雅思閱讀模擬題《經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)化論》

本文格式為Word版，下載可任意編輯——雅思閱讀模擬題《經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)化論》雅斟酌試難度較大，對(duì)考生的要求對(duì)比高。尤其是閱讀理解。下面，我為大家整理了一篇雅思閱讀模擬題，供大家練習(xí)。

EconomicEvolution

ALivingalongtheOrinocoRiverthatbordersBrazilandVenezuelaaretheYanomampeople,hunter-gathererswhoseaverageannualincomehasbeenestimatedattheequivalentof$90perpersonperyear.LivingalongtheHudsonRiverthatbordersNewYorkStateandNewJerseyaretheManhattanpeople,consumertraderswhoseaverageannualincomehasbeenestimatedat$36,000perpersonperyear.Thatdramaticdifferenceof400times,however,palesincomparisontothedifferencesinStockKeepingUnitsSKUs,ameasureofthenumberoftypesofretailproductsavailable,whichhasbeenestimatedat300fortheYanomamand10billionfortheManhattans,adifferenceof33milliontimes.

BHowdidthishappen?AccordingtoeconomistEricD.Beinhocker,whopublishedthesecalculationsinhisrevelatoryworkTheOriginofWealthHarvardBusinessSchoolPress,2022,theexplanationistobefoundincomplexitytheory.Evolutionandeconomicsarenotjustanalogoustoeachother,buttheyareactuallytwoformsofalargerphenomenoncalledcomplexadaptivesystems,inwhichinpidualelements,partsoragentsinteract,thenprocessinformationandadapttheirbehaviortochangingconditions.Immunesystems,ecosystems,language,thelawandtheInternetareallexamplesofcomplexadaptivesystems.

CInbiologicalevolution,natureselectsfromthevariationproducedbyrandomgeneticmutationsandthemixingofparentalgenes.Outofthatprocessofcumulativeselectionemergescomplexityandpersity.Ineconomicevolution,ourmaterialeconomyproceedsthroughtheproductionandselectionofnumerouspermutationsofcountlessproducts.Those10billionproductsintheManhattanvillagerepresentonlythosevariationsthatmadeittomarket,afterwhichthereisacumulativeselectionbyconsumersinthemarketplaceforthosedeemedmostuseful:VHSoverBetamax,DVDsoverVHS,CDsovervinylrecords,flipphonesoverbrickphones,computersovertypewriters,GoogleoverAltavista,SUVsoverstationwagons,paperbooksovere-booksstill,andInternetnewsovernetworknewssoon.Thosethatarepurchased"survive'andreproduceintothefuturethroughrepetitiveuseandremanufacturing.

DAswithlivingorganismsandecosystems,theeconomylooksdesignedsojustashumansnaturallydeducetheexistenceofatop-downintelligentdesigner,humansalsounderstandablyinferthatatop-downgovernmentdesignerisneededinnearlyeveryaspectoftheeconomy.Butjustaslivingorganismsareshapedfromthebottomupbynaturalselection,theeconomyismoldedfromthebottomupbytheinvisiblehand.Thecorrespondencebetweenevolutionandeconomicsisnotperfect,becausesometop-downinstitutionalrulesandlawsareneededtoprovideastructurewithinwhichfreeandfairtradecanoccur.Buttoomuchtop-downinterferenceintothemarketplacemakestradeneitherfreenorfair.Whensuchattemptshavebeenmadeinthepasttheyhavefailedbecausemarketsarefartoocomplex,interactiveandautocatalytictobedesignedfromthetopdown.Inhis1922book,Socialism,LudwigVonMisesspelledoutthereasonswhy,mostnotablytheproblemof"economiccalculation'inaplannedsocialisteconomy.Incapitalism,pricesareinconstantandrapidfluxandaredeterminedfrombelowbyinpidualsfreelyexchanginginthemarketplace.Moneyisameansofexchange,andpricesaretheinformationpeopleusetoguidetheirchoices.VonMisesdemonstratedthatsocialisteconomiesdependoncapitalisteconomiestodeterminewhatpricesshouldbeassignedtogoodsandservices.Andtheydosocumbersomelyandinefficiently.Relativelyfreemarketsare,ultimately,theonlywaytofindoutwhatbuyersarewillingtopayandwhatsellersarewillingtoaccept.

EEconomicshelpstoexplainhowYanomam-likehunter-gatherersevolvedintoManhattan-likeconsumer-traders.IntheNineteenthcenturyFrencheconomistFredericBastiatwellcapturedtheprinciple:"Wheregoodsdonotcrossfrontiers,armieswill.Inadditiontobeingfiercewarriors,theYanomamarealsosophisticatedtraders,andthemoretheytradethelesstheyfight.Thereasonisthattradeisapowerfulsocialadhesivethatcreatespoliticalalliances.Onevillagecannotgotoanothervillageandannouncethattheyareworriedaboutbeingconqueredbyathird,morepowerfulvillagethatwouldrevealweakness.Insteadtheymasktherealmotivesforalliancethroughtradeandreciprocalfeasting.And,asaresult,notonlygainmilitaryprotectionbutalsoinitiateasystemoftradethatinthelongrunleadstoanincreaseinbothwealthandSKUs.

FFreeandfairtradeoccursinsocietieswheremostinpidualsinteractinwaysthatprovidemutualbenefit.Thenecessaryruleswerentgeneratedbywisemeninasacredtemple,orlawmakersincongress,butratherevolvedovergenerationsandwerewidelyacceptedandpracticedbeforethelawwaseverwritten.Lawsthatfailthistestareignored.Ifenforcementbecomestooonerous,thereisrebellion.Yettheconceptthathumaninteractionmust,andcanbecontrolledbyahigherforceisuniversal.Interestingly,thereisnowidespreadagreementonwhothehigherforceis.Religiouspeopleascribegoodbehaviortogodslaw.Theycannotconceiveofanorderlysocietyofatheists.Secularpeoplecreditthegovernment.Theyconsideranarchytobesynonymouswithbarbarity.Everyoneseemstoagreeontheconceptthatorderlysocietyrequiresanomnipotentforce.Yet,everywherethereisevidencethatthisisnotso.Animportantdistinctionbetweenspontaneoussocialorderandsocialanarchyisthattheformerisdevelopedbyworkandinvestment,undertheruleoflawandwithasetofevolvedmoralswhilethelatterischaos.TheclassicalliberaltraditionofvonMisesandHayeknevermakestheclaimthatthecompleteabsenceoftop-downrulesleadstotheoptimalsocialorder.Itsimplysaysweshouldbeskepticalaboutourabilitytomanagetheminthenameofsocialjustice,equality,orprogress.

Questions1-5

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?

Inboxes1-5onyouranswersheet,write

TRUEifthestatementistrue

FALSEifthestatementiffalse

NOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage

SKUsisamoreprecisemeasurementtodemonstratetheeconomiclevelofacommunity.

Noconcreteexamplesarepresentedwhentheauthormakesthestatementconcerningeconomicevolution.

Evolutionandeconomicsshowadefectivehomolog.

Martialactionsmightbetakentocrossthebordersiftradesdonotwork.

Profitistheinvisiblehandtoguidethemarket.

Questions6-8

Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.

Writeyouranswersinboxes6-8onyouranswersheet.

6Whatoughttoplayavitalroleineachfieldtheeconomy?

Aastrictrule

Basmartstrategy

Catightlymanagedauthority

Dapowerfullegislation

7-8Whichtwoofthefollowingtoolsareusedtopretendtoaskforunionaccordingtooneexplanationfromtheperspectiveofeconomics

Aanofficialannouncement

Badiplomaticevent

Ctheexchangeofgoods

Dcertainwrittencorrespondence

Esomeenjoyabletreatmentinawin-winsituation

Questions9-13

Summary

CompletethefollowingsummaryoftheparagraphsofReadingPassage,usingnomorethanthreewordsfromtheReadingPassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes9-13onyouranswersheet.

Inresponsetothesearchofreasonsforthephenomenonshownbythehugedifferenceintheincomebetweentwogroupsofpeoplebothdwelling