跨文化交際課件

LanguageandCulture

1入境而問禁入國而問俗入門而問諱——《禮記曲禮上》BookofRites2CaseAnalysis1.A:Whycouldn’tCinderellabeagoodsoccerplayer?B:Shelosthershoe,sheranawayfromtheball,andhercoachwasapumpkin.2.A:Coffee,please.B:Whiteorblack?A:Uhjustwantsomecoffee.3.AChinese:Haveyouhadyourlunch?AnAmerican:No,Ihaven’t.ButIthinkIcanmanagetoarrivehomeforsupper.3LanguageNothingmoreclearlydistinguishesoneculturefromanotherthanitslanguage.

ArensbergandNiehoff

4Whatislanguage?Languageisawayofcommunicatingneededbyallpeoples.Itistheprincipalmeanswherebypeopleconductsociallives.5Whatisculture?Broadlyspeaking,itmeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguage.Inanarrowsense,itreferstolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms.6TherelationbetweenlanguageandcultureLanguageexpressesandembodiesculturalreality.Languageandcultureareinextricablyentwined.Languageisanimportantwaytotransmitculture.Languageisthecarrierofculturewhichinturnisthecontentoflanguage.7語言和文化密不可分.語言是文化的一部分，文化又無時無刻影響著語言.語言是文化的載體，又是文化的寫照 .語言文字當中，處處都打有文化的烙印，語言活動過程中，時時可覓見文化的蹤跡.8CultureBigCultureSmallCulture(exceptlanguage)OtherCulturalPhenomenaLanguageLanguageTherelationbetweenlanguageandculture91.Languageasareflectionofthesociety2008年度中國主流媒體十大流行語榜單及解讀綜合類十大流行語北京奧運、金融危機、志愿者、汶川大地震、神七、三聚氰胺、改革開放30周年、降息、擴大內(nèi)需、糧食安全

10metrosexual=metropolis+sexual

metrosexualNewly-coinedword:都市玉男/型男11MetrosexualMeetthemetrosexualHe'swelldressed,narcissisticandobsessedwithbutts.Butdon'tcallhimgay.ByMarkSimpson/story/ent/feature/2002/07/22/metrosexual/12Aladultissingle,assured,solventandsecureinhisnew-foundmasculinity.Agedbetween25andthirtysomething,theLadultworksmoderatelyhardatmiddlemanagement....HespendsalotongadgetsandDVDs,andenjoyspoker,onlinegamblingandevenflyfishing.Heironshisownshirtsandcancooksimplemeals.[Observer,1Jan.2006]最近在歐美大量出現(xiàn)Ladult這個詞彙，指20幾到30幾歲的青壯男性，由於坐擁社會資源，讓他們意識到自己有權(quán)利與義務更加關心這個社會(2006遠東月刊)。Ladult=lad+adult都市新男性

13BritishandAmericanEnglish(differencesofsigns)US:Nodogsallowed.England:Weregretthatintheinterestofhygienedogsarenotallowedonthesepremises.US:Videocontrolled.England:Notice:Intheinterestofourregularcustomersthesepremisesarenowequippedwithcentralsecurityclosedcircuittelevision.142.Languagecanbeanexpressionofracialandethnicdiscrimination.Somewordshavemorethanonemeaningandcreatenegativeimages,suchas“blackhearted”or“ablackmarkonyourrecord.”Negativewordscanalsobecomeassociatedwithgroups,suchasreferringtoNativeAmericansas“savages.”15DutchDutchactDutchbargainDutchcourageDutchman’slandDutchtreatDutchuncleDutchcomfortIamDutched.I’maDutchmanif…[美俚]自殺酒席上作成的交易<俗>酒后之勇過分直率或嚴厲地批評或譴責別人的人各付己帳無濟于事的安慰socialprejudice海市蜃樓16OneEnglishmancanbeatthreeFrenchmen.TheItaliansarewisebeforethedeed,theGermansinthedeed,theFrenchafterthedeed.AnAmericanwillgotohellforabagofcoffee.Socialprejudice17Theuseoftheword“man”inwordslikechairmanandmankind.Useofthepronouns“he”and“she”affectsthinkingaboutgender.Forexample,nursesandsecretariesareusuallyreferredtoas“she.”3.Languagecanalsobeasourceofsexualdiscrimination18InChapterIIIinJaneAusten’snovel,“PrideandPrejudice”,Mrs

Bennet,excitedafterparticipatinginaparty,talkedtoherhusbandaboutMr.Bingleyasfollows:19

Oh!MydearMr.Bennet,wehavehadamostdelightfulevening,

amostexcellentball.…Janewasso

admired.Everybodysaidhowwellshelooked.Mr.Bingleythoughtherquite

beautiful,…Iwassovexedtoseehimstandupwithher.…Iamquitedelightedwithhim.Heissoexcessivelyhandsome!…[Mr.Darcy]isamostdisagreeable,horridman.Sohighandsoconceitedthattherewasnoenduringhim!Hewalkedhere,andhewalkedthere,fancyinghimselfsoverygreat!Nothandsomeenough

todancewith.見《英語與社會》p.2320Inthischapter,JaneAustenhastakenadvantageoftheseintensifierstoindicatethatMrs

Bennetisshallow,superficial,andexaggerating.21SexisminEnglish:Thechickenmetaphortellsthewholestoryofawoman'slife.Inheryouth

sheisachick.Thenshemarriesandbeginsfeatheringhernest.Soonshebegins

feelingcoopedup,soshegoestohenpartieswhereshecackleswithherfriends.

Thenshehasherbrood,beginstohenpeckherhusband,andfinallyturnsintoanoldbiddy.http:///~jmatthew/articles/sexinEnglish.html224.Languageasareflectionofvalues23English:fairplay,privacyorindependence,individualism

AmericanEnglishvocabulary:

eg.self-absorbed,self-appointed,self-centered,self-confident,self-conscious,self-important,self-image,self-reliance,self-regard(關注自己，關注自身利益)24Theupperclass:America,cake,helping,ice,lavatory,lookingglass,pudding,relatives,rich,Royalties,scent,scurf,sick,sofa,spectacles,writingpaperThelowerclass:theStates,pastry,portion,ice-cream,toilet,mirror,dessert,relations,wealthy,Royals,perfume,dandruff頭皮屑

,ill,settee長沙發(fā)

,notepaper,glasses5.Languageasareflectionofsocialstatus25SpeakerA SpeakerB

Ididityesterday. Idoneityesterday.Hehasn’tgotit. Heain’tgotit.Itwasshethatsaidit. Itwasherwhatsaidit.WhenwelookatthelanguageusedbytwospeakersAandB,wecanestimateroughlytheirrelativesocialstatus.26Culturally-loadedwordsAnimalwordsColorwordsTaboosandeuphemisms27

Chinese

English吹牛――talkhorse孺子牛――willinghorse牛飲――eat/drinklikeahorse健壯如牛――ashealthyasahorse老黃牛――worklikeahorse強按牛頭不喝水――Youcanleadahorsetotheriver,butyoucanneverexpecttoforceittodrink.AnimalWordsWhydifferent?28Chinese:麒麟送子English:avisitbythestork29Exercise:Betterbetheheadofadogthanthetailofalion.drinklikeafishtreaduponeggs寧為雞頭，不為鳳尾。牛飲如履薄冰30Chinese:膽小如鼠狐假虎威甕中之鱉English:astimidasarabbit/chicken-heartedanassinalion’sskinlikearatinahole31Chinese:落湯雞母老虎（比丈夫強的妻子）English:likeadrenchedchicken;likeadrownedratgreymare32dog

漢族人眼中的“狗”：

走狗、狗仗人勢、狗腿子、狐朋狗友、狼心狗肺……loveme,lovemydogaluckdogtopdogolddogcleverdog西方人眼中的“dog”：1.勝利者；奪魁者2.主要人物33中國龍是一種祥獸

西方龍則是邪惡的代名詞

龍34AcollectionofAsianAmericanfeminists’articles(publishedin1997)THEASIANMYSTIQUE:DragonLadies,GeishaGirls,andOurFantasiesoftheExoticOrient(publishedin2005)（亞洲的奧秘：潑婦，藝伎，我們關于奇異東方的幻想，）35WhyarewomenofAsianoriginsooftendepictedinHollywoodandWesternliteratureassubmissive,sexuallyavailableGeishaordemureChinaDolls—ortheconverse,asDragonLadiesorDominatrix?……（http:///showevent.asp?eventid=4590）為什么好萊塢和西方的文學作品總是把亞洲婦女描寫成溫順的、隨時愿意奉獻肉體的藝伎，或矜持、美麗卻沒有頭腦的中國尤物，或者走向另一個極端，把亞洲婦女描繪成惡毒的女人（DragonLadies）或嗜好性虐待的女魔頭（Dominatrix）？……36《楊過與小龍女》“LittleDragonMaid”?LoongGirl小龍女包租婆《功夫》37Sheisarealdragon,you’dbetterkeepawayfromher.(她是兇狠的母夜叉,最好離她遠點)。38OwlInEnglish:aswiseasanowl象貓頭鷹一樣聰明

InChinese:貓頭鷹進宅,好事不來bearInEnglish:Heisabearatmaths(他是個數(shù)學天才)InChinese:“瞧他那個熊樣兒”、“真熊”39。fishInChinese:

年年有余(魚)InEnglish:apoorfishaloosefishfishintheair可憐蟲生活放蕩的女人水中撈月40

EnglishShelley’sOdetothe

WestWind(西風頌)

JohnMasefield/約翰·梅斯菲爾德

TheWestWind(《西風頌》)

zephyr(thewestwind)EastWindAutomobileZephyrautomobileJohnMasefield(1878—1967)PercyByssheShelley

珀西·比?！ぱ┤R（1792-1822）

41ColortermsMr.Brownisaverywhiteman.Hewaslookingrathergreentheotherday.Hehasbeenfeelingbluelately.WhenIsawhim,hewasinabrownstudy.Ihopehe’llsoonbeinthepinkagain.布朗先生是一位忠實可靠的人。那天他臉色不好，近來感到悶悶不樂。我見到他時，他顯得心事重重。我希望他早點振作起來。42Westerncountrybloody(eg.aredbattle)RudeIrritableModernmeaning:universallove(博愛的fromthefilm“red”)China

Loyal(忠貞,e.g一顆紅心）SuccessfulPopular(受歡迎，受重視，eg.紅人）Lucky(吉利,e.g.紅白事）red43red

redletterday“紀念日”“喜慶的日子”redfigure，redink(赤字)inthered（虧損）redbalance（赤字差額）redtape繁文縟節(jié)44black

blackmoney（黑錢）blackmarket（黑市交易或黑市）ablackletterday不吉祥的日子，倒霉的一天blackox不幸blackfigure，intheblack都表示“盈利”、“賺錢”表示“嚴重的，不受歡迎的，不吉利的、罪惡的、不合適的、不合法的、憤怒的”等45“黑色”黑心人theverycruelpeople黑幫thereactionaryorganizationsgatheredsecretly多表示貶意如“陰暗的、非法的、秘密的、壞的、狠毒的等46BlackinChinese

黑眼鏡sunglasses黑貨smuggledgoods黑心腸evilmind黑話cant黑體字boldfacetype黑咕隆咚pitch-dark黑死病theplague黑更半夜inthedeadofnight

47Black:thecolorofnightorcoalWesterncountryEvil(e.g..blackmail)UnluckyVS.whitemeaningunluckinessinChineseHopeless(e.g..thingwasbeginningtolookprettyblackforus)ChinaRighteous(e.g..黑臉的包公鐵面無私）Thesameaswesterncountry–evil(黑社會）Secret(e.g..黑話）48Translationofblack1.blacktea紅茶(而不譯為黑茶)漢語中的“紅茶”譯成英語是“blacktea”，字面上意為“黑茶”，這是因為漢語針對茶水的顏色而言，故稱其為“紅”，而英語的著眼點則放在茶葉的顏色上，故稱其為“黑”。2.blackandblue青一塊紫一塊(而不是青一塊黑一塊)49Youlookbluetoday.What‘swrongwithyou?你今天看起來悶悶不樂，出了什么事？“憂郁，傷感，沮喪”

ablueMonday(倒霉的星期一)inabluemood(情緒低沉)bluemoon;onceinabluemoon“罕見之至，極不可能”"千載難逢blue50blueheisarealblueblood.（他是真正的貴族。）blue-eyedboys“受到管理當局寵愛和特別照顧的職工”bluebook（藍皮書）blue-skymarket（露天市場），blue-collarworkers（從事體力勞動的工人）51Blue:thecolorofskyWesterncountrySad(eg.gettheblues;blues—aslowsadstyleofmusicthatcamefromthesouthernUS)Obscene(mentionedabove,bluebook)Noble,highlyprivileged(e.g.blue-blooded=belongingtoaroyalornoble)Modernmeaning:freedom(fromthefilm“blue”)ChinaSinister(陰險，京劇臉譜中的藍色代表陰險）52“黃袍加身”;“黃袍”;“黃榜”;“黃門”有“崇高”、“尊嚴”和“權(quán)力”的象征意義

“黃花閨女”、“黃毛丫頭”黃色53YellowinChinese黃瓜cucumber黃鱔finlesseel黃土高原loessplateau黃蜂wasp黃花閨女a(chǎn)virgin黃道吉日luckyday黃豆soybean黃毛丫頭asillylittlegirl黃牛ox黃昏dusk54yellowYouareyellow!yellowboyTurnyellowYellowpages表示“卑鄙”、“怯懦”、“猜忌”等55Green:lightblueWesterncountryJealous(e.g.greeneyesVS.紅眼inChinese)Inexperienced(e.g.greenhand),lackinsocialexperience(e.g.賈寶玉isagreenboyinthetranslationof“thedreamofredmansion”)Unripe(不成熟）China

Dynamic(生機勃勃）Acuckoldhusband(綠帽子）56greenagreenhand(生手，易上當受騙的人)，greengoods(新鮮貨)，agreenman(新來水手)，agreenoldage(老當益壯)等等。green-eyed“嫉妒”、“眼紅”Youareexpectingtoomuchofhim.Heisstillgreen,youknow.（你對他要求過高，他還沒經(jīng)驗嘛。）greenback“美鈔”greenpower“金錢的力量”或“財團”57Yellow:thecolorofbutter,gold,etc.WesterncountryCowardly,timid(膽怯的，eg.Yellow–bellied=notbrave)OriginatefromtheoffensivewayofdescribingtheskincolorofpeoplefrompartsofAsia.China

Obscene(淫穢，色情，庸俗，eg.黃色書籍，vs.bluebookinEnglish）Royal(黃色是帝王的顏色）Failure(計劃不能實現(xiàn)，eg.這事黃了。）58browntobedonebrown被欺騙，被烤BrownBaggers學習用功的學生brownstoners貴族氣派的人59WhiteUniversalconnotations:

purityandinnocence60“White”inChinese白班dayshift白鷺egret白內(nèi)障cataract白癡idiot白開水plainboiledwater白血病leukemia白眼supercilious白手起家tostartfromscratch

61WhiteSnowWhite,whiteChristmas,awhitesoultheWhiteHouseHehaswhitehands.whitehand有“pure”(純潔)、或“unstained”(清白)之意。whitewar指沒有硝煙的戰(zhàn)爭，常指“經(jīng)濟競爭”。whiteelephant（昂貴卻派不上用場的物體或物主不需要但又無法處置之物）whitegoods表示純潔、美好、善意、合法、公平、幸福、輕輕的、政治上反動等

awhiteflag62白色“白手”“白手起家”startfromscratch;buildupfromnothing白眼thetiredlook白丁verycommonpeople表示清楚、明白、陳述、純凈、無代價的、無效的、政治上反動的等63White:thecolorofsnowWesterncountryFair,pure(inthewedding)Lucky(eg.awhiteday)ConservativeModernmeaning:equal,fromthefilm“white”ChinaUnlucky(葬禮，白事）Crafty(奸詐的，eg.白臉的曹操）Vain(eg.沒效果，白費力氣）不付出代價而享受（eg.吃白食，小白臉）64Purple:themixedcolorofredandblueWesterncountryRoyal(e.g..borntothepurple=bornintoahighsocialclass)Flashyandwithoutsubstance(華而不實的，e.g..apurplepassage)ChinaPropitious(祥瑞，e.g..紫氣沖天）65紫氣東來《關令尹內(nèi)傳》DifferentmeaningsarecontainedinthesamecolorfordifferentnationalitiesCase66Grey:themixedcolorofblackandwhiteWesterncountryExperienced(e.g.greyhand老手）Boring(e.g.agreybook)Gloomy(e.g.greyprospects)Reliable,expensive(灰色是西方消費者聯(lián)想到貴重的，質(zhì)量可靠的商品）China

alsothemeaning–gloomy,depressed(e.g.灰心喪氣，心灰意懶）Cheap,unqualified(灰色使消費者聯(lián)想到廉價貨，水貨）67Pink:paleredWesterncountryHealthy(e.g..Inthepink=ingoodshape)Mostlyreferredtofemale(e.g..Pinkjobs:女性的職業(yè)）China

RelatedwiththecolorofpeachRomantic(e.g.桃花運）68Scarlet:thebrilliantredcolorWesterncountryNotpure,withoutchastity,obscene(e.g.TheScarletLetter“紅字”isaboutadultery;scarletwoman—awomanwhohassexualrelationshipswithmanymen)Criminal(e.g.themurdererhuddledonthecrimsoncarpetinascarletpoor罪犯在深紅色的地毯上蜷成一團，像是一汪剛剛流淌出來的鮮血）ChinaThesamemeaningasred:passionate熱情，潑辣（e.g.王熙鳳總穿深紅色的衣服，以顯示其潑辣的性格）69Taboosandeuphemism

禁忌語與委婉語

Tabooreferstosomewordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,orincertaincultureforreligiousorsocialreasons.Euphemismmeanstheactofsubstitutingamild,indirect,orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive.70Talkingaboutsexualintercourseandcertainpartsofthebodyistabooinbothcultures.Eg.makeloveTohavesexwith71

Four-letterwordsarestillconsideredimproperinmostconversation,especiallyinmixedcompany.eg.Fucktits,shitJesusChristHolyMarySonofabitchbitch

Damn!Damnit!Hell!72委婉語的類別1)傳統(tǒng)委婉語

生,老,病,死性裸拉撒decease,expire,breatheone’slast,fallasleepelderly,goldenager,matureinone’sbirthdaysuit73breezer

makeanoisesmellofgunpowderdroparose(出去放屁)callofthenaturenature’scallcanIaddsomepowder?emptydumpgototh