系統(tǒng)解剖學(xué) 上下肢骨

TheBonesoftheUpperandLowerLimbs上下肢骨李靜DepartmentofAnatomy

目的和要求

ObjectionsandRequirements1.掌握上肢帶骨、自由上肢骨、下肢帶骨、自由下肢骨的位置和形態(tài)及上、下肢骨的重要體表標(biāo)志(ImprotantLandmarksofBody)2.了解腕骨、掌骨、指骨及跗骨、跖骨、趾骨的位置和排列Theappendicularskeleton(附肢骨）thebriefintroduction

Includethebonesofupperandlowerlimbs.Becauseoftheerectstanding,theupperlimbsarereleasedfromweightbearingandbecometheorgansoflabourwithgreateranddelicatedmobility.Sothatthebonesofupperlimbsarelighterandsmallerinshapeandsize,andaccordinglythebonesoflowerlimbsareveryheavierandstronger.So,Let'slearnthembyComparativeMethod.Bonesofupperlimbs（上肢骨）

Composition:Shouldgirdle

clavicle鎖骨scapula肩胛骨Bonesoffreeupperlimb

InarmHumerus肱骨InforearmUlna尺骨

Radius橈骨

InhandCarpals(8)腕骨

Metacarpals(5)掌骨Phalanges(14)指骨

Clavicle（鎖骨）“S”shaped,innertwothirds(內(nèi)2/3)convexforwardsandouterthird（外1/3）convexbackwardsSternalend胸骨端medially（cylindrical）andacromialend肩峰端laterally

(flatten)Superiorview上面觀Inferiorview下面觀Roughed窿凸不平的Smoothed光滑的Thetendentiousfracturepartoftheclavicleisatthejunctionofthemiddleandlateralthirdsinwreastlingandtrafficaccidents.

骨折部位TheFracturePartScapula

（肩胛骨）

Thescapulaisasomewhattriangularflatboneontheposterolateralofthethoraxbetweenthesecondandseventhribs.Twosurfaces:Anterior

(orcostal)surface:

subscapular

fossa

肩胛下窩Posterior

(ordorsal)surface:spineofscapula肩胛岡(sword)supra-andinfraspinous

fossa

岡上/下窩

acromion

肩峰Threeborders:Superiorborder:(上緣）

scapularnotch肩胛切跡

coracoidprocess喙突Medial

(vertebral)

border

脊柱緣Lateral(axillary)border

腋緣

Superior:oppositetothe2ndrib

Inferior:oppositetothe7thribor7thintercostalsspaceLateral:glenoidcavity關(guān)節(jié)盂supra-andinfraglenoidtubercles盂上、下結(jié)節(jié)Threeangles:SuperiorInferiorLateralAveryusefullandmark兩面三緣三角Thestructureiseudipleuralinthehumanbody.Right?Left?

Thehumerusisthelongestandlargestboneoftheupperlimb.Ithasashaft

andtwoends

Upperend:headofhumerus肱骨頭anatomicalneck解剖頸greaterandlessertubercles

大、小結(jié)節(jié)surgicalneck外科頸(易骨折)Thehumerus（肱骨）Shaft:

1.deltoidtuberosity

三角肌粗隆onlateralsurface2.asulcusforradialnerve橈神經(jīng)溝

onposteriorsurface(肱骨中斷骨折容易傷及橈神經(jīng)引起垂腕)capitulum肱骨小頭Trochlea肱骨滑車coronoidfossa冠突窩radialfossa橈窩

olecranonfossa鷹嘴窩

lateralandmedialepicondyles內(nèi)、外上髁sulcusfor

ulnarnerve尺神經(jīng)溝Lowerend:Radius(橈骨)(Lateral)Upperend:

headofradius橈骨頭(articularcircumference)

neckofradius橈骨頸radialtuberosity橈骨粗隆Shaftinterosseousborder骨間緣Lowerend:

styloidprocess橈骨莖突

ulnarnotch尺切跡

carpalarticularsurface腕關(guān)節(jié)面Fractureofthedistalendoftheradius

Ulnar

尺骨(Medial)Upperend:

olecranon鷹嘴

coronoidprocess

冠突

trochlearnotch滑車切跡

radialnotch

橈切跡ulnartuberosity尺骨粗隆

Lowerend

:

styloidprocess尺骨莖突headofulna尺骨頭AtoolofscratchinganitchveryliklyCarpalbones腕骨(8)

Metacarpalbones掌骨(5):Phalangesoffingers指骨(14):

Thebonesofhands(手骨)Iscomposedofbonesofthewrist,thepalm,andthefingers.Carpalbones腕骨(8)

:(lateraltomedial)

舟月三角豆;大小頭狀鉤Metacarpalbones掌骨(5):base(proximally)底shaft體head(distally)頭Phalangesoffingers指骨(14):base(proximally)底

shaft體trochleaofphalanx(distally)滑車BonesofLowerLimb

Composition:

Pelvicgirdle:hipbone髖骨Bonesoffreelowerlimb:inthighFemur股骨

(patella髕骨)inlegTibia脛骨

andfibula腓骨infootTarsals跗骨,metatarsals跖骨,phalangesoftoes趾骨threecomponents:

ilium髂骨ischium坐骨pubis恥骨Hipbone(髖骨)Fusedbythreebonesatabout16yearsold.Stereoscopicimpression!Newbornandbefore16yearsoldAdulthoodTheilium

髂骨iliaccrest髂嵴

anteriorsuperioriliacspine

髂前上棘anteriorinferioriliacspine髂前下棘

tubercleofiliaccrest

髂結(jié)節(jié)posteriorsuperioriliacspine髂后上棘

posteriorinferioriliacspine髂后下棘greatersciaticnotch

坐骨大切跡iliacfossa髂窩arcuateline弓狀線

Theischium(坐骨)Bodyofischium

坐骨體

toformposteriorandinferior2/5ofacetabulumischialspine坐骨棘lessersciaticnotch坐骨小切跡Ramusofischium

坐骨支

ischial

tuberosity

坐骨結(jié)節(jié)

Thepubis

(恥骨)

Bodyofpubis

恥骨體―toformanteriorandinferior1/5ofacetabulum,iliopubiceminence髂恥隆起Superiorramusofpubis

恥骨上支:

pectenofpubis

恥骨梳pubictubercle恥骨結(jié)節(jié)pubiccrest恥骨嵴symphysialsurface恥骨聯(lián)合面Inferiorramusofpubis恥骨下支:obturatorforamen閉孔Acetabulum(髖臼)formedbybodiesofischium,iliumandpubislunatesurface月狀面acetabularfossa髖臼窩acetabularnotch髖臼切跡

Generaldescription:ThefemuristhelongestandheaviestboneinthebodyandconsistsofashaftandtwoendsThefemur(股骨)femoralhead股骨頭neckoffemur股骨頸（易骨折）greatertrochanter大轉(zhuǎn)子lessertrochanter小轉(zhuǎn)子intertrochantericline轉(zhuǎn)子間線intertrochantericcrest轉(zhuǎn)子間嵴

Upperend:Fractureofthefemoralnecklineaaspera粗線glutealtuberosity臀肌粗隆pectinealline恥骨肌線

poplitealsurface腘面

Shaftmedialcondyles內(nèi)側(cè)髁lateralcondyles外側(cè)髁medialepicondyle內(nèi)上髁lateralepicondyle外上髁adductortubercle

收肌結(jié)節(jié)intercondylarfossa髁間窩patellarsurface髕面

Lowerend

Tibia

脛骨Upperend:

medial

and

lateralcondyles內(nèi)外側(cè)髁

intercondylareminence髁間隆起fibulararticularsurface腓關(guān)節(jié)面

tuberosityoftibia脛骨粗隆

Shaft:

interosseousborder骨間緣solealline比目魚肌線Lowerend:

fibularnotch腓切跡medialmalleolus

內(nèi)踝

Fibula

(腓骨)Upperend:(circular)