紅十字軍東征背景

ABriefSurveytoTheBackgroundofCrusadesWhatareCrusades?

TheCrusadeswere8militarycampaignssanctionedbytheCatholicChurchintheMiddleages.TheyweremeanttofightwithcountrieswhichisinEasternMediterranean（地中海）

area.Duringthewar,everysolideriswearingagownthathasaredcrossonit,thusformatroopcalledtheCrusaders.

Duetothe“HolyLand”

ofRomanCatholicChurch—JerusalemwastakencontrolbyIslamChurch,sothechiefdestinationofmostbattlesofCrusadesweretorecapture（奪回）

thechargeofJerusalembackfromMuslim.CrusadeisnotonlyareligiouswarthatChristiantriggeredtotakethe“HolyLand”back.TherootcauseoftheCrusadesheadedbythefeudalRomanCatholicChurchistoalleviate（緩解）

socialcontradictionsandtosolvethesocialcrisis.ThustheymayenhancetheauthorityoftheRomanPopeandcontributetotheestablishmentofChristiandomination.Religious

BackgroundEconomicBackground

Social

SituationTheBackgroundofCrusades

ReligiousBackground

—ThePrecipitating（誘發(fā)）

FactorBytheendofthe11thcentury,WesternEuropehademergedasasignificantpowerinitsownright,thoughitstilllagged（落后于）farotherMediterraneancivilizationsuchasthatoftheByzantine（拜占庭）

Empire(formerlytheeasternhalfoftheRomanEmpire)andtheIslamicempireoftheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica.

Meanwhile,ByzantiumwaslosingconsiderableterritorytotheinvadingSeljukTurks,whodefeatedtheByzantineArmyatthebattleofManzikirtin1071andwentontogaincontrolovermuchofAnatolia.Afteryearsofchaosandcivilwar,thegeneralAlexiusComnenusseizedtheByzantinethronein1081andconsolidated（鞏固）

controlovertheremainingempireasEmperorAlexiusI.TheGreatSeljukEmpireatitsgreatestextentIn1095,Alexiussentenvoys（使者）

toPopeUrbanIIaskingformercenary（雇傭兵）

troopsfromtheWesttohelpconfrontthe

threats

fromSeljuk

Turks.ThoughrelationsbetweenChristiansinEastandWesthadlongbeenfractious,Alexius’requestcameatatimewhenthesituationwasimproving..InNovember1095,attheCouncilofClermontinsouthernFrance,thepopecalledonWesternChristianstotakeuparmsinordertoaidtheByzantinesandrecapturetheHolyLandfromMuslimcontrol.PopeUrban’spleametwithatremendousresponse,bothamonglowerlevelsofthemilitaryelite(whowouldformanewclassofknights)aswellasordinarycitizens;itwasdeterminedthatthosewhojoinedthearmedpilgrimage（朝圣）

wouldwearacrossasasymboloftheChurch.God

Wills

ItUrbanaskedwesternChristianstoaidtheByzantineEmpirebecause“Deusvult”(“Godwillsit”)andpromisedabsolutiontoparticipants;accordingtoothersources,thepopepromisedanindulgence（恕罪，赦免）.Intheaccounts,UrbanemphasizesreconqueringtheHolyLandmorethanaidingtheemperorandlistsfrightful

offencescommittedbyMuslims.ThecrusadewaspreachedacrossFrance;EconomicBackground

EarlierbeforethewesternEuropeanbusinessenteredthetradebetweenthewestandeast,thoseprofitableoneswerehoggedbyArabiansandByzantine.Besides,rightafterthewesternEuropeancitiesbegantoparticipateinthetrade,theexpansionofSuljurkTurksweakenit,soinordertoincreasetheprofits,especiallyinthosecitiessuchasVeniceinItaly,Pizza,etc.,itwasinclinedtograbthebusinessharborsandmarketsfromArabiansandByzantiumandexpeltheSuljurkTurksformwestEurope.ThustheWestEuropeanChristianwereinfavoroftheCrusades.SocialBackground

--TheKnightsand

Peasants采邑制的普及，使得封建領(lǐng)主遍布，他們買得起包括戰(zhàn)馬在內(nèi)的作戰(zhàn)裝備，這些領(lǐng)主以及隨從們被稱為“騎士”，成為貴族階層的一個象征，建立在日耳曼崇尚勇武、榮譽和忠誠傳統(tǒng)上的騎士制度逐漸成形。封建主階級極力的鼓動騎士參加十字軍東征,向富裕的東方進發(fā)。另外,中世紀(jì)的騎士階層也是當(dāng)時西歐封建社會上的一個重要集團,而當(dāng)時西歐的封建社會實行的是嫡長子繼承制。當(dāng)時社會上出現(xiàn)了許多無世襲封號、無財產(chǎn)和領(lǐng)土的由次子組成的騎士階層,他們整天無所事事、到處游蕩、生活放縱。當(dāng)城市興起后,商品貨幣經(jīng)濟迅速發(fā)展,他們十分羨慕城市琳瑯滿目的商品和東方各種各樣的奢侈品,需求日益增加,但手里的錢卻越來越不能滿足他們的開銷。因此,大批騎士渴望到東方去劫掠財物和奪取土地,所以積極地參加了十字軍東征，這也極大地增加了對Pope

Urban的響應(yīng)度。

生活惡化的農(nóng)民壯大了十字軍東征的隊伍。隨著城市經(jīng)濟的逐步興起與發(fā)展,西歐各國的對外商品貿(mào)易也得到迅猛發(fā)展，伴隨著貿(mào)易,東方各種各樣的奢侈品大量流入西方市場，使西方開始由實物地租向貨幣地租轉(zhuǎn)變。因此，農(nóng)民為贖買自己不得不向領(lǐng)主交納大量的貨幣，更加重了他們的經(jīng)濟負擔(dān)。同時,伴隨著西歐封建制度的形成與確立，農(nóng)民遭受的盤剝更加繁重，封建主除了向農(nóng)民征收徭役外，還征收名目繁多的稅。絕望的處境使西歐的農(nóng)民大量的逃亡，導(dǎo)致土地更加荒蕪，也有很多地區(qū)的農(nóng)民公開搶劫封建主的事件。在現(xiàn)實生活中看不到希望、找不到活路的農(nóng)民,很容易輕信羅馬教廷關(guān)于圣戰(zhàn)的號召,他們真的以為參加?xùn)|征可以改善自己的處境,使自己走向富有,參加了十字軍東征。