknowstheendisalsothenewbeing.

Defferentpeople,however,havedifferentopinionsonwhetherweshouldkeeponrunningorhavearestattheendofajob.Somepeoplethinkweshouldkeeponrunning,becausetheendisalsothenewbeing.Intheiropinionifonewanttobeasuccessormustalwaysworkhard.Othersthinkwewon'tkeeponrunning,weshouldtakearest.Intheiropiniontheycan'tdoapainswork.Tomyview,Ithinktheendisalsothenewbeing,wemustdoourbesttokeeponrunning,working.Forexample,ChinesepeoplehasfightagainstSARSforseveralmonths,andwegotastagesuccess,butweshouldn'thavearest,becauseifwedon'ttakecareofSARSandifwedon'tkeeponworkinghard,perhapswewillbeillagain.

AsfarasIamconcerned,Ithinkweshouldkeeponrunningattheendbecausetheendisalwaysthenewbeing,andIbelieveifwewanttobesuccesskeeponrunningisbothsoundableandwell-grounded.

Sample4

Therunnergettotheendoftherun-waybuthegettothebeganoftherun-waytoo.

Theoveristhebegain,itisnotmeaningthatthebegainisnotaccordingtotheend.Thebegainisneuwlevel'sbegain.Itmeansthattheonethingbegainingtodo.

Thethingmustgototheothebegainofonethebegain.Thesuccessmustbaseontheothersuccess,ifnot,theworldwouldnotdevelop.Tome,itisthissureaction.

Ihavefinishedminlityschool,itistheend,butIbegaintostudy,universityclass,itisthebegain.Ibegaintostudyuniversityclassisbaseonthathavingfinishedtheminlingschoolclass.

Ifnot,Ican'tstudyuniversityclass.

Thebegainisnewbegain.

閱讀理解A節(jié)

Text1

Inspiteof“endlesstalkofdifference,”Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis“thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofdeference”characteristicofpopularculture.Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption”launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered“vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite”thesewerestores“anyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact.”Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareotherforcesforhomogenization.

Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whichmaynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.WritingfortheNationalImmigrationForum,GregoryRodriguezreportsthattoday'simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelnorresistanttoassimilation.In1998immigrantswere9.8percentofpopulation;in1900,13.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto1990,3.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1,000residents;inthe10yearspriorto1890,9.2forevery1,000.Now,considerthreeindicesofassimilation—language,homeownershipandintermarriage.

The1990Censusrevealedthat“amajorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmostcommoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish‘well'or‘verywell'aftertenyearsofresidence.”ThechildrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientinEnglish.“Bythethirdgeneration,theoriginallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrantfamilies.”HencethedescriptionofAmericaasa“graveyard”forlanguages.By1996foreign-bornimmigrantswhohadarrivedbefore1970hadahomeownershiprateof75.6percent,higherthanthe69.8percentrateamongnative-bornAmericans.

Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics“havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S.bornwhitesandblacks.”Bythethirdgeneration,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtonon-Hispanics,and41percentofAsian-Americanwomenaremarriedtonon-Asians.

RodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundtheworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantslivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation'sassimilativepower.”

AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethingangerinAmerica?Indeed.Itisbigenoughtohaveabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica'sturbulentpast,today'ssocialindiceshardlysuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenvironment.21.Theword“homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans

［A］identifying.

［B］associating

［C］assimilating.

［D］monopolizing.

22.Accordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19thcentury

［A］playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture.

［B］becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumers.

［C］satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite.

［D］oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption.

23.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S.

［A］areresistanttohomogenization.

［B］exertagreatinfluenceonAmericanculture.

［C］arehardlyathreattothecommonculture.

［D］constitutethemajorityofthepopulation.

24.WhyareArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraph5?

［A］Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld.

［B］Torevealthepublic'sfearofimmigrants.

［C］Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrants.

［D］ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture.

25.Intheauthor'sopinion,theabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansocietyis

［A］rewarding.

［B］successful.

［C］fruitless.

［D］harmful.

Text2

Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry—WilliamShakespeare—buttherearetwodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.ThereistheRoyalShakespeareCompany(RSC),whichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysattheShakespeareMemorialTheatreontheAvon.Andtherearethetownsfolkwholargelyliveoffthetouristswhocome,nottoseetheplays,buttolookatAnneHathaway'sCottage,Shakespeare'sbirthplaceandtheothersights.

TheworthyresidentsofStratforddoubtthatthetheatreaddsapennytotheirrevenue.TheyfranklydisliketheRSC'sactors,themwiththeirlonghairandbeardsandsandalsandnoisiness.It'salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespeare,whoearnstheirliving,washimselfanactor(withabeard)anddidhisshareofnoise-making.

Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseerswhocomebybus—andoftentakeinWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceontheside—don'tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeofthemareevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However,theplaygoersdomanagealittlesight-seeingalongwiththeirplay-going.Itistheplaygoers,theRSCcontends,whobringinmuchofthetown'srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight(someofthemfourorfivenights)pouringcashintothehotelsandrestaurants.Thesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftownbynightfall.

Thetownsfolkdon'tseeitthiswayandthelocalcouncildoesnotcontributedirectlytothesubsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.Stratfordcriespoortraditionally.Neverthelesseveryhotelintownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotelthere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.

Anyway,thetownsfolkcan'tunderstandwhytheRoyalShakespeareCompanyneedsasubsidy.(Thetheatrehasbrokenattendancerecordsforthreeyearsinarow.Lastyearits1,431seatswere94percentoccupiedallyearlongandthisyearthey'lldobetter.)Thereason,ofcourse,isthatcostshaverocketedandticketpriceshavestayedlow.

ItwouldbeashametoraisepricestoomuchbecauseitwoulddriveawaytheyoungpeoplewhoareStratford'smostattractiveclientele.Theycomeentirelyfortheplays,notthesights.Theyallseemtolookalike(thoughtheycomefromallover)—lean,pointed,dedicatedfaces,wearingjeansandsandals,eatingtheirbunsandbeddingdownforthenightontheflagstonesoutsidethetheatretobuythe20seatsand80standing-roomticketsheldforthesleepersandsoldtothemwhentheboxofficeopensat10:30a.m.

26.Fromthefirsttwoparagraphs,welearnthat

［A］thetownsfolkdenytheRSC'scontributiontothetown'srevenue.

［B］theactorsoftheRSCimitateShakespeareonandoffstage.

［C］thetwobranchesoftheRSCarenotongoodterms.

［D］thetownsfolkearnlittlefromtourism.

27.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that

［A］thesightseerscannotvisittheCastleandthePalaceseparately.

［B］theplaygoersspendmoremoneythatthesightseers.

［C］thesightseersdomoreshoppingthantheplaygoers.

［D］theplaygoersgotonootherplacesintownthanthetheater.

28.Bysaying“Stratfordcriespoortraditionally”(Lines2—3,Paragraph4),theauthorimpliesthat

［A］Stratfordcannotaffordtheexpansionprojects.

［B］Stratfordhaslongbeeninfinancialdifficulties.

［C］thetownisnotreallyshortofmoney.

［D］thetownsfolkusedtobepoorlypaid.29.Accordingtothetownsfolk,theRSCdeservesnosubsidybecause

［A］ticketpricescanberaisedtocoverthespending.

［B］thecompanyisfinanciallyill-managed.

［C］thebehavioroftheactorsisnotsociallyacceptable.

［D］thetheatreattendanceisontherise.

30.Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor

［A］issupportiveofbothsides.

［B］favorsthetownsfolk'sview.

［C］takesadetachedattitude.

［D］issympathetictotheRSC.

Text3

Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals:theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.

Thattheseasarebeingover-fishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.

Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today'svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.

Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe“shiftingbaseline”.Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.

31.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthat

［A］largeanimalswerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment.

［B］smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared.

［C］largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday.

［D］slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones.

32.WecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm'spaperthat

［A］thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%.

［B］thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsago.

［C］thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount.

［D］thenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold.

33.Bysaying“thesefiguresareconservative”(Line1,Paragraph3),Dr.Wormmeansthat

［A］fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly.

［B］thecatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthanrecorded.

［C］themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterloss.

［D］thedatacollectedsofarareoutofdate.

34.Dr.Myersandotherresearchersholdthat

［A］peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcanworkforalongertime.

［B］fisheriesshouldkeeptheiryieldsbelow50%ofthebiomass.

［C］theoceanbiomassshouldberestoredtoitsoriginallevel.

［D］peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetochangingsituation.

35.Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries,

［A］managementefficiency.

［B］biomasslevel.

［C］catch-sizelimits.

［D］technologicalapplication.

Text4

Manythingsm