CULTURE 13 英語(yǔ)國(guó)家與文化

AnIntroductionToSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesAnIntroductiontoAmericaAnIntroductiontoAmericaAnIntroductionToAmericaLectureSixAmericanLiterature

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ContentsColonialandRevolutionaryPeriodRomanticPeriodRealisticPeriodNaturalisticPeriod

ModernPeriodContemporaryPeriodⅡⅢⅣVⅠⅥ

religious

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Puritanismpracticalhistoricalfeatures:ColonialandRevolutionaryPeriodPuritanismpredestinationoriginalsindepravity(墮落)atonement

(贖罪)salvationRepresentativeFiguresandWorks:DeclarationofIndependenceJonathanEdwardsBenjaminFranklin

puritantheologianandphilosopherJonathanEdwards

1703--1758SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGodThemes:absolutesovereigntyofGod

beautyofGod'sholinessinitiatingGreatAwakeningMovementtorevivePuritanismBenjaminFranklin1706-1790AutobiographyfaithfulaccountofthecolorfulcareerofAmericanfirstself-mademan—risingfrompovertyandobscuritytowealthandfame.arecordofspiritualgrowtharecordofselfexaminationarecordofself-improvement

Aninvestmentinknowledgealwayspaysthebestinterest.

Beciviltoall;sociabletomany;familiarwithfew;friendtoone;enemytonone.QuotationsrhetoricalvigorrefineddictionpolishedstyleardentlongingforfreedomDeclarationofIndependenceIIRomanticPeriod1790-1865AmericanRenaissance

exaltingtheindividualandthecommonman

revealinguniquecharacteristicsoftheirownandthenativelandWashingtonIrving

1783-1859JamesCooper

1789–1851RalphEmerson

1803-1882HenryThoreau

1817

-1862RepresentativeFigures:EdgarAllanPoe1809-1849NathanielHawthorne

1804–1864HermanMelville1819-1891RepresentativeFigures:WaltWhitman

1819-1892EmilyDickinson

1830~1886RepresentativeFigures:WashingtonIrvingfirsttowritethelocalcolorindetailFatherofAmericanliteratureTheLegendofSleepyHollowtheLegendofSleepyHollowJamesFennimoreCooperLeatherStockingTalesNattyBumppo

forerunnerofforestscouts,bearhuntersandcowboysRalphWaldoEmerson

SpokesmanofTranscendentalismchampionofindividualismanidealspiritualstatethat'transcends‘physicalandempiricalandisonlyrealizedthroughindividual'sintuition,ratherthanthroughthedoctrinesofestablishedreligions.TranscendentalismThegloryoffriendshipisnotintheoutstretchedhand,northekindlysmile,northejoyofcompanionship;itisinthespiritualinspirationthatcomestoonewhenhediscoversthatsomeoneelsebelievesinhimandiswillingtotrusthim.The

secretineducationliesinrespectingthestudent.RalphWaldoEmerson

Thecharacteristicofgenuineheroismisitspersistency.Allmenhavewanderingimpulses,fitsandstartsofgenerosity.Butwhenyouhaveresolvedtobegreat,abidebyyourself,anddonotweaklytrytoreconcileyourselfwiththeworld.Theheroiccannotbethecommon,northecommontheheroic.Noonecancheatyououtofultimatesuccessbutyourself.RalphWaldoEmersonHenryDavidThoreaudeclarationofindependence,socialexperimentvoyageofspiritualdiscovery,andmanualforselfrelianceWaldenPond,Concord,MASimplelivingandSelf-sufficiency

centralthemeof

AmericanRomanticPeriodNathanielHawthornepioneerinpsychologicaldescriptionTheIn1666,HesterleavesEnglandfortheMassachusettscolony,seekingasenseofindependenceassheawaitsthearrivalofherhusband.AstimepassesandherhusbandisthoughttobekilledbyIndians,HesterfallsforayoungpastorDimmesdale.Whentheiraffairsproducesachild,Hesterispubliclyhumiliatedandforcedtowearascarlet"A"topunishherforadultery.Whenherhusbandreturns,seeksrevengeagainstHesterandherlover.ScarletLetterTotrytoexposeevilsofsocietybydescribingpsychologicalactivitiesofhumanbeings.Totrytofindouthowmenreactedinmindwhentheyfoundtheyhaddonesomethingwrong

CommentEdgarAllanPoe

bestknownforhistalesofmysteryandmacabre,PoewasoneofearliestAmericanpractitionersofshortstoryandisconsideredtheinventorofdetectivefictiongenre.Heisfurthercreditedwithcontributingtoemerginggenreofsciencefiction.Whatishefamousfor?HermanMelvillebestknownforMoby–Dick-oneoftheworld’sgreatmasterpiecesastoryofawhalingvoyagewhichexploresprofoundthemes

suchas

fate,natureofevil

andindividual’sstruggleagainsttheuniverse1851WaltWhitman--fatheroffreeverseAmericanVoiceAmericanlandscapeAmericanpeopleAmericanspeechAmericandemocraticformfrom12poemsinitsfirstpublicationtonearly400poemsinitsfinalEmilyDickinson--prolificprivatepoet1800themes:

deathandimmortalitywritingcharacteristics:shortlines,withouttitles,slantrhyme,unconventionalcapitalizationandpunctuation

castinghereyesinwardtoexploreinnerfeelingsoftheindividual

constructingawonderfulworld—smallbutintense,fresh,individualandoriginalComment1865

-1900RealisticPeriodFeatures:a

reactionagainstRomanticismastressontruthfultreatmentofmaterialHarrietStowe1811-1896MarkTwain1835-1910HenryJames

1843-1916WilliamHowells

1837-1920RepresentativeFigures:(1811–1896)HarrietBeecherStoweas

muchasocio-historicalreferenceasitisaworkoffiction.

ItoffersasnapshotintimeofaperiodofgreatchangeinnotjustAmericanhistory,butinhumanhistory.

Theterms,dialogue,stereotypes,andsituationswereveryreal.

secondbest-sellingof19thCenturybehindBibleUncleTom’sCabin

antislaverynovel1852LincolnsaidtoStowe:

"Soyou'rethelittlewomanwhowrotethebookthatmadethisgreatwar."

November25,1862BustatHallofFameforGreatAmericans(1835-1910)"greatestAmericanhumoristofhisage"

MarkTwainTwainstatueatFinneyCountyPublicLibraryinKansascharacterizedbybroad,oftenirreverenthumororbitingsocialsatire.Twain’swritingisknownforrealismofplaceandlanguage,memorablecharacters,andhatredofhypocrisyandoppression.Whyishesopopular?1885Huck’sinnerstrugglebetweenhissenseofguiltinhelpingJimtoescapeandprofoundconvictionthatJimisahumanbeing.Throughescape,hegetstoknowJimbetterandacceptsJimasbothahumanbeingandaloyalfriend.TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnHenryJamesoneofthemajorfiguresoftrans-Atlanticliteratureinternationaltheme--knownfortheseriesofnovelsinwhichheportraystheencounterofAmericanswithEuropeandEuropeans.Hismethodofwritingallowshimtoexploreissuesrelatedtoconsciousnessandperception,andhisstyleinlaterworkshasbeencomparedtoimpressionistpainting.Whatishefamousfor?Hisimaginativeuseofpointofview,interiormonologueandpossiblyunreliablenarratorsinhisnovelsbroughtanewdepthandinteresttonarrativefiction.

European—morecultured,moreconcernedwithart,andmoreawareofthesubtletiesofsocialsituationAmerican—moralandinnocentWilliamDeanHowells

knownforhistenureaseditorofAtlanticMonthly

aswellashisownprolificwritings,Whatishefamousfor?knowntobethefatherofAmericanrealism,andadenouncerofthesentimentalnovel.ThestoryfollowsmaterialisticriseofSilasLaphamfromragstoriches,andhisensuingmoralsusceptibility.Silasearnsafortuneinthepaintbusiness,buthelackssocialstandards,whichhetriestoattainthroughhisdaughter'smarriageintothearistocraticCoreyfamily.Silas'smoralitydoesnotfailhim.HeloseshismoneybutmakestherightmoraldecisionwhenhispartnerproposestheunethicalsellingofthemillstoEnglishsettlers.TheRiseofSilasLapham

1900-1914NaturalisticPeriod

★

applyprinciplesofscientificdeterminismtofictionanddrama

★

viewhumanbeingsasanimalsinthenaturalworldrespondingtoenvironmentalforcesandinternalstressesanddrivesFeatureJack

London1876-1916TheodoreDreiser1871-1945StephenCrane1871-1900RepresentativeFigures:Upton

Sinclair1878-1968

SinclairLewis1885-1951RepresentativeFigures:SherwoodAnderson

1876-1941

(1876-1916)JackLondonallegoryofhumanity’sprogressionfromnaturetocivilization

“survivalofthefittest”boththeindividualandsocietywillrequireviolenceatsomepointTheodoreDreiserforemostAmericanwriterinNaturalismmovementHisnovelsoftenfeaturedmaincharacterswhosucceededattheirobjectivesdespitealackofafirmmoralcode,andliterarysituationsthatmorecloselyresemblestudiesofnaturethantalesofchoiceandagency.Whatdidhewrite?materialism;meaninglesssearchformoney,sexbestknownnovels:SisterCarrieandAn

AmericanTragedyexpoundingthepurposelessnessoflife

attackingtheconventionalmoralstandardsTrilogyofDesire

(1871-1900)StephenCraneRedBadgeofCourage

firstimpressionisticnovel()UptonSinclair

PoorWhite)SherwoodAnderson

(SinclairLewis1930,hebecamethefirstwriterfromUnitedStatestobeawardedtheNobelPrizeinLiterature,"forhisvigorousandgraphicartofdescriptionandhisabilitytocreate,withwitandhumor,newtypesofcharacters."--knownfortheirinsightfulandcriticalviewsofAmericansocietyandcapitalistvalues,aswellasforstrongcharacterizationsofmodernworkingwomen.ModernPeriod1914-1939LostGenerationModernPoetryWhatistheLostGeneration?writerswhowerecaughtinWWIandcutofffromtheoldvalues;unabletocometotermswiththenewera.

F.ScottFitzgerald

1896-1940ErnestHemingway

1899-1961RepresentativeFigures:ThomasEliot

1888-1965E.E.Cumming

1894-1962

EzraPound1885-1972RepresentativeFigures:(1896-1940)masterpieceinAmericanliteratureF.ScottFitzgeraldGatsby’slifepattern:

adream

adisenchantment

asenseoffailureanddespairspokesmanfor"LostGenerationErnestHemingway

MainHero

“despairingcourage”

--courageenablesamantobehavelikeaman,toasserthisdignityinfaceofadversity.

concrete,specificwordscasualandconversationalshort,simplesentencescolloquialismWritingStyle:()MurderintheCathedral(play)ThomasEliotEliot'sversepossessedthe"capacitytocutintotheconsciousnessofourgenerationwiththesharpnessofadiamond."NobelPrizewinnerforliterature19481922

highlyinfluentialmodernistpoem,itsshiftsbetweensatireandprophecy,itsabruptandunannouncedchangesofspeaker,locationandtime,itselegiacbutintimidatingsummoningupofavastanddissonantrangeofculturesandliteraturesafamiliartouchstoneofmodernliterature..WasteLandE.E.CummingForm:

rulesofpunctuation

spelling

wordsonthepageStyle:humoroussatiricanarchistic()EzraPound

somethingthat“presentsan

intellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime.”ImagismContemporaryPeriod1939RichardWrightRalphEllisonLangstonHughesJamesBaldwinBlackWriters:ThemeracereligionsexualidentityhistoryBlackWriters:1908-1960RichardWright(1914-1994)

RalphEllison1914-1994anoveladdressesmanyofthesocialandintellectualissuesfacingAfrican-Americansearlyinthetwentiethcentury,includingblacknationalism,therelationshipbetweenblackidentityandMarxism,andthereformistracialpoliciesofBookerT.Washington,aswellasissuesofindividualityandpersonalidentity.InvisibleMan1952

innovatorsof

(1902-1907)LangstonHughes--jazzpoetry1902–1967JamesBaldwin1924-1987I.B.Singer

1904-1991BernardMalamud

1914-1986SaulBellow1915-2005PhilipRoth1933-JewishWriters:Jewishcharactersandsocialquestions

JewishsenseofhumortotheirnovelsJewishWriters:Feature:aleadingfigureintheYiddishliterarymovementandNobelPrizewinnerin1978.

AprolificwritervividlyconjuredtheannihilatedJewishworldof

easternEurope,hespoketofears,longings,andambivalenceofAmerica'smodernnationofimmigrants.Hedrew

onfolkmemoriesandmysticaltraditionstocreateabodyofworkthatmoveddramaticallyfromtherealistictothefantastic,inwaysthatstartledreadersandinspiredotherwriters.Singer'scharacters—oftenHolocaustsurvivorshauntedbytheirimmediatepastanddisorientedbyAmericanreality—dramatizedtheconflictsnotonlyofpostwarAmericanJews,butofanentiresocietycommittedbothtoculturalpluralismandtoassimilation.(1915-2005)NobelPrizeWinner1976SaulBellowhiswritingexhibited"themixtureofrichpicaresquenovelandsubtleanalysisofourculture,ofentertainingadventure,drasticandtragicepisodesinquicksuccessioninterspersedwithphilosophicconversation,alldevelopedbyacommentatorwithawittytongueandpenetratinginsightintotheouterandinnercomplicationsthatdriveustoact,orpreventusfromacting,andthatcanbecalledthedilemmaofourage."獲獎(jiǎng)理由:disorientingnatureofmoderncivilization,andthecountervailingabilityofhumanstoovercometheirfrailtyandachievegreatness(oratleastawareness).Hesawmanyflawsinmoderncivilization,anditsabilitytofostermadness,materialismandmisleadingknowledgeThemesandStyle

PrincipalcharactersinBellow'sfictionhaveheroicpotential,andmanytimestheystandincontrasttothenegativeforcesofsociety.OftenthesecharactersareJewishandhaveasenseofalienationorotherness.ThemesandStyleHisnovelsinvestigateisolation,spiritualdissociation,andthepossibilitiesofhumanawakening.Hisworksexhibitamixofhighandlowculture,andhisfictionalcharactersarealsoapotentmixofintellectualdreamersandstreet-smartconfidencemen.Comments(1914-1986)BernardMalamudMalamud’sfictiontoucheslightlyuponmythicelementsandexploresthemeslikeisolation,class,andtheconflictbetweenbourgeoisandartisticvalues.Hisprose,likehissettings,isanartfulpasticheofYiddish-Englishlocutions,punctuatedbysuddenlyricismCommentsPhilipRothAllenGinsbergJackKerouacWilliamS.BurroughsBeatMovementWriters:rejectionofMaterialismexperimentationwithdrugsandalternateformsofsexualityinterestinEasternreligionFeatures:BeatMovementWriters:Whatisthe“Beat”movement?

non-conformist,rebelliousattitudetowardconventionalvaluesconcerningsex,religionandtheAmericanwayoflife

attituderesultingfromfeelingofdepressionandexhaustionandtheneedtoescapeintoanunconventional,communalmodeoflifeWilliamFaulkner

1897-1962MargaretMitchell1900-1949ModernSouthWriters:WilliamFaulknerNobelPrizeWinner

1949“因?yàn)樗麑?duì)當(dāng)代美國(guó)小說(shuō)做出了強(qiáng)有力的和藝術(shù)上無(wú)與倫比的貢獻(xiàn)”。獲獎(jiǎng)理由：

for"hispowerfulandartisticallyuniquecontributiontothemodernAmericannovel.1929193019321936--explorationofbasichumannatureandbasicpatternsof

ment(1900-1949)survivalromanticlovegenderand

classthemes:MargaretMitchell1900-1949a

storyabouttheCivilWarandReconstruction,asseenfromtheSouthernpointofview.Thebookwasadaptedintoahighlypopularfilmin1939.Atthenovel'sopeningin1861,Scarlettisayounggirl.Duringthestory,sheexperiencesthedestructionoftheOldSouth,aswellasthreemarriagesandmotherhood.GonewiththewindJosephHeller

1923-1999JohnSteinbeck1902-1968VladimirNabokov1899-1977J.D.Salinger

1909-2010ModernWritersandWomen’sVoices:ToniMorrisonAliceWalkerMaxineHongKingston湯亭亭

譚恩美AmyTanModernWritersandWomen’sVoices:JosephHeller

一切精神失常的人員要停止飛行，必須由本人提出申請(qǐng)，而一個(gè)人在面臨真正的迫在眉捷的危險(xiǎn)時(shí)，對(duì)自身安全表示關(guān)注，就證明他不是瘋子。所謂不可逾越就是——如果你瘋了，可以允許停止飛行，只要你提出請(qǐng)求就行?？墒悄阋坏┨岢稣?qǐng)求，就證明你不是瘋子——所以第二十二條軍規(guī)是廢~~~第二十二條軍規(guī)形容任何自相矛盾、不合邏輯的規(guī)定或條件所造成的無(wú)法擺脫的困境、難以逾越的障礙，表示人們處于左右為難的境地，或者是一件事陷入了死循環(huán)，或者跌進(jìn)邏輯陷阱。()NobelPrizewinnerin1962JohnSteinbeckforhis"realisticandimaginati