托福閱讀練習及詳細解析ArtisansandIndustrialization

經(jīng)典word整理文檔，僅參考，雙擊此處可刪除頁眉頁腳。本資料屬于網(wǎng)絡整理，如有侵權(quán)，請聯(lián)系刪除，謝謝！Word文檔elegantasthosedonebyhand,andprideincraftsmanshipgavewaytothepressuretoincreaseratesofproductivity.Thenewmethodsofdoingbusinessinvolvedanewandstrictersenseoftime.Factorylifenecessitatedamoreregimentedschedule,whereworkbeganatthesoundofabellandworkerskeptmachinesgoingataconstantpace.Atthesametime,workerswererequiredtodiscardoldhabits,forindustrialismdemandedaworkerwhowasalert,dependable,andAbsenteeismandlatenesshurtproductivityand,sinceworkwasspecialized,disruptedtheregularfactoryroutine.Industrializationnotonlyproducedafundamentalchangeinthewayworkwasorganized;ittransformedtheverynatureofwork.從今日起，我給大家整理了一些新托?？荚嚱?jīng)典閱讀練習題。要知道閱讀始終就是英語考試中的重中之重，所以確定要勤加練習。今日給大家共享一篇名為“ARTISANSANDINDUSTRIALIZATION”托福閱讀練習及具體解析：ArtisansandIndustrializationBefore1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesorshopsbyskilledartisans.Asmastercraftworkers,theyimpartedtheknowledgeoftheirtradestoapprenticesandjourneymen.Inaddition,womenoftenworkedintheirhomespart-time,makingfinishedarticlesfromrawmaterialsuppliedbymerchantcapitalists.After1815thisolderformofmanufacturingbegantogivewaytofactorieswithmachinerytendedbyunskilledorsemiskilledlaborers.Cheaptransportationnetworks,theriseofcities,andtheavailabilityofcapitalandcreditallstimulatedtheshifttofactoryproduction.Thefirstgenerationtoexperiencethesechangesdidnotadoptthenewattitudeseasily.Thefactoryclockbecamethesymbolofthenewworkrules.Onemillworkerwhofinallyquitcomplainedrevealinglyaboutobediencetotheofthebell-justasthoughwearesomanylivingmachines.Withthelossofpersonalfreedomalsocamethelossofstandinginthecommunity.Unlikeartisanworkshopsinwhichapprenticesworkedcloselywiththemasterssupervisingthem,factoriessharplyseparatedworkersfrommanagement.Fewworkersrosethroughtherankstosupervisorypositions,andevenfewercouldachievetheartisansdreamofsettinguponesownbusiness.Evenworkerssensedtheirdeclineinstatus.Inthisnewlyemergingeconomicorder,workerssometimesorganizedtoprotecttheirrightsandtraditionalwaysoflife.Craftworkerssuchascarpenters,printers,andtailorsformedunions,andin1834individualunionscametogetherintheNationalTradesThecreationofalaborforcethatwasaccustomedtoworkinginfactoriesdidnotoccureasily.Beforetheriseofthefactory,artisanshadworkedwithinthehome.Apprenticeswereconsideredpartofthefamily,andmasterswereresponsiblenotonlyforteachingtheirapprenticesatradebutalsoforprovidingthemsomeeducationandforsupervisingtheirmoralbehavior.Journeymenknewthatiftheyperfectedtheirskill,theycouldbecomerespectedmasterartisanswiththeirownshops.Also,skilledartisansdidnotworkbytheclock,atasteadypace,butratherinburstsofintenselaboralternatingwithmoreleisurelytime.Thefactorychangedthat.Goodsproducedbyfactorieswerenotasfinishedor1/11Word文檔Union.ThelabormovementgatheredsomemomentuminthedecadebeforethePanicof1837,butinthedepressionthatfollowed,laborsstrengthcollapsed.Duringhardtimes,fewworkerswerewillingtostrike_orengageincollectiveaction.Andskilledcraftworkers,whospearheadedtheunionmovement,didnotfeelaparticularlystrongbondwithsemiskilledfactoryworkersandunskilledlaborers.Morethanadecadeofagitationdidfinallybringaworkdayshortenedto10hourstomostindustriesbythe185O’s,andthecourtsalsorecognizedworkersrighttostrike,butthesegainshadlittleimmediateimpact.waytofactorieswithmachinerytendedbyunskilledorsemiskilledlaborers.Cheaptransportationnetworks,theriseofcities,andtheavailabilityofcapitalandcreditallstimulatedtheshifttofactoryproduction.1.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutarticlesmanufacturedbefore1815?○Theywereprimarilyproducedbywomen.○Theyweregenerallyproducedinshopsratherthaninhomes.○Theywereproducedwithmoreconcernforqualitythanforspeedofproduction.Workerswereunitedinresentingtheindustrialsystemandtheirlossofstatus,buttheyweredividedbyethnicandracialantagonisms,gender,conflictingreligiousperspectives,occupationaldifferences,politicalpartyloyalties,anddisagreementsovertactics.Forthem,thefactoryandindustrialismwerenotagentsofopportunitybutremindersoftheirlossofindependenceandameasureofcontrolovertheirlives.AsUnitedStatessocietybecamemorespecializedanddifferentiated,greaterextremesofwealthbegantoappear.Andasthenewmarketscreatedfortunesforthefew,thefactorysystemloweredthewagesofworkersbydividinglaborintosmaller,lessskilledtasks.○Theywereproducedmostlyinlargecitieswithextensivetransportationnetworks.Paragraph2:Thecreationofalaborforcethatwasaccustomedtoworkinginfactoriesdidnotoccureasily.Beforetheriseofthefactory,artisanshadworkedwithinthehome.Apprenticeswereconsideredpartofthefamily,andmasterswereresponsiblenotonlyforteachingtheirapprenticesatradebutalsoforprovidingthemsomeeducationandforsupervisingtheirmoralbehavior.Journeymenknewthatiftheyperfectedtheirskill,theycouldbecomerespectedmasterartisanswiththeirownshops.Also,skilledartisansdidnotworkbytheclock,atasteadypace,butratherinburstsofintenselaboralternatingwithmoreleisurelytime.2.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.Paragraph1:Before1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesorshopsbyskilledartisans.Asmastercraftworkers,theyimpartedtheknowledgeoftheirtradestoapprenticesandjourneymen.Inaddition,womenoftenworkedintheirhomesmakingfinishedarticlesfromrawmaterialsuppliedbymerchantcapitalists.After1815thisolderformofmanufacturingbegantogive2/11Word文檔○Mastersdemandedmoralbehaviorfromapprenticesbutoftentreatedthemirresponsibly.○Theresponsibilitiesofthemastertotheapprenticewentbeyondtheteachingofatrade.○Followed○UpsetParagraph4:Thefirstgenerationtoexperiencethesechangesdidnotadoptthenewattitudeseasily.Thefactoryclockbecamethesymbolofthenewworkrules.Onemillworkerwhofinallyquitcomplainedrevealinglyaboutobediencetotheofthebell-justasthoughwearesomanylivingmachines.Withthelossofpersonalfreedomalsocamethelossofstandinginthecommunity.Unlikeartisanworkshopsinwhichapprenticesworkedcloselywiththemasterssupervisingthem,factoriessharplyseparatedworkersfrommanagement.Fewworkersrosethroughtherankstosupervisorypositions,andevenfewercouldachievetheartisansdreamofsettinguponesownbusiness.Evenworkerssensedtheirdeclineinstatus.4.Inparagraph4,theauthorincludesthequotationfromamillworkerinorderto○Masterspreferredtomaintainthetradewithinthefamilybysupervisingandeducatingtheyoungerfamilymembers.○Masterswhotrainedmembersoftheirownfamilyasapprenticesdemandedexcellencefromthem.Paragraph3:Thefactorychangedthat.Goodsproducedbyfactorieswerenotasfinishedorelegantasthosedonebyhand,andprideincraftsmanshipgavewaytothepressuretoincreaseratesofproductivity.Thenewmethodsofdoingbusinessinvolvedanewandstrictersenseoftime.Factorylifenecessitatedamoreregimentedschedule,whereworkbeganatthesoundofabellandworkerskeptmachinesgoingataconstantpace.Atthesametime,workerswererequiredtodiscardoldhabits,forindustrialismdemandedaworkerwhowasalert,dependable,andself-disciplined.Absenteeismandlatenesshurtproductivityand,sinceworkwasspecialized,disruptedtheregularfactoryroutine.Industrializationnotonlyproducedafundamentalchangeinthewayworkwasorganized;ittransformedtheverynatureofwork.○Supporttheideathatitwasdifficultforworkerstoadjusttoworkinginfactories○Toshowthatworkerssometimesquitbecauseoftheloudnoisemadebyfactorymachinery○Arguethatclocksdidnothaveausefulfunctioninfactories○Emphasizethatfactoriesweremostsuccessfulwhenworkersrevealedtheircomplaints3.Theworddisruptedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○Prolonged5.Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph4asconsequencesofthenewsystemforworkersEXCEPTalossof○Established3/11Word文檔○Freedom○Accepted○Statusinthecommunity○Changed○Opportunitiesforadvancement○Resisted○Contactamongworkerswhowerenotmanagers8.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthelabormovementofthe1800sisParagraph5:Inthisnewlyemergingeconomicorder,workerssometimesorganizedtoprotecttheirrightsandtraditionalwaysoflife.Craftworkerssuchascarpenters,printers,andtailorsformedunions,andin1834individualunionscametogetherintheNationalTradesUnion.ThelabormovementgatheredsomemomentuminthedecadebeforethePanicof1837,butinthedepressionthatfollowed,laborsstrengthcollapsed.Duringhardtimes,fewworkerswerewillingtostrike_orengageincollectiveaction.Andskilledcraftworkers,whospearheadedtheunionmovement,didnotfeelaparticularlystrongbondwithsemiskilledfactoryworkersandunskilledlaborers.Morethanadecadeofagitationdidfinallybringaworkdayshortenedto10hourstomostindustriesbythe185O’s,andthecourtsalsorecognizedworkersrighttostrike,butthesegainshadlittleimmediateimpact.6.Thephrasegatheredsomemomentuminthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○Madeprogresssupportedbyparagraph5?○Itwasmostsuccessfulduringtimesofeconomiccrisis.○Itsprimarypurposewastobenefitunskilledlaborers.○Itwasslowtoimproveconditionsforworkers.○Ithelpedworkersofallskilllevelsformastrongbondwitheachother.Paragraph6:Workerswereunitedinresentingtheindustrialsystemandtheirlossofstatus,buttheyweredividedbyethnicandracialantagonisms,gender,conflictingreligiousperspectives,occupationaldifferences,politicalpartyloyalties,anddisagreementsovertactics.Forthem,thefactoryandindustrialismwerenotagentsofopportunitybutremindersoftheirlossofindependenceandameasureofcontrolovertheirlives.AsUnitedStatessocietybecamemorespecializedanddifferentiated,greaterextremesofwealthbegantoappear.Andasthenewmarketscreatedfortunesforthefew,thefactorysystemloweredthewagesofworkersbydividinglaborintosmaller,lessskilledtasks.○B(yǎng)ecameactive○Causedchanges9.Theauthoridentifiespoliticalpartyloyalties,anddisagreementsovertacticsastwoofseveralfactorsthat○Combinedforces7.Thewordspearheadedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○Led○Encouragedworkerstodemandhigherwages○Createddivisionsamongworkers4/11Word文檔○Causedworktobecomemorespecializedmastercraftworkers,theyimpartedtheknowledgeoftheirtradestoapprenticesand○Increasedworkersresentmentoftheindustrialsystem10.Thewordtheminthepassagereferstojourneymen.■Inaddition,womenoftenworkedintheirhomesmakingfinishedarticlesfromrawmaterialsuppliedbymerchantcapitalists.■After1815thisolderformofmanufacturingbegantogivewaytofactorieswithmachinerytendedbyunskilledorsemiskilledlaborers.■Cheaptransportationnetworks,theriseofcities,andtheavailabilityofcapitalandcreditallstimulatedtheshifttofactoryproduction.○B(yǎng)efore1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesorshopsbyskilledartisans.■Asmastercraftworkers,theyimpartedtheknowledgeoftheirtradestoapprenticesandjourneymen.Thisnewformofmanufacturingdependedonthemovementofgoodstodistantlocationsandacentralizedsourceoflaborers.Inaddition,womenoftenworkedintheirhomesmakingfinishedarticlesfromrawmaterialsuppliedbymerchantcapitalists.■After1815thisolderformofmanufacturingbegantogivewaytofactorieswithmachinerytendedbyunskilledorsemiskilledlaborers.■Cheaptransportationnetworks,theriseofcities,andtheavailabilityofcapitalandcreditallstimulatedtheshifttofactoryproduction.○B(yǎng)efore1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesorshopsbyskilledartisans.■Asmastercraftworkers,theyimpartedtheknowledgeoftheirtradestoapprenticesandjourneymen.■Inaddition,womenoftenworkedintheirhomespart-time,makingfinishedarticlesfromrawmaterialsuppliedbymerchantcapitalists.Thisnewformofmanufacturingdependedonthemovementofgoodstodistantlocationsandacentralizedsourceoflaborers.After1815thisolderformofmanufacturingbegantogivewaytofactorieswithmachinerytendedby○Workers○Politicalpattyloyalties○Disagreementsovertactics○AgentsofopportunityParagraph1:Before1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesorshopsbyskilledartisans.■Asmastercraftworkers,theyimpartedtheknowledgeoftheirtradestoapprenticesandjourneymen.■Inaddition,womenoftenworkedintheirhomesmakingfinishedarticlesfromrawmaterialsuppliedbymerchantcapitalists.■After1815thisolderformofmanufacturingbegantogivewaytofactorieswithmachinerytendedbyunskilledorsemiskilledlaborers.■Cheaptransportationnetworks,theriseofcities,andtheavailabilityofcapitalandcreditallstimulatedtheshifttofactoryproduction.11.Lookatthefoursquares■thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.Thisnewformofmanufacturingdependedonthemovementofgoodstodistantlocationsandacentralizedsourceoflaborers.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?○B(yǎng)efore1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesorshopsbyskilledartisans.Thisnewformofmanufacturingdependedonthemovementofgoodstodistantlocationsandacentralizedsourceoflaborers.As5/11Word文檔unskilledorsemiskilledlaborers.■Cheaptransportationnetworks,theriseofcities,Aunited,highlysuccessfullabormovementtookshape.Workerstookprideintheirworkmanship.Theincomegapbetweentherichandthepoorincreasedgreatly.Transportationnetworksbegantodecline.Emphasiswasplacedonfollowingschedules.Workerswentthroughanextensiveperiodoftraining.Fewworkersexpectedtoowntheirownbusinesses.參考答案：andtheavailabilityofcapitalandcreditallstimulatedtheshifttofactoryproduction.○B(yǎng)efore1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesorshopsbyskilledartisans.■Asmastercraftworkers,theyimpartedtheknowledgeoftheirtradestoapprenticesandjourneymen.■Inaddition,womenoftenworkedintheirhomespart-time,makingfinishedarticlesfromrawmaterialsuppliedbymerchantcapitalists.■After1815thisolderformofmanufacturingbegantogivewaytofactorieswithmachinerytendedbyunskilledorsemiskilledlaborers.Thisnewformofmanufacturingdependedonthemovementofgoodstodistantlocationsand1.○3acentralizedsourceoflaborers.Cheaptransportationnetworks,theriseofcities,andThisisanInferencequestionaskingforaninferencethatcanbesupportedbytheavailabilityofcapitalandcreditallstimulatedtheshifttofactoryproduction.thepassage.Thecorrectanswerischoice3,Theywereproducedwithmoreconcernforqualitythanforspeedofproduction.Anumberofstatementsthroughoutthepassagesupportchoice3.Paragraph1statesthatBefore1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesorshopsbyskilledartisans...After1815thisolderformofmanufacturingbegantogivewaytofactorieswithmachinerytendedbyunskilledorsemiskilledlaborers.Paragraph2statesthatBeforetheriseofthefactory...skilledartisansdidnotworkbytheclock,atasteadypace,butratherinburstsofintenselaboralternatingwithmoreleisurelytime.Paragraph3states,Thefactorychangedthat.Goodsproducedbyfactorieswerenotasfinishedorelegantasthosedonebyhand,andprideincraftsmanshipgavewaytothepressuretoincreaseratesofproductivity.Takentogether,thesethreestatements,aboutproductionrates,theriseoffactoriesafter1815,andthedeclineofcraftsmanshipafter1815,support12.Directions:Completethetablebelowbyindicatingwhichoftheanswerchoicesdescribecharacteristicsoftheperiodbefore1815andwhichdescribecharacteristicsofthe860period.Thisquestionisworth3points.Before1815●●1815-1850●●●Answerchoices6/11Word文檔theinferencethatbefore1815,theemphasishadbeenonqualityratherthanonspeedofproduction.Answerchoices1,2,and4areallcontradictedbythepassage.2.○2damaged,itisupset.4.○1ThisisaFactualInformationquestionaskingforspecificinformationthatcanbefoundinparagraph4.ThecorrectanswerischoiceI,supporttheideathatitwasdifficultforworkerstoadjusttoworkinginfactories.Theparagraphbeginsbystatingthatworkersdidnotadoptnewattitudestowardworkeasilyandthattheclocksymbolizedthenewworkrules.Theauthorprovidesthequotationasevidenceofthatdifficulty.Thereisnoindicationintheparagraphthatworkersquitduetoloudnoise,sochoice2isincorrect.Choice3(usefulnessofclocks)iscontradictedbytheparagraph.Thefactoryclockwasuseful,butworkershatedit.Choice4(workerscomplaintsasacauseofafactoryssuccess)isnotdiscussedinthisparagraph.5.○4ThisisaSentenceSimplificationquestion.Aswithalloftheseitems,asinglesentenceinthepassageishighlighted:Apprenticeswereconsideredpartofthefamily,andmasterswereresponsiblenotonlyforteachingtheirapprenticesatradebutalsoforprovidingthemsomeeducationandforsupervisingtheirmoralbehavior.Thecorrectanswerischoice2.Choice2containsalloftheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence.Thehighlightedsentenceexplainswhy(partofthefamily)andhow(education,moralbehavior)amastersresponsibilitywentbeyondteachingatrade.Theessentialinformationisthefactthatthemastersresponsibilitywentbeyondteachingatrade.Therefore,choice2containsallthatisessentialwithoutchangingthemeaningofthehighlightedsentence.Choice1changesthemeaningofthehighlightedsentenceb~statingthatmastersoftentreatedapprenticesirresponsibly.Choice3contradictstheessentialmeaningofthehighlightedsentence.ThefactthatApprenticeswereconsideredpartofthefamily...suggeststhattheywerenotactualfamilymembers.Choice4,likechoice3,changesthemeaningofthehighlightedsentencebydiscussingfamilymembersasapprentices.ThisisaNegativeFactualInformationquestionaskingforspecificinformationthatcanbefoundinparagraph4.Choice4,contactamongworkerswhowerenotmanagers,isthecorrectanswer.Theparagraphexplicitlycontradictsthisbystatingthatfactoriessharplyseparatedworkersfrommanagement.TheparagraphexplicitlystatesthatworkerslostchoiceI(freedom),choice2(statusinthecommunity),andchoice3(opportunitiesforadvancement)inthenewsystem,sothosechoicesareallincorrect.3.○4ThisisaVocabularyquestion.Thewordbeingtestedisdisrupted.Itishighlightedinthepassage.Thecorrectanswerischoice4,upset.Thewordupsethereisusedinthecontextofhurtingproductivity.Whensomethingishurtor6.○1ThisisaVocabularyquestion.Thephrasebeingtestedisgatheredsomemomentum.Itishighlightedinthepassage.ThecorrectanswerischoiceI,made7/11Word文檔progress.Togathermomentummeanstoadvancewithincreasingspeed.7.○1workers.Theotherchoicesarenotstatedandareincorrect.10.○1ThisisaVocabularyquestion.Thewordbeingtestedisspearheaded.Itishighlightedinthepassage.Thecorrectanswerischoice1,led.Theheadofaspearleadstherestofthespear,sothecraftsworkerswhospearheadedthismovementledit.ThisisaReferencequestion.Thewordbeingtestedisthem.Itishighlightedinthepassage.Thisisasimpleitem.Thewordtheminthissentencereferstothosepeopletowhomthefactoryandindustrialismwerenotagentsofopportunitybutremindersoftheirlossofindependenceandameasureofcontrolovertheirlives.Choice1,Workers,istheonlychoicethatreferstothistypeofperson,soitisthecorrectanswer.8.○3ThisisaFactualInformationquestionaskingforspecificinformationthatcanbefoundinparagraph5.Thecorrectanswerischoice3,Itwasslowtoimproveconditionsforworkers.Theparagraphstates,Morethanadecadeofagitationdidfinallybringaworkdayshortenedto10hourstomostindustriesbythe1850s,andthecourtsalsorecognizedworkersrighttostrike,butthesegainshadlittleimmediateimpact.Thisstatementexplicitlysupportschoice3.Allthreeotherchoicesarecontradictedbytheparagraph.11.○4ThisisanInsertTextquestion.Youcanseethefourblacksquaresinparagraph1thatrepresentthepossibleanswerchoiceshere.Before1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesorshopsbyskilledartisans.■Asmastercraftworkers,theyimpartedtheknowledgeoftheirtradestoapprenticesandjourneymen.■Inaddition,womenoftenworkedintheirhomesmakingfinishedarticlesfromrawmaterialsuppliedbymerchantcapitalists.WAfter1815thisolderformofmanufacturingbegantogivewaytofactorieswithmachinerytendedbyunskilledorsemiskilledlaborers.■Cheaptransportationnetworks,theriseofcities,andtheavailabilityofcapitalandcreditallstimulatedtheshifttofactoryproduction.Thesentenceprovided,Thisnewformofmanufacturingdependedonthemovementofgoodstodistantlocationsandacentralizedsourceoflaborers,isbestinsertedatsquare4.Theinsertedsentencerefersexplicitlytoanewformofmanufacturing.Thisnewformofmanufacturingistheonementionedinthesentenceprecedingsquare4,9.○2ThisisaFactualInformationquestionaskingforspecificinformationaboutaparticularphraseinthepassage.Thephraseinquestionishighlightedinthepassage.Thecorrectanswerischoice2,createddivisionsamongworkers.Theparagraphstates(emphasisadded):...they(workers)weredividedbyethnicandracialantagonisms,gender;conflictingreligiousperspectives,occupationaldifferences,politicalpartloyalties,anddisagreementsovertactics.Sopoliticalpartyloyaltiesanddisagreementsovertacticsareexplicitlystaredastwocausesofdivisionamong8/11Word文檔factorieswithmachinerytendedbyunskilledorsemiskilledlaborers.Theinsertedsentencethenexplainsthatthisnewsystemdependedonthemovementofgoodstodistantlocationsandacentralizedsou