川農(nóng)專碩研究生特供 21世紀(jì)大學(xué)新英語讀寫譯教程4課堂ppt(含答案)Unit1

Unit1College

EducationProverbsandQuotationsTheprimarypurposeofeducationisnottoteachyoutoearnyourbread,buttomakeeverymouthfulsweeter.

[Am.]JamesAngell

教育的首要目的不在于教你掙得面包，而在于使每一口都更加香甜。

[美]詹姆斯·安吉爾

Theobjectofeducationistopreparetheyoungtoeducatethemselvesthroughouttheirlives.

[Am.]RobertMaynardHutchins

教育的目標(biāo)是為了幫助年輕人準(zhǔn)備好在今后的一生中自我教育。

[美]羅伯特·梅納德·哈欽斯

OutlineTeachingObjectivesPart1Lead-inPart2ReadingFocus—TextAPart3IntegratedExercisesPart4ReadingFocus—TextBPart5IntranetAssignmentsTeachingObjectives1.Thereisnodoubtthatuniversityeducationhascultivatedmanysuccessfulpeopleinallfields,andcontributedalottothedevelopmentofhumancivilization.Peopleallovertheworldpaymuchattentiontoeducationandhencethefunctionofithasbeendiscussedextensively.Inthisunit,you’regoingtoreadtwotexts.

TextAdealswiththeadvantagesandalsodisadvantagesofeliteeducation.TextBexploresthepleasuresthatonefindsineducation.Intheauthor’sopinion,educationsometimescancompletelyalteryourworldview.2.Bylearningthisunitstudentswillbeabletograspthemainideaandstructureofthetexts,masterthekeylanguagepoints,newwords,grammaticalstructuresandtranslationskills.Andstudentswillalsobeabletoimprovetheiroralcommunicationskillsandreadingcompetencethroughperformingtherelevanttasks.3.WritingFocusinthisunitdealswithparagraphwriting,introducingthesizeandstructureofaparagraph.Lookatthepictureanddiscusswithyourpartneronthefollowingquestions.Lead-in1.Doyouthinkcollegeeducationisnecessaryforyoursuccess?2.Ifyouweregivenanotherchance,wouldyougoabroadforacollegeeducation?3.Areyoumakingadifferenceafterenteringtheuniversity?Whatisthedifferencebetweenyourlifeinuniversityandinhighschool?Lead-inB.ListeningPractice

Listentotheshortpassageabout“BenefitfromaCollegeEducation”.Pre-listeningTaskHowcanwebenefitfromacollegeeducation?Exchangeyourviewswithyourpartneronthetopic.Lead-inB.ListeningPracticePost-listeningtaskAnswerthefollowingquestions.1.Whichisessentialtoapromotion,experienceoracollegedegree?

2.Whatisthemostimportantknowledgeyoulearnfromacollegeeducation?Acollegedegree.________________Abetterunderstandingofotherpeopleandtheworldaroundyou.__________________________________________________________3.Whatcausestheembarrassmentofmanyadultsinbusinessmeetings?4.AccordingtothereportpublishedbytheInstituteforHigherEducationPolicy,whatcangraduatesbenefitfromacollegeeducation?5.Howcanchildrenbenefitfromtheirparents’higherschoolinglevels?Theyenjoyhigherlevelsofpersonalandprofessionalmobility,morehobbiesandleisureactivities.______________________________________________________________________________________Theywillenjoyanimprovedqualityoflifeandagoodhealth.______________________________________________________【Script】Theydon’thaveacollegedegree.______________________________

BenefitfromaCollegeEducationPeopleattendcollegeforvariousreasons:knowledge,ajob,apromotion,moneyorevenself-confidenceandrespect.Generally,webenefitfromacollegeeducationinthefollowingways.Moreopportunity.Manyemployerswillnotpromotecandidateswhodon’thaveacollegedegree.Experience,nomatterhowgooditmightbe,oftenisn’tenough,especiallywhenothercandidatescompetingforthesamepositionhaveadegree.Acollegedegreeisaticketofentryintoamuchbiggerjobmarket.Moreknowledge.Inacollege,youwillhavetheopportunitytolearnfromotherstudentswhohavedifferentworkexperience.Youwilllearnstudymethodsthatyouwillusefortherestofyourlife,regardlessofyourcareeroption.【Script】Youwilldevelopyourabilitytowrite,speakandgraspabstractconcepts.Aboveall,youwillbenefitallyourlifefromabetterunderstandingofotherpeopleandtheworldaroundyou.Self-esteem.Manyadultssaytheyaretiredoffeelingembarrassedaboutnothavingacollegeeducationinbusinessmeetingswhenothersmentiontheirowndegrees.Acollegeeducationgivesastrongsenseofself-confidence,andself-esteemthathelpsyoufeelyouhavetheabilitytomanagechallengingsituationsandachieveyourgoals.

Personalbenefitsandbenefitsforchildren.AreportpublishedbytheInstituteforHigherEducationPolicystatesthatcollegegraduatestendtoenjoyhigherlevelsofpersonalandprofessionalmobility,morehobbiesandleisureactivities.Italsoshowsthatgraduatesprovideanimprovedqualityoflifefortheirchildren.Parentalschoolinglevelsarepositivelycorrelatedwiththehealthstatusoftheirchildren.Whateveryourreasonforattendingacollege,you’vemadeaprofitabletry.ReadingFocus-TextAFirstReadingReadthetextandthenanswerthequestionsintheleftmargin.TheDisadvantagesofanElite

EducationWilliamDeresiewicz〔Chinese〕精英教育的弊端

Itdidn’tdawn

on

methattheremightbeafewholesinmyeducationuntilIwasabout35.I’djustboughtahouse,thepipesneededfixing,andtheplumber

wasstandinginmykitchen.Therehewas,ashort,strongguywithasmallbeardandaRedSoxcapandathickBoston1accent,andIsuddenlylearnedthatIdidn’thavetheslightestideawhattosaytosomeonelikehim.Soalien

washisexperiencetome,sounguessablehisvalues,somysterioushisverylanguage,thatIcouldn’tsucceedinengaginghiminafewminutesofsmall

talk

beforehegotdowntowork.FourteenyearsofhighereducationandahandfulofIvyLeague2degrees,andthereIwas,stiff

andstupid,struckdumbbymyowndumbness.“Ivyretardation,”afriendofminecallsthis.Icouldcarry

on

conversationswithpeoplefromothercountries,inotherlanguages,butIcouldn’ttalktothemanwhowasstandinginmyownhouse.1〔Note1〕

TheBostonRedSox（波士頓紅襪隊）isamemberoftheMajorLeagueBaseball’sAmericanLeagueEasternDivision.Since1912,theRedSox’shomeballparkhasbeenFenwayPark.The“RedSox”namewaschosenbytheteamowner,Mr.Taylor,ayearortwobeforeFenwayParkwasbegunonthelandhisfamilyowned.Theclubiconshavefollowedfromthatdecision.〔Note2〕

TheIvyLeague（常春藤八大盟校）isanathleticconferencecomprisingeightprivateinstitutionsofhighereducationintheNortheasternUnitedStates.Thetermismostcommonlyusedtorefertothoseeightschoolsconsideredasagroup.〔LanguagePoint〕“Soalienwashisexperiencetome...beforehegotdowntowork.”Theinvertedsentencecausestheinvertedwordtoreceivemoreemphasis.Partialinversionnormallytakesplacewhenasentenceisintroducedbythecorrelative“so”.e.g.Sodangerousweretheskiers.Soquicklydidtheworkmanfinishthejob.Thetermalsohasconnotationsofacademicexcellence,selectivityinadmissions,andsocialelitism.TheeightinstitutionsareBrownUniversity,ColumbiaUniversity,CornellUniversity,DartmouthCollege,HarvardUniversity,PrincetonUniversity,theUniversityofPennsylvania,andYaleUniversity.〔Chinese〕直到35歲，我才逐漸意識到我所受的教育可能會有一些漏洞。那一年，我剛買了一棟房子，需要安裝管道，而管道工正站在我家廚房里。這是一個精壯的小個子男人，蓄著山羊胡，頭戴一頂紅襪棒球隊的帽子，操一口濃重的波士頓口音?？晌彝蝗灰庾R到對于像他這樣的人要說些什么我毫無頭緒。對于我來說，他的經(jīng)歷跟我是如此大相徑庭，他的價值觀是如此難以捉摸，他的言語是如此神秘莫測，我根本沒有辦法在他開始工作之前花上幾分鐘跟他閑話家常。雖然我擁有14年的高等教育和一疊常春藤盟校的證書，可是我只能站在那里呆若木雞，由于自己啞口無言而目瞪口呆。我的一個朋友把這種現(xiàn)象稱作“常春藤遲鈍”。我可以用好幾門外語跟其他國家的人進(jìn)行交談，但是我卻不能和一個站在我家里的管道工說上話。IsuddenlylearnedthatIdidn’thavetheslightestideawhattosaytosomeonelikehim.Whatdidtheauthorlearnwhentheplumberwasstandingbesidehiminthekitchen?2It’snotsurprisingthatittookmesolongtodiscovertheextentofmymiseducation,becausethelastthinganeliteeducationwillteachyouisitsowninadequacy.Theadvantagesofaneliteeducationareindeedundeniable.Youlearntothink,atleastincertainways,andyoumakethecontactsneededtolaunch

yourself

into

aliferichinallofsociety’smostcherishedrewards.Toconsiderthatwhilesomeopportunitiesarebeingcreated,othersarebeingcancelledandthatwhilesomeabilitiesarebeingdeveloped,othersarebeingcrippled

is,withinthiscontext,notonlyoutrageous,butunimaginable.3〔Note3〕

Toconsiderthatwhilesomeopportunitiesarebeingcreated,othersarebeingcancelledandthatwhilesomeabilitiesarebeingdeveloped,othersarebeingcrippledis,withinthiscontext,notonlyoutrageous,butunimaginable:Itisextremelyhardtobelieve,andevenannoyingthatwhilestudentsintheelitecollegeshaveaccesstoabundantknowledgeandupper-classpeople,itisattheexpenseofsomeotherabilities,forexample,theabilitytocommunicatewiththeworkingclass.〔LanguagePoint〕“It’snotsurprisingthatittookmesolongtodiscovertheextentofmymiseducation.”Anticipatory“it”commonlyoccursinsentenceswithanominalclauseassubjectorobject.Thesubject/objectclauseisusuallyshiftedtotheendofthesentence.Theextraposedsubject/objectmaybeafiniteclauseoranon-finiteclause.e.g.Itisnecessaryforustogetthereintime.

Theyfinditboringstayingatthehotel.〔Chinese〕我花費了這么長時間才發(fā)現(xiàn)我所受的教育是如此錯誤，這點并不奇怪。因為精英教育最不愿教會你的就是它自身的缺陷。精英教育的優(yōu)勢是不能否認(rèn)的。你學(xué)會思考，至少在某些方面；你所接觸的人、事、物能夠讓你平步青云，擁有這個社會最珍貴的資源。試想一下，這樣的教育環(huán)境在創(chuàng)造一些機(jī)會的同時卻剝奪了另一些機(jī)會，在培養(yǎng)一定能力的同時卻削弱了其他能力，這不僅僅難以容忍，而且匪夷所思。Theadvantagesofaneliteeducationareindeedundeniable.Youlearntothink,atleastincertainways,andyoumakethecontactsneededtolaunchyourselfintoaliferichinallofsociety’smostcherishedrewards.Thefirstdisadvantageofaneliteeducation,asIlearnedinmykitchenthatday,isthatitmakesyouincapableoftalkingtopeopleWhoaren’tlikeyou.Theseconddisadvantage,implicitinwhatI’vebeensaying,isthataneliteeducationinculcatesafalsesenseofself-worth.Thethirddisadvantage(inPara6).Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofaneliteeducation?

Thefirstdisadvantageofaneliteeducation,asIlearnedinmykitchenthatday,isthatitmakesyouincapableoftalkingtopeoplewhoaren’tlikeyou.Eliteschoolspridethemselvesontheirdiversity,butthatdiversityisalmostentirelyamatterofethnicity

andrace.With

respect

to

class,theseschoolsarelargely—indeedincreasingly—homogeneous.4Visitanyelitecampusinourgreatnationandyoucanfeelexcitedatthesightoftheheartwarmingspectacle

ofthechildrenofwhitebusinesspeopleandprofessionalsstudyingandplayingalongsidethechildrenofblack,Asian,andLatinobusinesspeopleandprofessionals.Atthesametime,becausetheseschoolstendtocultivateliberal

attitudes,theyleavetheirstudentsintheparadoxical

positionofwantingtoadvocateonbehalfoftheworkingclasswhilebeingunabletoholdasimpleconversationwithanyoneinit.3〔Note4〕

Withrespecttoclass,theseschoolsarelargely—indeedincreasingly—homogenous:Onthecampusesofeliteschoolsthedifferencebetweenclassesisbeginningtodisappear,becausethevastmajorityofthestudentsbelongtobusinessorprofessionalfamilies.〔Chinese〕精英教育的第一個弊端，就像那天我在廚房里意識到的，就是它使你不能跟你不一樣的人對話。精英學(xué)校通常都以他們的多樣性而自豪，但是那種多樣性幾乎完全是民族和種族的多樣性。至于階級問題，那些學(xué)?；旧稀拇_是越來越——相似。參觀我們這個偉大國家的任何一所精英學(xué)校的校園，你會興奮地看到非常溫馨的景象，白人中的商業(yè)人士和專業(yè)人士的孩子，和黑人、亞洲人、拉丁人中的商業(yè)人士和專業(yè)人士的孩子，在一起學(xué)習(xí)和玩耍。同時，由于這些學(xué)校傾向于培養(yǎng)自由主義思想，結(jié)果就是置學(xué)生們于自相矛盾的窘境，一方面主張代表工人階級的利益，而另一方面卻不能跟他們中的任何一個人進(jìn)行簡單的對話。Visitanyelitecampusinourgreatnationandyoucanfeelexcitedatthesightoftheheartwarmingspectacleofthechildrenofwhitebusinesspeopleandprofessionalsstudyingandplayingalongsidethechildrenofblack,Asian,andLatinobusinesspeopleandprofessionals.Whydoestheauthorsaythateliteschoolsarehomogeneouswithrespecttoclass?

Butitisn’tjustamatterofclass.Myeducationtaughtmetobelievethatpeoplewhodidn’tgotoanIvyLeagueorequivalent

schoolweren’tworthtalkingto,regardlessoftheirclass.Iwasgiventheunmistakablemessagethatsuchpeoplewerebeneathme.Wewere“thebestandthebrightest,”astheseplaceslovetosay,andeveryoneelsewas,well,somethingelse:lessgood,lessbright.4〔Chinese〕但這并不僅僅就是階級的問題。我所接受的教育教導(dǎo)我相信那些沒有上過常春藤盟校或者其他同等程度學(xué)校的人，不管他們屬于什么階級，都是不值得交談的。我所接收到的信息明白無誤地告訴我那些人是低我一等的。正如精英學(xué)校經(jīng)常愛掛在嘴邊的話，我們是“最優(yōu)秀的和最出色的”，而其他不管什么人都是那些：不優(yōu)秀的和不出色的?！睱anguagePoint〕“l(fā)essgood,lessbright”.Sometimesthestructureofthecomparativedegreeconsistsofthepositiveformoftheadjectiveoradverb,plusthemodifiermore(orless/fewer)beforethem.Althoughthecomparativedegreeof“good”is“worse”,“l(fā)essgood”isusedhereasarhetoricalmeans.

Theseconddisadvantage,implicit

inwhatI’vebeensaying,isthataneliteeducationinculcates

afalsesenseofself-worth.Gettingtoanelitecollege,beingatanelitecollege,andgoingonfromanelitecollege

—allinvolvenumericalrankings:SAT5,GPA6,GRE7.Youlearntothinkofyourselfin

terms

of

thosenumbers.Theycometosignifynotonlyyourfate,butyouridentity;notonlyyouridentity,butyourvalue.It’sbeensaid

thatwhatthosetestsreallymeasureisyourabilitytotaketests,buteven

iftheymeasuresomethingreal,itisonlyasmallpartofthereal.Theproblembeginswhenstudentsareencouragedtoforgetthistruth,whenacademic

excellencebecomesexcellenceinsomeabsolutesense,when“betteratX”becomessimply“better.”85〔Note5〕

SAT:TheSATReasoningTest(formerlyScholasticAptitudeTestandScholasticAssessmentTest)isastandardizedtestforcollegeadmissionsintheUnitedStates.TheSATisowned,published,anddevelopedbytheCollegeBoard,anon-profitorganizationintheUnitedStates,andwasoncedeveloped,published,andscoredbytheEducationalTestingService(ETS).ETSnowadministerstheexam.TheCollegeBoardclaimsthatthetestcandeterminewhetherornotapersonisreadyforcollege.ThecurrentSATReasoningTesttakesthreehoursandforty-fiveminutes.SincetheSAT’sintroductionin1901,itsnameandscoringhavechangedseveraltimes.In2005,thetestwasrenamedtothe“SATReasoningTest”withpossiblescoresfrom600to2,400combiningtestresultsfromthree800-pointsections(math,criticalreading,andwriting),alongwithothersubsectionsscoredseparately.〔Note6〕

GPA:GradesintheUnitedStatesaregenerallyassignedbyaletter:A(highestgrade,excellent),B(aboveaverage),C(average),D(usuallytheminimumpassinggrade),andF(fail).Additionally,mostschoolswillcalculateastudent’sgradepointaverage(GPA)byassigningeachlettergradeanumberandusingamathematicalformulatocomeupwithanumericalrepresentationofastudent’swork.Generally,AmericanschoolsequateanAwithanumericalvalueof4.0.ThepercentageneededinanygivencourseworkneededtoachieveacertaingradeandtheassignmentofGPApointvaluesvariesfromoneschooltoanother.〔Note7〕GRE:TheGraduateRecordExaminationisacommercially-runstandardizedtestthatisanadmissionrequirementformanygraduateschools,intheUnitedStates,andinotherEnglish-speakingcountries.CreatedandadministeredbyEducationalTestingService(orETS)in1949,theexammeasuresverbalreasoning,quantitativereasoning,criticalthinkingandanalyticalwritingskillsthathavebeenacquiredoveralongperiodoftimeandthatarenotrelatedtoanyspecificfieldofstudy.IntheUnitedStates,Canada,andmanyothercountries,theGREGeneralTestisofferedasacomputer-basedexamadministeredbyselectqualifiedtestingcenters;however,paper-basedexamsareofferedinareasoftheworldwherecomputer-basedtestingisnotavailable.〔Note8〕

Theproblembeginswhenstudentsareencouragedtoforgetthistruth,whenacademicexcellencebecomesexcellenceinsomeabsolutesense,when“betteratX”becomessimply“better”:Elitecollegesteachtheirstudentsthatthemostimportantthingintheworldistheiracademicgrades.However,excellentbehaviouratschooldoesnotmeanall-aroundexcellence.Studentsatelitecollegesareonlygoodatcertainsubjects,insteadofallsubjectsofeveryfield.〔LanguagePoint〕“It’sbeensaidthat...”Herethephraseisequivalentto“Itis/wassaidthat...”,means“peopleclaimthat...”.e.g.It’ssaidthattheboyisagenius.

It’sbeensaidthatthesingerwillholdaconcertintheOlympic

Stadium.〔Chinese〕精英教育的第二個弊端，隱含在我剛剛所說的里面，就是精英教育反復(fù)灌輸?shù)氖且环N錯誤的自負(fù)。進(jìn)入精英大學(xué)，置身于精英大學(xué)，從精英大學(xué)畢業(yè)——所有這些都牽涉到一系列考試排名：SAT，GPA，GRE。你學(xué)會用這些數(shù)字來考量你自己。它們不僅僅代表你的命運，還代表你的身份；不僅僅代表你的身份，還代表你的價值。據(jù)說那些考試真正衡量的只是你進(jìn)行考試的能力。然而即使這些考試衡量的東西是真實的，它也僅僅是真實生活中的一部分。當(dāng)學(xué)校鼓動學(xué)生們忘記這個真理，當(dāng)學(xué)業(yè)上的出色變成了某種絕對的出色，當(dāng)“在某項上出類拔萃”變成了純粹的“出類拔萃”，問題就出現(xiàn)了。

Thethirddisadvantageisthatwheneliteuniversitiesboastthattheyteachtheirstudentshowtothink,theymeanthattheyteachthemtheanalytic

andrhetorical

skillsnecessaryforsuccessinlawormedicineorscienceorbusiness.Butahumanistic

educationis

supposed

to

meansomethingmorethanthat,asuniversitiesstilldimly

feel.Sowhenstudentsgettocollege,theyhearacoupleofspeechestellingthemtoaskthebigquestions,andwhentheygraduate,theyhearacouplemorespeechestellingthemtoaskthebigquestions.Andinbetween,theyspendfouryearstakingcoursesthattrainthemtoaskthelittlequestions—specializedcourses,taughtbyspecializedprofessors,aimedatspecializedstudents.Althoughthenotionofbreadthisimplicitintheveryideaofaliberalartseducation,theadmissionprocessincreasinglyselectsforkidswhohavealreadybeguntothinkofthemselvesinspecializedterms—thejuniorjournalist,thebudding

astronomer,thelanguageprodigy.6〔LanguagePoint〕Butahumanisticeducationissupposedtomeansomethingmorethanthat,asuniversitiesstilldimlyfeel.Inthissentence,“as”functionsasaconjunction,introducinganattributiveclause,whichmeans“afactwhich...”.e.g.Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.Heisateacher,asisclearfromhismanner.〔Chinese〕精英教育的第三個弊端在于當(dāng)精英學(xué)校吹噓他們教導(dǎo)學(xué)生怎樣思考，他們的意思是他們教授學(xué)生分析和辯論的技巧，這些技巧對于在法律、醫(yī)學(xué)、科學(xué)或商業(yè)領(lǐng)域取得成功都是十分必要的。但是人文主義教育應(yīng)該不僅限于此，然而這些大學(xué)卻仍然沒有清楚地意識到這一點。所以當(dāng)學(xué)生們進(jìn)入大學(xué)，他們聽到的是一些長篇大論告訴他們要問一些重大的問題，而當(dāng)他們畢業(yè)，他們聽到的是更多的長篇大論告訴他們要問一些重大的問題。至于在大學(xué)期間，他們花費了4年時間所上的課程都在教育他們問一些細(xì)小的問題——專業(yè)的課程，由專業(yè)的教授教導(dǎo)，針對專業(yè)的學(xué)生。盡管在文科教育的觀念中廣度的概念并不清晰，但入學(xué)甄選卻越來越多地選擇那些已經(jīng)開始用專業(yè)術(shù)語來定位自己的孩子——未來的記者，初露頭角的宇航員，語言奇才等等。

Theymeanthattheyteachthemtheanalyticandrhetoricalskillsnecessary

forsuccessinlawormedicineorscienceorbusiness.Butahumanisticeducationissupposedtomeansomethingmorethanthat.Whatdoeliteuniversitiesmeanwhentheyboastthattheyteachstudentshowtothink?

I’vebeenstruck,duringmytimeatYale,alsobyhowsimilareveryonelooks.Themosteliteschoolshavebecomeplacesofanarrowandsuffocating

normalcy.Everyonefeelspressuretomaintainthekindofappearance—andaffect—thatgowithachievement.9Oneconsequenceisthatthosewhocan’tgetwiththeprogram(andtheytendtobestudentsfrompoorerbackgrounds)oftenpolarize

intheoppositedirection,flyingoffintoextremesofdisaffection

andself-destruction.Butanotherconsequencehastodowiththelargemajoritywhocangetwiththeprogram.7〔Note9〕

Everyonefeelspressuretomaintainthekindofappearance—andaffect—thatgowithachievement:Studentsatelitecollegesendureheavypressureinwearingqualifiedclothessupposedtobewornbysuccessfulpeople,andinadoptingamodeofthoughtapttosucceed.〔LanguagePoint〕“flyingoffintoextremesofdisaffectionandself-destruction”.Itisanadverbialclauseofresultwithoutconjunctionalwords.Adverbclausesofresultstatewhathashappenedorwhatmayhappenasaresultoftheactionmentionedinthemainclause.e.g.Herhusbanddiedlastyear,leavingherwith5children.

Theyopenedfire,killingoneofourpatrolmen.〔Chinese〕在耶魯大學(xué)上學(xué)期間，我曾經(jīng)感到非常震驚，每個人看起來是如此相似。大多數(shù)的精英學(xué)校已經(jīng)變成了充斥著狹隘的、令人窒息的常態(tài)的地方。每個人都承受著壓力來維持這種跟成就相符合的外表——和思維模式。這種狀況的一個后果就是那些不能符合這種規(guī)定的人（通常是家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)條件不佳的學(xué)生），經(jīng)常會分化成針鋒相對的陣營，進(jìn)入怨天尤人和自暴自棄的另一個極端。但是另一個后果卻跟大多數(shù)能夠符合這種規(guī)定的學(xué)生有關(guān)。Everyonefeelspressuretomaintainthekindofappearance—andaffect—thatgowithachievement.Whydostudentsineliteschoolslooksimilar?

Itaughtaclassseveralyearsagoontheliteratureoffriendship.OnedaywewerediscussingVirginiaWoolf’s10novelTheWaves,whichfollowsagroupoffriendsfromchildhoodtomiddleage.Inhighschool,oneofthemfallsinlovewithanotherboy.Hethinks,“TowhomcanIexposetheurgency

ofmyownpassion?...11Thereisnobody—hereamongthesegreyarches,andmoaning

pigeons,andcheerfulgamesandtraditionandemulation,allsoskillfullyorganizedtopreventfeelingalone.”Aprettygooddescriptionofanelitecollegecampus,includingthepartaboutneverbeingallowedtofeelalone.Whatdoesitmeantogotoschoolataplacewhereyou’reneveralone?Well,oneofthemsaid,Idofeeluncomfortablesittinginmyroombymyself.8EvenwhenIhavetowriteapaper,Idoitatafriend’s.Thatsameday,asithappened,anotherstudentgaveapresentationonEmerson’s12essayonfriendship.Emersonsays,hereported,thatoneofthepurposesoffriendshipistoequipyouforsolitude.13AsIwasaskingmystudentswhattheythoughtthatmeant,oneoftheminterruptedtosay,waitasecond,why-doyouneedsolitudeinthefirstplace?Whatcanyoudobyyourselfthatyoucan’tdowithafriend?〔Note10〕

VirginiaWoolf（弗吉尼亞·沃爾夫，1882-1941）

wasanEnglishnovelist,essayist,diarist,epistler,publisher,feminist,andwriterofshortstories,regardedasoneoftheforemostmodernistliteraryfiguresofthetwentiethcentury.Duringtheinterwarperiod,WoolfwasasignificantfigureinLondonliterarysocietyandamemberoftheBloomsburyGroup.HermostfamousworksincludethenovelsMrs.Dalloway(1925),TotheLighthouse(1927)andOrlando(1928),andthebook-lengthessayARoomofOne’sOwn(1929).TheWaves（《海浪》）firstpublishedin1931,isVirginiaWoolf’smostexperimentalnovel.Itconsistsofmonologuesspokenbythebook’ssixcharacters：Bernard,Susan,Rhoda,Neville,Jinny,andLouis.AlsoimportantisPercival,theseventhcharacter,thoughreadersneverhearhimspeakthroughhisownvoice.Themonologuesthatspanthecharacters’livesarebrokenupbyninebriefthird-personinterludesdetailingacoastalsceneatvaryingstagesinadayfromsunrisetosunset.〔Note11〕

TowhomcanIexposetheurgencyofmyownpassion?:InVirginiaWoolf’snovel,theboyfellinlovewithanotherboy.However,homosexualwasforbiddenatthattime,sotheboyfeltbewilderedtotellsomeonehispassionallove.〔Note12〕

RalphWaldoEmerson（拉爾夫·瓦爾多·愛默生，1803-1882）wasanAmericanessayist,philosopher,andpoet,bestrememberedforleadingtheTranscendentalistmovementofthemid19thcentury.HisteachingsdirectlyinfluencedthegrowingNewThoughtmovementofthemid1800s.Hewasseenasachampionofindividualismandaprescientcriticofthecountervailingpressuresofsociety.〔Note13〕

Emersonsays,hereported,thatoneofthepurposesoffriendshipistoequipyouforsolitude:Inastudent’sreport,hequotedwhatEmersonsaidabouttherelationshipbetweenfriendshipandsolitude,thatis,friendshipmadesomeonepreparedfortastingsolitude.〔LanguagePoint〕“Whatdoesitmeantogotoschoolataplacewhereyou’reneveralone?”Placeclausesdefinethelocationoftheobjectofthemainclause.Placeconjunctionsincludewhere,inwhichandwherever.Theyaregenerallyplacedfollowingamainclauseinordertodefinethelocationoftheobjectofthemainclause.e.g.IwillneverforgetSeattlewhereIspentsomanywonderful

summers.〔Chinese〕幾年前我在給一個班級講授有關(guān)友誼的文學(xué)作品。一天，我們正在討論弗吉尼亞·沃爾夫的小說《海浪》。這本書講述了一群朋友從童年到中年的經(jīng)歷。在高中時期，其中的一個男孩與另一個男孩墜入情網(wǎng)，書中這樣寫道：“我能向誰吐露我心中急欲迸發(fā)的激情呢？……沒有人——這里那些灰暗的拱門和咕咕叫的鴿子，那些讓人歡欣鼓舞的比賽，傳統(tǒng)和競爭，所有這些都是為了讓人不感到孤獨而精心組織的?！边@一段非常形象地描述了精英學(xué)校的校園，包括從來不容許你感到孤獨那部分。如果去學(xué)校就是去一個你從來不會感到孤單的地方，這到底意味著什么呢？我的一個學(xué)生說，一個人待在房間里我會感到不舒服。即使當(dāng)我寫論文的時候，我也會在朋友那里寫。同一天，碰巧有另一個學(xué)生做了一份關(guān)于愛默生的陳述報告，主題是愛默生以友誼為題的散文。他在報告中寫道，艾默生說友誼的目的之一就是使你準(zhǔn)備好體會孤獨。

Sotheretheywere:oneyoungpersonwhohadlostthecapacityforsolitudeandanotherwhocouldn’tseethepointofit.Nowthatstudentsareinconstantelectroniccontact,theyneverhavetroublefindingeachother.14Butit’snotasiftheirsociability

isenablingthemtodevelopdeepfriendships.“TowhomcanIexposetheurgencyofmyownpassion?”:mystudentwasinherfriend’sroomwritingapaper,nothavingaheart-to-heart.Sheprobablydidn’thavethetime;indeed,otherstudentstoldmetheyfoundtheirpeerstoobusyforintimacy.當(dāng)我問學(xué)生們他們認(rèn)為這意味著什么，其中一個人打斷我說，等一等，首先你為什么會需要孤獨呢？有什么事只有你一個人能做，卻不能和你的朋友一起做嗎？9〔Note14〕

Nowthatstudentsareinconstantelectroniccontact,theyneverhavetroublefindingeachother:Nowadays,studentscommonlycontacteachotherthroughmobilephone,E-mail,orthroughtheInternet,soitiseasyforthemtokeepintouchwitheachother.〔LanguagePoint〕“Butit’snotasiftheirsociabilityisenablingthemtodevelopdeepfriendships.”Here“asif”isequivalentto“that”,itintroducesapredicativeclause,sometimestheindicativemoodisemployedinthesentenceintroducedby“asif”.e.g.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.

Itlooksasiftheyareinaterriblehurry.〔Chinese〕他們就是這樣：一個失去了孤獨的能力的年輕人和另一個不能理解孤獨的意義的人。如今學(xué)生們都會經(jīng)常用電子方式聯(lián)系，所以他們從來不用擔(dān)心聯(lián)絡(luò)不上對方。可又不是他們的社交能力就能使他們培養(yǎng)出深厚的友情?！拔夷芟蛘l吐露我心中急欲迸發(fā)的激情呢？”：我的學(xué)生在她朋友的房間里寫論文，而非真誠地談心。她可能沒有時間；實際上，其他學(xué)生告訴我他們發(fā)現(xiàn)同伴們沒有空閑來培養(yǎng)親密的感情。Nowthatstudentsareinconstantelectroniccontact,theyneverhavetroublefindingeachother.Howwouldthestuden