高考沖刺英語閱讀理解課堂練（24）答案解析

2020高考英語：閱讀理解課堂練（24）PassageForty--Seven(ImportanceofaComputer)

Ascitizensofadvancedbutvulnerableeconomies,wemusteitherrelentlesslyincreasethequalityofourskillsorseeourstandardoflivingerode.Forthefuture,competitionbetweennationswillbeincreasinglybasedontechnologicalskill.Oilandnaturalresourceswillstillbeimportant,buttheynolongerwilldetermineanation’seconomicstrength.Thiswillnowbeamatterofthewaypeopleorganizethemselvesandthenatureandqualityoftheirwork.Japanandthe“newJapans”ofEastAsiaaredemonstratingthispointinwaysthatarebecomingpainfullyobvioustotheolderindustrialcountries.

Thereissimplynowaytorestonourpastachievements.Today’scompetitionrendersobsoletehugechunksofwhatweknowandwhatforcesustoinnovate.Foreachindividual.Severalcareerswillbecustomary,andcontinuingeducationandretrainingwillbeinescapable.Toattainthisextraordinarylevelofeducation,government,business,schools,andevenindividualswillturntotechnologyfortheanswer.

Inindustry,processingtheinformationanddesigningthechangesnecessarytokeepupwiththemarkethasmeantthegrowinguseofcomputers.Theschoolsarenowfollowingclosebehind.AlreadysomecollegesintheUnitedStatesarerequitingacomputerforeachstudent.Itisestimatedthat500,000computersarealreadyinuseinAmericanhighschoolsandelementaryschools.Althoughthereisanabysmallackofeducationalsoftware,thenumberofcomputersinschoolsexpandsrapidly.

ThecomputeristheProteusofmachines,asittakesonathousandformsandservesathousandfunctions.Butitstrulyrevolutionarycharactercanbeseeninitsinteractivepotential.Withadvancedcomputers,learningcanbeindividualizedandself-paced.Teacherscanbecomemoreproductiveandtheentirelearningenvironmentenriched.

Itisstrikinghowmuchcurrentteachingisaproductofpencilandpapertechnology.Withthecomputer’scapacityforsimulationanddiversekindsoffeedback,allsortsofnewpossibilitiesopenupfortheredesignofcurriculums.SeymourPapert,theinventorofthecomputerlanguageLOGO,believesthatconceptsinphysicsandadvancedmathematicscanbetaughtintheearlygradeswiththeuseofcomputers.Onevery-daylevel,word-processingsignificantlyimprovesthecapacityforwrittenexpression.Intermsofdrillandpractice,self-pacedcomputer-assistedinstructionenablesthestudenttoadvancerapidly—withoutbeinglimitedbytheconflictingneedsoftheentireclass.Inshort,oncewelearntousethisnewbrainoutsidethebrain,educationwillneverbethesame.Industry,facedwiththepressuresofarapidlyshiftingmarket,isalreadydesigningnewmethodstoretrainitsworkers,IntheUnitedStates,atechnologicaluniversityhasbeensetuptoteachengineeringcoursesbysatellite.Andtheadvancesintelecommunicationsandcomputationalpowerwilldramaticallyexpandtheopportunitiesfornationalandinternationaleffortsineducationandtraining.Withoutromanticizingthemachine,itisclearthatcomputersuniquelychangethepotentialforequippingtoday’scitizensforunprecedentedtasksofthefuture.ParticularlyinEuropeandtheUnitedStates,innovationwillbethebasisforcontinuedprosperity.Newcompetitorsareemergingtochallengetheoldeconomicarrangements.Howsuccessfullywerespondwilldependonhowmuchweinvestinpeopleandhowwiselyweemploythelearningtoolsofthenewtechnology.1.Whatisthedecisivefactorinfuturecompetitionbetweennations?A.Oil.

B.Technologicalskill.C.Naturalresources

DEducation2.Themainideaofthispassageis_______.A.KnowledgeofaComputer.

B.ImportanceofaComputer.C.FunctionofKnowledge.

C.FunctionofTechnology.3.Whydoesfurtherstudybecomeindispensable?A.Peoplewanttosomorejobs.B.Peoplewanttoattainthisextraordinarylevelofeducation.C.Peoplewouldnotrestonthepastachievements.D.Whatweknowbecomesobsolete.4.Theword“Proteus”isclosestinmeaningto_______.A.flexibility.

B.diversity.

C.variety.

D.multiplicity.Vocabulary1.

relentlessly

始終不懈的2.

obsolete

過時的，大量的，絕大部分的3.

chunk

大塊，大量的，絕大部分4.

abysmal

無底的，極端的5.

Proteus

希臘神話中海神，能隨意變化。這里指flexible,靈活多變6.

takeon

顯現(xiàn)，顯示7.

LOGO=logotyre

標識語，作為標志的語言8.

rapidlyshifting

瞬息萬變的9.

romanticizing

使浪漫化，使幻想化難句譯注1.Withthecomputer’scapacityforsimulationanddiversekindsoffeedback,allsortsofnewpossibilitiesopenupfortheredesignofcurriculums.[參考譯文]由于計算機能進行模擬和提供各種反饋，它就為重新設(shè)計學(xué)校的課程開辟了各種新的可能性。2.Intermsofdrillandpractice,self-pacedcomputer-assistedinstructionenablesthestudenttoadvancerapidly—withoutbeinglimitedbytheconflictingneedsoftheentireclass.[結(jié)構(gòu)簡析]句子結(jié)構(gòu)為主謂賓補，前后各用一個介詞（短語），前intermof,后without[參考譯文]就練習(xí)和實踐來講，借助自行規(guī)定速度的計算機輔助的指令使學(xué)生突飛猛進而不受全班互相矛盾的需要所限制。3.Withoutromanticizingthemachine,itisclearthatcomputersuniquelychangethepotentialforequippingtoday’scitizensforunprecedentedtasksofthefuture.[結(jié)構(gòu)簡析]邏輯主語句。句前有一狀語成分，without+分詞+名詞的句型。[參考譯文]不必用浪漫主義的手法來形容計算機，我們可清楚看到，它是獨一無二的改變今天公民的潛力，使他們能承擔未來的史無前例的任務(wù)。寫作方法與文章大意文章論述了“計算機的重要性”，采用一般到具體寫作手法。一開始就提出：作為經(jīng)濟上先進而又脆弱的公民，必須始終不懈地提高技術(shù)素質(zhì)，否則生活水平就會下降。因為未來國際競爭取決于技術(shù)，一切部門必須迎合這一要求。具體到工業(yè)和學(xué)校必須使用計算機。重點在學(xué)校，因為它是培訓(xùn)新人才的基地。所以三，四，五，七段涉及計算機在學(xué)校的種種功能。最后的結(jié)論：人才和計算機是決定性因素。答案詳解1.B.工藝技術(shù)。這在第一段就講到“在未來，國與國之間的競爭越來越以工藝技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)。盡管石油和其他自然資源仍很重要，但它們不會再對一個國家的經(jīng)濟實力起決定性的作用?！盇.石油。C.自然資源，這兩項不是決定性因素。D.教育。文內(nèi)教育作為改革的一個方面，其重點是在學(xué)校內(nèi)應(yīng)用計算機，來改變教學(xué)質(zhì)量，達到革新人才的目的。并不是直接參與競爭。可參看第2題的答案及譯注。2.B.計算機的重要性。整篇文章都顯示了這一點。第三段“工業(yè)上，信息處理和制定必要的改革計劃以適應(yīng)市場需要意味著越來越多使用計算機。學(xué)校緊跟工業(yè)之后……”第四段“計算機是一種變化多端，神通廣大的機器，因為它顯示千種圖象，發(fā)揮千種功能。而它的真正的革命性可在其相互作用的潛能中看出。有了先進的計算機，學(xué)習(xí)可以個別進行，速度自行規(guī)定。教師變得更有成效……?！钡谖宥巍啊捎诶糜嬎銠C，在學(xué)校低年級就能教授物理學(xué)和高等數(shù)學(xué)概念……?！弊詈笠欢萎孆堻c睛地指出：“計算機獨一無二地改變著那種今天公民能擔當未來空前任務(wù)的潛能……新的競爭對手正在崛起，自由的經(jīng)濟布局提出挑戰(zhàn)。我們?nèi)绾尾拍茼樌膽?yīng)戰(zhàn)，取決于我們對人的投資的多寡，取決于我們怎么聰慧地應(yīng)用新技術(shù)的學(xué)習(xí)工具?！彼裕篈.計算機知識。

C.知識的功能。

D.技術(shù)功能，這三項只是計算機重要性中涉及到的一個方面，不能作為中心思想。3.D.因為我們知道的一切變得陳舊。第二段頭幾句話“我們決不能吃老本，當今的競爭使我們的大部分知識變得陳舊，非加以革新不可。對每個人來說，他們將慣常從事某幾種職業(yè)，并且非繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)進修和從新接受訓(xùn)練不可……?！倍颊f明進修學(xué)習(xí)的原因。A.人們要做更多工作。文內(nèi)沒有提到。

B.人們要到達非同一般的教育水平。這是目的，不是原因。

C.人們不能吃老本。這話并沒有完全講清楚全部原因。4.A.靈活多變。Proteus一詞，原義是指希臘神話中變幻無常的海神，普羅狄斯，他可以隨心所欲邊成各種形狀。這里指靈活多變。PassageForty--Eight(TheRelationshipbetweenBrainProcesswithMentalExperience)

By1950,theresultsofattemptstorelatebrainprocessestomentalexperienceappearedratherdiscouraging.Suchvariationsinsize,shape,chemistry,conductionspeed,excitationthreshold,andthelikeashadbeendemonstratedinnervecellsremainednegligibleinsignificanceforanypossiblecorrelationwiththemanifolddimensionsofmentalexperience.

Neartheturnofthecentury,ithadbeensuggestedbyHeringthatdifferentmodesofsensation,suchaspain,tasteandcolor,mightbecorrelatedwiththedischargeofspecifickindsofnervousenergy.However,subsequentlydevelopedmethodsofrecordingandanalyzingnervepotentialsfailedtorevealanysuchqualitativediversity.Itwaspossibletodemonstratebyothermethodsrefinedstructuraldifferencesamongneurontypes;however,proofwaslackingthatthequalityoftheimpulseoritsconductionwasinfluencedbythesedifferences,whichseemedinsteadtoinfluencethedevelopmentalpatterningoftheneuralcircuits.Althoughqualitativevarianceamongnerverigidlydisproved,thedoctrinewasgenerallyabandonedinfavoroftheopposingview,namely,thatnerveimpulsesareessentiallyhomogeneousinqualityandaretransmittedas“commoncurrency”throughoutthenervoussystem.Accordingtothistheory,itisnotthequalityofthesensorynerveimpulsesthatdeterminesthediverseconscioussensationstheyproduce,but,rather,thedifferentareasofthebrainintowhichtheydischarge,andthereissomeevidenceforthisview.Inoneexperiment,whenanelectricstimuluswasappliedtoagivensensoryfieldofthecerebralcortexofaconscioushumansubject,itproducedasensationoftheappropriatemodalityforthatparticularlocus,thatis,avisualsensationfromthevisualcortex,anauditorysensationfromtheauditorycortex,andsoon.Otherexperimentsrevealedslightvariationsinthesize,number,arrangement,andinterconnectionofthenervecells,butasforaspsychoneuralcorrelationswereconcerned,theobvioussimilaritiesofthesesensoryfieldstoeachotherseemedmuchmoreremarkablethananyoftheminutedifferences.However,corticalasdiverseasthoseofred,black,greenandwhite,ortouch,cold,warmth,movement,pain,postureandpressureapparentlymayarisethroughactivationofthesamecorticalareas.Whatseemedtoremainwassomekindofdifferentialpatterningeffectsinthebrainexcitation:itisthedifferenceinthecentraldistributionofimpulsesthatcounts.Inshort,Braintheorysuggestedacorrelationbetweenmentalexperienceandtheactivityofrelativelyhomogenousnerve-cellunitsconductingessentiallyhomogeneousimpulsesthroughhomogeneouscerebraltissue.Tomatchthemultipledimensionsofmentalexperiencepsychologistscouldonlypointtoalimitlessvariationinthespatiotemporalpatterningofnerveimpulses.1.Upuntil1950,effortstoestablishthatbrainprocessesandmentalexperiencearerelatedwouldmostlikelyhavebeenmetwithA.vexation.

B.irritability.

C.discouragement

D.neutrality2.Theauthormentions“commoncurrency”primarilyinordertoemphasizetheA.lackofdifferentiationamongnerveimpulsesinhumanbeings.B.similaritiesintheviewsofthescientists.C.similarityofsensationsofhumanbeings.D.continuouspassageofnerveimpulsesthroughthenervoussystem.3.Whichofthefollowingtheoriesisreinforcedbythedepictionoftheexperimentinlines16—19?A.Cognitiveexperiencemanifestedbysensorynerveimpulsesareinfluencedbytheareaofthebrainstimulated.B.Qualitativediversityinnervepotentialscannowbestudiedmoreaccurately.C.Sensorystimuliareheterogeneousandaregreatlyinfluencedbythenervesensorstheyproduce.D.Differentiationinneuralmodalitiesinfluencesthelengthofnervetransmissions.4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingexhibittheLEASTqualitativevariation?A.Nervecells.

B.Nerveimpulses.C.Corticalareas.

D.Spatialpatternsofnerveimpulses.Vocabulary1.

mentalexperiences

精神感受2.

discharge

釋放3.

negligible

微小的，可以忽略不計的4.

manifold

多種多樣的，多方面5.

neuron

神經(jīng)元/細胞6.

neural

（中樞）神經(jīng)的（系統(tǒng)）7.

qualitativediversity

質(zhì)的多樣性，量變的8.

disprove

反駁，反證9.

homogeneous

相似的10.

sensorynerve

感覺神經(jīng)11.

cortical

外皮的，皮質(zhì)的12.

cerebralcortex

大腦皮層13.

locus

地點，區(qū)域14.

psychoneural

精神神經(jīng)15.

heterogeneous

異源的，異種的，異體的16.

spatiotenporal

時空的難句譯注1.Suchvariationsinsize,shape,chemistry,conductionspeed,excitationthreshold,andthelikeashadbeendemonstratedinnervecellsremainednegligibleinsignificanceforanypossiblecorrelationwiththemanifolddimensionsofmentalexperience.[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]句型為such…as可as具有關(guān)系代詞作用，此處作從句中hadbeendemonstrated的主語。[參考譯文]神經(jīng)細胞中所顯示的諸如在尺寸，形狀，化學(xué)，神經(jīng)脈沖中傳導(dǎo)速度，激發(fā)界限等方面的那種變化差異對多方面的精神感受可能有聯(lián)系來說仍然意義不大。2.Itwaspossibletodemonstratebyothermethodsrefinedstructuraldifferencesamongneurontypes;however,proofwaslackingthatthequalityoftheimpulseoritsconductionwasinfluencedbythesedifferences,whichseemedinsteadtoinfluencethedevelopmentalpatterningoftheneuralcircuits.[參考譯文]有可能用其他辦法來顯示神經(jīng)類型之間細微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異?？墒?，缺乏證據(jù)證實脈沖的或者其脈沖傳導(dǎo)的質(zhì)量受這些差別的影響。相反，這種質(zhì)量看起來它卻影響了中樞神經(jīng)循環(huán)的進展模式。3.Inoneexperiment,whenanelectricstimuluswasappliedtoagivensensoryfieldofthecerebralcortexofaconscioushumansubject,itproducedasensationoftheappropriatemodalityforthatparticularlocus,thatis,avisualsensationfromthevisualcortex,anauditorysensationfromtheauditorycortex,andsoon.[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]主從句。后面跟解釋性同位語：thatis……。[參考譯文]在一個實驗中，當電刺激作用于有意識的人體大腦皮層的某個感覺部位，它對這個特定部位產(chǎn)生一種恰如其分的感覺道，也就是說，視覺來自視覺皮層，聽覺來自聽皮層，以此類推。4.

Otherexperimentsrevealedslightvariationsinthesize,number,arrangement,andinterconnectionofthenervecells,butasforaspsychoneuralcorrelationswereconcerned,the