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5/20大連理工大學(xué)本科外文翻譯在室內(nèi)設(shè)計中的知覺與錯覺
PerceptionandIllusioninInteriorDesign大連理工大學(xué)DalianUniversityofTechnologyPerceptionandIllusioninInteriorDesignAnnaJaglarzDepartmentofArchitecture,WroclawUniversityofTechnology,St。Prusa53/55,50—317Wroclaw,Polandanna。Abstract。Besidephysicalmethodstomodifythelimitsofinteriorspace,therearealsosomedesigndecisionsandtricksthat(yī)canchangetheperceptionofavisualspace.Therefore,it’spossibletocorrectinteriorwithoutredesigningordestruction-breakingoldwallsandmakingnewones,forexample,withthehelpofopticalillusionsthatchangevisualperceptionofinteriorspace.Aroomcanbevisuallyenlarged,deepened,broadened,heightened,narrowed,orlowered。Thingslikecolor,lighting,interiorelementsplacement,integrat(yī)edhorizontalorvertical–lines,shapes,mirrorsandevenstyleofinteriorequipmentandfinishingmaterialscancorrecttheinteriorspacebecausetheycanhaveasignificantimpactonthesize,proportionandmoodofaspace.It’spossibletoachievegreateffectsbycombiningknowledgeofperceptionandknowledgeofdesign.Keywords:interiordesign,senseofvision,visualperception,opticalillusion.1IntroductionThereisconsiderablescopetoachievegreatandsometimessurprisingeffectsininteriorsformat(yī)ionbycombiningknowledgeofperception,knowledgeofopticalillusions,visualtricksandknowledgeofcontemporaryinteriordesign.Byopticalillusionswemeanthosechangesinvisualperceptionofaroomsizeandproportionsthatoccurundertheinfluenceofpsychologicalphenomenon,visualmemory,visualimpressions,colorperception,contrasts,brightnessintensityandfocalbrightness,glare,visibilityoftaskdetail,illumination.Thesearethemajorfactorscomprisingtheperformancerequirementsforthevisualenvironment.Thesearealsobasicfactorsinfluencedourperceptionofspaceandouremotionalresponsetospace.Properplanning,interiorelements,furnitureandmirrorsplacementcancorrecteveryspace,whilecolorandlightingconsiderationscanbeusedtoemphasizethespaceorplace。Withunderstandingtheeffectofcolorandlightontheperceptionofspacedesignerscanshapeandmodifythevisualexperienceofroom,forexample,bymanipulatingtheperceptualroleoflighting?bothtofacilitat(yī)evisualtasksandtodefinethe..visualboundariesandhierarchyofaspace,area,oractivity.Designerscanalsomanipulatethepsychologicalroleoflightingtohelpestablishasenseofintimacy,privacy,coziness,cheerfulness,orsombernessintheroom.Theuseofcolorininteriordesignshouldbebasedonknowledgeofcolorperceptionandknowledgeofcolorimpactonhuman。Opticaleffectsofcolorsareavisualeffectsassociatedwiththeperception.Theyalsoincludevarioustypesofopticalillusionsandvisualtricks.Psychologicaleffectsofcolorsarefeltinemotionalandrelat(yī)edtofeelings,andimpressions.Coloroflightisalsosignificant。Subtlechangesinthecolortoneoflightcaninfluencethesubconsciousjudgmentofinteriorspace.Amirrorandmirrorillusionsareanexcellentandspecificwayofmodification,inparticularenlargingofroomspace。Thiseffectiscreatedthankstoreflectionandopticalillusions.Experimentswithamirrorandmirrorsurfacesarejustifiedespeciallyinsmall-scaleroomslikebathrooms,halls,staircasesetc.Onemorethingthatalsocausestheroomcanbechangedandcorrectedisthestyleandkindofinteriorelementsandfinishingmaterials.Theeffectcanbearesultofmaterialtype(wood,metal,glass,plastic,textilesetc.)ormaterialfeaturesandcharacteristics(pattern,texture,ornament,color,glossetc.).[1,2]2VisionThesenseofvisionisbasedontheeye’sabilitytoabsorbandprocessselectivelyportionoftheelectromagneticspectrum.Thatelectromagneticspectrumwecalllight。.Thissenseisparticularlyessential,becauseisusedformostfunctionsthatrequireaunderstandingofspatialrelationshipanddetail.Firstofall,visionincludestheprocessoforientat(yī)ionandtheformationofspatialimpressions.Butitalsoinvolvesscanningavarietyofinformationcues,makingsimultaneousorsuccessivecomparisons,andassigningmentalprioritiesregardingimportance.Visionisusedforidentificationofsignificantinformationsourcesandthesubsequentgettingofrightquantitativeandqualitativeinformation.Finally,visionisconnectedwithperceptionandinterpretationmovementandratesofchange。Perceptionofcolor,responsetobrightness(adaptation,judgmentofbrightnessdifferences,glare,effectofaging),thevisualfield(perceptionoffinedetailinthevisualfield,detectionofmovement),theluminousenvironment?arejustsomeoftheareasthat(yī)shouldbeconsidered..Withunderstandingofthebasicaspectsofvisionandperceptionandknowinghowthehumanvisualsystemworks,designerscancreat(yī)eagreatvarietyofdifferentinteriorfeels。[1]3LightsLightaffectsthevisualqualityofaspaceandthesenseofwell-beingexperiencedbyusersofthat(yī)space。Lightpatternsandstructuresinfluenceoursenseofspace,ourimpressions,andconsequentlyouractions.Therefore,thedesignershouldbecomesensitivetotheusesofsparkle,silhouette,intensity,colortone,andotherformsofspatiallight.Thedesignermustrecognizethatthecorrectuseoflightstructuresisfundamentalinsatisfyingsomespace—activityrequirements,suchasreinforcingattractionorattention,emphasizingimpressionsofvisualclarityandspaciousness,enhancingimpressionsofprivacyandrelaxation,stimulatingsensationsofspatialintimacy,warmthorcoziness,orreinforcingimpressionsofcheerfulness。[1]3.1TheEffectofLightonUserOrientationandRoomComprehensionSomelightingpatternsaffectpersonalorientat(yī)ionanduserunderstandingoftheroom。Spot-lightingorhigh-contrastfocallightingaffectsuserattention,consciousnessand,forexample,userabilityofconcentration.Walllightingandcornerlightingaffectuserunderstandingofroomparameterslikesize,heightandshape,determiningormodifyingthesenseofvisualspacelimits.[1]3。2TheEffectofLightonImpressionsofActivity,SettingandMoodOtherlightingmodelsseemtosuggestthatlightcanbeamediumthat(yī)assistcommunicationofspatialideas,impressionsandmoods.Inthissenselightingpatternscanassisttheinteriordesignerincreatingimpressionsofplayfulness,pleasantness,seriousness,tension,andotherqualities。Thedesignercanalsouselightpatternstoaffectpsychologicalandsocialimpressionssuchasintimacy,privacy,warmthandcoziness。Lightingcanbeusedtoproduceasolemnandfestiveatmosphereforceremony,partyandshowortoproduceanaustereandsoberatmosphereformeditat(yī)ion,relaxat(yī)ion.Lightingcanproduceacold,impersonalpublicplaceorreinforceanimpressionofawarm,intimat(yī)eplacewhereagreatersenseofprivacyisrequired。Theseimpressionsormoodscreatingbylightareoftenfundamentalinsatisfyingexperienceandactivityrequirementsinadesignedspaceandtheyareessentialconditionofwell-beingexperiencedbyuserofthatspace。Lightinginthiscaseshouldbeseennotonlyasanaestheticaspectshapingthehumanenvironmentbutratherasatoolforinfluencinghumanbehavior,performance,andactivity.[1]3.3ColorofLightSubtledifferencesandchangesinthecolortoneoflightcaninfluencethesubconsciousjudgmentofthegeneralenvironment.Perceptualawarenessofthisaspectoflightsismostintenseandnoticeablewhenachangefirstoccursorwhentheindividualfirstentersaspace,beforetheeyeshastimetoadapttothenewcondition.Subtleshiftsintheperceptionsofsurfacetonesandcolorsaffectthesenseofwarmthorcoolnessassociatedwiththevisualspace.Peopletendtoassociateawarmvisualatmospherewithhuesofyellowthroughorangeandredtored-purple。Warmlightsourceslikethesun,manyincandescentlamps,andsomenewfluorescentlampstendtocreat(yī)eadominantimpressionofvisualwarmthbyemphasizingthesehueswhilegrayingothers。Ontheotherhand,coollightsources,suchasskylightandsomefluorescentandmetalhalidelampsemphasizethecolorsthattendtocreat(yī)eacoolvisualat(yī)mosphere,fromhuesofblue—purplethroughblueandblue-greentoyellow-green.Detailedobservationofthesephenomenonmayleadtodefinitiveguidelinesonthecoloratmosphereanditsimpactonsensoryresponses。Recentresearchinthisareaindicat(yī)es,forinstance,that(yī)thecolortoneofanenvironmentalmayaffectperceptionofenvironmentaltemperature。Designersmaybeinapositiontoconserveenergythroughcarefulanalysisofvisuallymodifiedsensoryresponses.[1]4LightIllusionsDesignerscanshapeandmodifythevisualexperienceofroom,forexample,bymanipulatingtheperceptualroleoflighting?bothtofacilitatevisualtasksandtodefinethevisualboundariesandhierarchyofaspace,area,oractivity.Designerscanalsomanipulatethepsychologicalroleoflightingtohelpestablishasenseofintimacy,,cheerfulness,orsombernessthat(yī)isappropriateasbackgroundfortheintendedactivity.Apparentlylightanddarkarenotantagonisticbutrat(yī)hercomplementaryphenomenon.Withoutshadelightcanlosemuchofitseffectivenessasacommunicatingmedium。Throughthecarefulmanipulationoflightanddarkorcorrectusingoflightstressesdesignerscanshapeandmodifythevisualexperienceofinteriorspace.Whenusingopticalillusionsforvisualcorrectionofthespace,asignificanteffectisachievedbythecorrectuseoflightstresses。Changeinthebrightnessofsomeroomsectionsresulted,forexample,fromtheirdifferentfunctions,isessentialprocedure.Theeffectofincreasingthevisualheightofaroomismadewiththehelpofceilingdecorationwithintegratedlamps。Besides,designerscangainthiseffectwiththeuseofthe3—Dstructureofsuspendedceilings,mirrorglass,illuminatinginthetoppartofaroom,orbycreationofashinysurface.Lightcoldcolorsandshinytexturesvisuallylevelceilingup.Illuminationofceilingwithintegratedlamps,cancreateinterestingeffect–ceiling“dangling”abovearoom。om.It'salsopossibletoevenlyilluminatewallsandlowercornersofaroomwithsmalllamps.Inthiscaseitwillvisuallylookwider.Ifthespace,onthecontrary,mustbenarrowed,designershouldilluminateuppercorners。。Tomakearight-angledroomlookmoresquare,toamonotonousandequallyilluminatingofthethreewallsdesignercanaddanexpressedlightstressontheforthwall,thefarthestone.Besidesthat,designerscanchangevisualproportionoftheroomthroughtheexperimentswiththelightunderlyingofsomeinteriorobjects.Alltheillusionsofbrightness—contrastmaybeproducedbylighting.Surfaces,formsanddetailsmayappearlargerorsmaller,harshoralmostobliterated,heavyorlight.Infact,lightingplaysanimportantpartininfluencingthemoodorexpressionofaroom.Aceilingmaybe“lifted"bylightoritmayhanglowandthreat(yī)eningwhendark,,duetorelativelylittlelightreachingit.Columnsmayappeardarkonalightback-groundorviceversa,andtheseillustratetheeffectsofirradiation.Designercanalsocreatetheperceptionofalargerspacewiththeuseoflighting.Justasalightercoloredceilingcreatesthesenseofopennessandspaciousness,sotoo,canbrightwindowsandnat(yī)urallight.Blindsandwindowcoversminimizewindowexposureandmoderatenaturallight,sothewindowcoveringsshouldbeusedsparinglyinsmallerrooms.Maximizingthenaturallightwillemphasizethespaceandmaketheroomappearlargerandbrighter。It’spossibletousethereflectionoflighttomakeaspacelooklarger.Strat(yī)egicallyplacingamirror,orevenacollectionofmirrors,intherelevant,appropriatepartoftheroomisaneasywaytousethereflectionoflighttoadvantageindecorat(yī)ingasmallspace.Decoratingasmallroomwiththegoalofmakinglimitedspacefeelmorespaciouscanbeeasywhendesignerconsidertheimpactofcolorandlightonuserperceptionofspace.Byusingcolorandlighttouseradvantage,designercanemphasizethespaceintheroomandmakesmallroomfeelmoreopenandspacious。Spaceofroommaybegivenavarietyofmoodsorexpressionsbyvaryingthelighting.Thevariousmoodsmaybeconsideredtobeillusionsbecauseinfacttheroomanditsphysicalcharacteristicshavenotbeenalteredinreality.Itshouldbeobviousthatlightingisafactorwithhighpotentialofinteriorcreating。[1,3]5CreatingSpaciousnesswithColorIllusionsColorandcolorcombinationsareanextremelyeffectiveandmany-sidesinstrumentavailablefordesigners.Itpossibletovisuallychangethespaceinallthreedimensionsbycorrectlycontrollingground—colorsandcolorstresses。Itisnecessaryfirsttoexaminetheeffectsoflightanddarkcolorswithinasmallspace.Lightcolorsmakeroomsandobjectslooklargerthantheyare,whiledarkercolorsmakethemlooksmallerandheavier.Lightercoloredceilingsandfloorscreatetheeffectofahigherceiling,whereastraditionallydarkcolorsmakeceilingslower.Lightcolorsvisuallybroadenthespaceandaroomseemswiderandlarger.Thesameappliestowallcolor,sousinglightwallcolorswithmatchinglighttrimandbase-boardswillalsomakespaceseemlarger.Althoughlightercolorsdocreateanairysense,thisdoesnotmeanthat(yī)interiordesignersarelimitedtousinglightercolorswhentheyarrangeanddecorat(yī)easmallroom.Inpractice,contrastingdarkcolorswithlightercolorsfurtheremphasizestheeffectofspaciousness。Forexample,adarkcouchonlightcoloredflooringandonlightwallbehindit,asasingledarkelementagainstalightbackground,willseemsmallerthanitactuallyisandnotverylargeroomwillappearmorespacious.Itispossibletousedarkcolorstocreatethesenseofopennessandspaciousnessinasmallerspace。Theessentialconsiderat(yī)ionistousedarkercolorsincontrastwithlightercolorstocreatetheillusionofmorespace.Itisalsoimportanttoreduceofdarkcolorstoafewsmallitems。Irrespectiveoftheuselightanddarkcontrasts,designerscanshapeandmodifythevisualexperienceofinteriorspacethroughthecarefulandcorrectmanipulatingthewarmandcoolcolors.Forexample,ifaroomisnotbig,theycan“broaden"itswallsbyusinglightcoolcolorsinfinishing–grey—blue,pearl,orpalegreen。Ifaroomislarger,pastelordeepcolorsinawarmspectrumwillbeappropriateforit.t.Tothecolorsthatvisuallybroadenthespacethefollowingonesbelong:neutralwhite,lightbeige,warmbeige-orange,differentshadesofyellow,coldlightblue,blue,coldblue-green.Tothecolorsthatcreatetheeffectofrestraintandclosenessofthespacethefollowingonesbelong:black,darkbrown,blue—green,blue-violet,richred,yellow—red,orange-red,warmreddishcolors.Therearealsoneutralcolorsthat(yī)don’tquitechangethespaceperception.Thesearegreen,purple-red,violetandgrey。Thebroadeningofvisuallivingspacecanresultfromacommoncolor—gradeofasittingroom,akitchen,andadiningroom。Especiallythecoloroffloorsandwallsinthisareashouldbethesameasthemaincolorsofmajorpartthatisusuallylivingroom。Applicationoflightandwarmcolorsinthemainroommakestheflatlookwider,largerandmorespacious.Theeffectofabiggerheightisachievedbycoloringthefloorinrichandsat(yī)urat(yī)edcolors。Redandallshadesofredeffectivelyaccentuatehorizontallinesandplanesofthefloor。Blueandallitsshadesonthefloorarecoldandunpleasantinthereception,especiallyonthelargepartoffloor,but,atthesametime,itseemsbigandwide.Warmyellowandallitsshadesonthefloormakearoomspare,brightandsunny;however,lightcolorvisuallydoesn’tgiveastablesupportforlegsandheavyelementsofinterior.[1,2,4]6MirrorIllusionsThemirrorincreasinglybecomesamaterial,orrat(yī)heratoolforcreationofinteriorspace.Therearemanymirrortricksthatcanimprovetherealinteriorproportions,modifytheroomintermsofspaciousness.Thefirst,andperhapsthemostfamoustrickisgainingofenlargedroomthroughthelargemirrorsurfaces.Thisprocedurecanbeusedinlivingrooms,separatedorcombinedwithakitchenette,androomsthatshouldbealarge,spacious,brightandelegant.However,itisparticularlyjustifiedinthesmall-scaleroomslikebathrooms,halls,staircasesetc。Theyareusuallysmallandquitetight,soanyextraspace,evencreatedusinghelpofmirrorreflections,increasestheirat(yī)tractiveness。Mirrortricksandmethodsisespeciallyappropriateintheinteriorofasmall—scalebat(yī)hroom。Itfollowsfromthespecificfacts:?mirrorisoneofthenecessaryfunctionalitemsinthebathroom–themirrorisbigger,thebetter,?usersspendalotoftimeinthebathroomwhereengageinmanydifferentactivities,andthisplaceshouldbecomfortableandaesthetic,lightandairy,theyhavetofeelgoodinit,?thebathroomnormallyisorganizedontheverylittlespace,usuallydevoidofwindows.Therefore,insteadofasmallmirroroverthesink,backgroundoffwallcanbecoveredwithamirror,thatwillmakebathroomseemmuchbigger,andadditionallybrighterthroughtheimpressionofincreasingofreflectinglightsamount.Theeffectofincreasingthevisualspaciousnessofaroomismadeevenwiththehelpofmirroronapartofthewallormirroredclosetdoors.Itispossibletoimprovetherealproportionsoftheroom,takingintoaccountprinciplesthattheverticalsurfacesofthemirrormakeeffectofbiggerroomheight,andhorizontalsurfacesofthemirrormakeroomseemlower,butwider。Themirrorlocatedoppositethewindoweffectivelycausesbrighterinterior.Reflectioncanalsobeusedtocreateadifferentkindofspatialtricks。Forexampletheplantslocatedagainstamirrorbackgroundwillvisuallylookmoreimpressive。Twomirrorsmountedatrightanglescreateamazingillusionofafour—timesin-creasedspace.However,thesetofmirrorsfacingeachothercanbeusedtocreateendless"tunnelsofreflections。"Themirror,properlyfittedonthewallorceiling,maygivetheimpressionofincreasingthenumberoflightpoints.Thistrickcannotonlybrightenaroom,butoftenmaketheinteriormoreinteresting,richer,ormorerepresentative.Themirrorembeddedintheceilingvisuallyliftsitup,opticallyincreasestheroomandopensthemup。Thesetrickscanbeusedinresidentialroomssuchasbedroomandbat(yī)hroom,aswellaspublicinstitutionssuchasshops,boutiques,clubsorrestaurants.Themirrorintheinteriorisconnectedwiththeabilitytocreat(yī)eopticalillusions,reproductions,distortions—to—measure"distortingmirror”usedtoemphasizetheimportance,validity,attractionofplace,andofteninordertostimulatetheimaginat(yī)ionoftheviewer,totakehimbysurprisewithcuriosityformandspacethatarenotalwaysrealisticandcomprehended.Numberofmirrorcombinat(yī)ions,statements,invoices,systems,methodsoftheirconnections,aswellasthenumberofpossibleeffectsandimpressionsseemstobeunlimited。However,thematterofamirrorthroughitsneutralcolorsandtextureseemstobeacorrespondingelementforalmosteverykindofspace。[2]7StyleandDecorat(yī)ionIllusionsOnemorethingthatalsocontributestothechangeandcorrectionoftheinteriorspaceisthestyleofappliedfinishingmaterialsandinteriorarticles.Theeffectcanbearesultofmaterialpattern,texture,color,glossetc.Forexample,horizontallinesvisuallystretcharoom,creatingtheeffectofspaceincreasing,but,atthesametime,lowerit.Verticallines,onthecontrary,narrowthespaceonthelevel,visuallyincreasingitvertically。Smallelementofinteriordecorationvisuallymakesaroomwider,abigone–Smaller.Whiteobjectsonadarkbackgroundopticallymakethespacebigger,wideningandlengtheningit。Checkered,stripedorfilledwitharepeatedpatternsurfaces,sectionsorelementsseembiggerthanself-coloredonesthatareequalinsize.Theuseoftheverticalpat(yī)ternsandornamentsinthewalldecorationvisuallymakesaroomhigher.Thesameeffectremainsifthereisaverticalintheformofpictures,paintingsorverticaldivisionsonthewalls,which“elongate”theheight.Theeffectofmoreroomheightisachievedbytheuseofthepatternthat(yī)isontheback-groundandoffinishingmaterialswithglossvarnishing.[2]2]References1.Flynn,J.E.,Segil,A.W.,Steffy,G.R。:ArchitecturalInteriorSystems.Lighting,Acoustics,airConditioning.VanNostrandReinhold,NewYork(1988)2.InteriorDesignopticalillusions,orhowtochangethespace,3。Luckiesh,M.:Visualillusions.Theircauses,characteristicsandapplications.D。vanNostrandCompany,NewYork(1922)4.Zeugner,G。:Barwaiczlowiek。Arkady,Warszawa(1965)在室內(nèi)設(shè)計中的知覺與錯覺AnnaJaglarz建筑系,弗羅茨瓦夫理工大學(xué),普呂薩街道53/55,50—317波蘭弗羅茨瓦夫摘要,除了物理的方法來修改的內(nèi)部空間范圍,也有一些設(shè)計決策和技巧,可以改變一個視覺空間的感知。因此,有可能修正前無需重新設(shè)計或破壞–打破舊墻和制造新的問題,例如,視錯覺的幫助下,改變室內(nèi)空間的視覺感知。一個房間可以直觀地擴大,加深,拓寬,增高,縮小,或降低.像顏色,照明,室內(nèi)元素布局,綜合水平或垂直,線條、形狀、鏡子甚至風(fēng)格的室內(nèi)設(shè)備和裝飾材料可以修正室內(nèi)空間,因為它們可以對一個空間的大小,比例和情緒有著顯著影響.通過結(jié)合感知和設(shè)計方面的知識取得最好的空間效果是有可能實現(xiàn)的。?關(guān)鍵詞:室內(nèi)設(shè)計,視覺,視覺感知,錯覺。1引言有相當(dāng)大的范圍內(nèi),結(jié)合感知,視覺錯覺,視覺技巧和當(dāng)代室內(nèi)設(shè)計的知識,以實現(xiàn)室內(nèi)形成優(yōu)異的,有時甚至令人驚訝的視覺效果。通過光學(xué)錯覺,我們是指房間的視覺感知的變化大小和比例的影響下發(fā)生的心理現(xiàn)象,視覺記憶,視覺印象,色彩感知,形成鮮明對比,亮度強度和焦亮度,眩光,可見性的任務(wù)細(xì)節(jié),照明。這些主要因素包括視覺環(huán)境的性能需求.這也基本因素影響了我們對空間的看法和我們的情緒反應(yīng)空間.適當(dāng)?shù)囊?guī)劃,內(nèi)部元素,家具和鏡子放置可以糾正每一個空間,而顏色和照明因素可以用來強調(diào)空間或場所。隨著設(shè)計師對空間的感知色彩和光線的效果可以修改房間形狀和視覺體驗.通過操縱感性照明的作用,既能促進(jìn)視覺任務(wù)和定義。視覺邊界和空間層次,區(qū)域或活動。設(shè)計師也可以操縱照明的心理作用,幫助建立一種親密的感覺,隱私,安逸,快樂,或嚴(yán)肅的房間.室內(nèi)設(shè)計中色彩的運用應(yīng)根據(jù)顏色感知和色彩對人類的影響的知識。顏色光學(xué)效應(yīng)是一種視覺效果與感知相關(guān).他們也包括各種類型的光學(xué)幻覺和視覺技巧。色彩的心理感覺情緒的影響和相關(guān)的感覺和印象。鏡子,鏡子的錯覺是一個極好的和特殊修飾方式,特別是空間的擴大.這種效果是創(chuàng)建歸功于反射和視覺錯覺。用鏡子和鏡子表面的實驗是合理的特別是在小房間如衛(wèi)生間,走廊,樓梯等。還有一些原因也會使空間被改變和糾正是風(fēng)格和內(nèi)部元素類型和裝修材料。該效果可以是材料類型(木材、金屬、玻璃、塑料、紡織品等)或材料的特性和特點(模式、紋理、裝飾、顏色、光澤等)。(1、2)2視覺視覺的感覺是基于眼睛的吸收能力和過程的選擇性部分的電磁頻譜。電磁波譜,我們稱之為光。這種感覺是特別重要的,因為用于大多數(shù)功能,需要對空間關(guān)系和細(xì)節(jié)的理解.首先,視覺過程包括定向與空間印象的形成。而且也涉及掃描各種信息的線索,同時或連續(xù)的比較,以及心理方面的優(yōu)先級分配的重要性。視覺是用于重要的信息源和隨后得到正確的定量和定性信息識別。視覺與知覺是解讀運動和變化的速率連接。對顏色的感知,響應(yīng)于亮度(適應(yīng),判斷的亮度差異、眩光、老化的影響),視野(精細(xì)的視野里,檢測運動知覺),反應(yīng)的發(fā)光的環(huán)境——都只是一些應(yīng)考慮的領(lǐng)域。隨著視覺和知覺的基本方面的認(rèn)識和了解人類視覺系統(tǒng)的工作原理,設(shè)計師可以創(chuàng)建各種各樣的不同的室內(nèi)的感覺。[1]3燈光影響著空間的視覺質(zhì)量和用戶體驗空間的幸福感。光模式和結(jié)構(gòu)影響我們的空間感,我們的印象并因此我們的行動感。因此,成為設(shè)計師的亮點,使用敏感的剪影,強度,色調(diào),和其他形式的空間光。設(shè)計者必須認(rèn)識到光結(jié)構(gòu)的正確使用是在滿足一定的空間活動要求的基礎(chǔ),如增強吸引力和關(guān)注,強調(diào)視覺清晰度和寬敞的印象,增強的隱私和松弛的印象,刺激空間親密的感覺,溫暖和舒適,或加強印象的快樂。[1]3.1的光效應(yīng)的用戶定位和房間的理解一些照明模式影響的個人取向和房間的用戶的理解?,F(xiàn)場照明或重點照明的高對比度影響的用戶關(guān)注,意識,例如,集中用戶的能力.局部照明或高對比度焦照明影響用戶的注意,意識,例如,用戶集中的能力.墻照明和照明參數(shù)影響用戶理解的房間角落的大小,高度和形狀,確定或修改的視覺空間限制的意義。[1]3.2光印象的活動的影響,設(shè)置和情緒其他照明模型似乎表明,光可以協(xié)助溝通的媒介空間的想法,感受和情緒.在這個意義上照明模式可以協(xié)助室內(nèi)設(shè)計師創(chuàng)造活潑的印象,愉悅,嚴(yán)肅,緊張,和其他的品質(zhì)。設(shè)計師也可以使用光模式影響的心理和社會的印象如親密,隱私,溫暖和舒適.照明可用于生產(chǎn)儀式莊嚴(yán)的節(jié)日氣氛,展現(xiàn)或產(chǎn)生一個設(shè)交聚會簡樸和冷靜的氣氛的冥想,放松.照明可以產(chǎn)生冷的,沒有人情味的公共場所或加強印象的溫暖、親密的地方更大的隱私是必需的.這些情緒對創(chuàng)造一個印象或光通常是在滿足基本要求的經(jīng)驗和活動在空間設(shè)計的基本條件和幸福感是用戶體驗的必要條件。在這種情況下,照明不應(yīng)僅僅被看做是一種審美方面的塑造人類環(huán)境,而是作為一種工具來影響人的行為,性能,和活動.[1]3.3光的顏色細(xì)微的差別和色調(diào)的變化會影響一般環(huán)境下潛意識的判斷.感性的認(rèn)識這方面的燈光是最強烈和明顯當(dāng)變化發(fā)生時或者當(dāng)個人第一次進(jìn)入新的空間,在此之前眼睛需要有段時間適應(yīng)新的條件。在表層色調(diào)的感知和顏色的微妙變化影響著視覺空間相關(guān)的溫暖或清涼感.人們往往聯(lián)想到一個溫暖的視覺氛圍,通過橙紅色到紫紅色的黃色的色調(diào)。溫暖的光源如太陽,許多白熾燈,熒光燈和一些新的傾向于強調(diào)這些顏色而灰白的他人創(chuàng)造視覺上的溫暖一個占主導(dǎo)地位的印象。另一方面,冷光源,如天窗和一些熒光燈和金屬鹵化物燈的顏色,往往強調(diào)創(chuàng)造一個涼爽的視覺氛圍,從藍(lán)紫色到藍(lán)色和藍(lán)綠色到黃綠色的色調(diào).仔細(xì)的觀察,這些現(xiàn)象可能導(dǎo)致明確的指導(dǎo)方針上色彩氣氛和及其對感官反應(yīng)的影響。例如,最近在這一領(lǐng)域的研究表明,顏色基調(diào)的環(huán)境可能會影響感知的環(huán)境溫度.設(shè)計師可能處于的位置,以節(jié)約能量通過仔細(xì)分析以可視方式修改過的感官反應(yīng).[1]4光錯覺設(shè)計師可以塑造和修飾的空間的視覺體驗,例如,通過操縱照明的知覺的作用?促進(jìn)視覺任務(wù)和定義的視覺邊界和層次空間,區(qū)域,或活動。設(shè)計人員還可以操縱照明的心理作用,幫助建立親密,快樂,或蒼涼的感覺,是適合作為背景的計劃的活動。顯然,光明與黑暗的不是對立的,而是互補的現(xiàn)象。沒有陰影光線會失去大部分的有效性作為一個溝通的媒介.通過精心操縱光明與黑暗,或正確使用燈光的強調(diào)設(shè)計師可以塑造和修改內(nèi)部空間的視覺體驗。當(dāng)使用視覺錯覺的空間視覺校正,顯著的效果是通過正確的使用光強調(diào)實現(xiàn)的.改變一些房間的亮度變化部分。例如,從各自不同的功能,這是必不可少的程序。提高一個房間的視覺高度的影響效果可以由頂棚裝飾和集成燈具協(xié)助.此外,設(shè)計者可以,與吊頂,鏡面玻璃的三維結(jié)構(gòu)的使用獲得這樣的效果,在房間的頂部照明,或由一個發(fā)亮的表面生成.冷光源的顏色和光澤質(zhì)感視覺水平的天花板上。集成吊頂照明燈具,可以創(chuàng)造出有趣的效果一個房間上面的“懸空”天花板。也可以均勻地照亮房間的墻壁和較低的角落用小燈。在這種情況下,它將在視覺上顯得更寬。如果空間相反,必須縮小,設(shè)計師應(yīng)該照亮上部角落.直角的房間看起來更廣方,單調(diào)設(shè)計人員可以同樣照射三面墻壁在墻上來回添加一個表示光逆境,選擇最遠(yuǎn)的一個墻.此外,設(shè)計師可以通過與潛在的一些內(nèi)部對象的光實驗改變房間的視覺比例。亮度的對比度的所有幻覺可以通過照明來制造。表面上,形式和細(xì)節(jié)上可能會出現(xiàn),或大或小,粗糙或幾乎消失,重或輕。事實上,燈光起著影響房間的情緒或表達(dá)的一個重要組成部分。一種天花板可以通過光“提升"效果,也可以掛低使空間威脅黑暗,由于相對小的光的到達(dá)。也可能出現(xiàn)暗亮背景或反之亦然,這說明輻照效應(yīng)。設(shè)計師還可以利用燈光營造一個更大的空間知覺。正如一個淺色的天花板創(chuàng)造開放和寬敞感,也可以利用自然光,明亮的窗戶。百葉窗和窗
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