2023年雅思閱讀真經(jīng)

INTERNALTIONALENGLISHLANGUAGETESTINGSYSTEMACADEMICREADINGTEST1TIMEALLOWED:1hourNUMBEROFQUESTIONS:40INSTRUCTIONSWRITEALLYOURANSWERSONTHEANSWERSHEETThetestisin3sections:ReadingPassage1ReadingPassage2ReadingPassage3Questions1–13Questions14–26Questions27–40Remembertoanswerallthequestions.Ifyouarehavingtroublewithaquestion,skipitandreturntoitlater.

READINGPASSAGE1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1–13whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.IMPROVINGREADINGSPEEDItissafetosaythatalmostanyonecandoublehisspeedofreadingwhilemaintainingequalorevenhighercomprehension.Inotherwords,anyonecanimprovethespeedwithwhichhegetswhathewantsfromhisreading.Theaveragecollegestudentreadsbetween250and350wordsperminuteonfictionandnon-technicalmaterials.A"good"readingspeedisaround500to700wordsperminute,butsomepeoplecanreadathousandwordsperminuteorevenfasteronthesematerials.Whatmakesthedifference?Therearethreemainfactorsinvolvedinimprovingreadingspeed:(1)thedesiretoimprove,(2)thewillingnesstotrynewtechniquesand(3)themotivationtopractice.Learningtoreadrapidlyandwellpresupposesthatyouhavethenecessaryvocabularyandcomprehensionskills.Whenyouhaveadvancedonthereadingcomprehensionmaterialstoalevelatwhichyoucanunderstandcollege-levelmaterials,youwillbereadytobeginspeedreadingpracticeinearnest.Understandingtheroleofspeedinthereadingprocessisessential.Researchhasshownacloserelationbetweenspeedandunderstanding.Forexample,incheckingprogresschartsofthousandsofindividualstakingreadingtraining,ithasbeenfoundinmostcasesthatanincreaseinratehasbeenparalleledbyanincreaseincomprehension,andthatwhereratehasgonedown,comprehensionhasalsodecreased.Mostadultsareabletoincreasetheirrateofreadingconsiderablyandratherquicklywithoutloweringcomprehension.Someofthefactswhichreducereadingrate:limitedperceptualspani.e.,word-by-wordreading;slowperceptualreactiontime,i.e.,slownessofrecognitionandresponsetothematerial;vocalization,includingtheneedtovocalizeinordertoachievecomprehension;faultyeyemovements,includinginaccuracyinplacementofthepage,inreturnsweep,inrhythmandregularityofmovement,etc.;regression,bothhabitualandasassociatedwithhabitsofconcentrationlackofpracticeinreading,duesimplytothefactthatthepersonhasreadverylittleandhaslimitedreadinginterestssothatverylittlereadingispracticedinthedailyorweeklyschedule.Sincetheseconditionsactalsotoreducecomprehensionincreasingthereadingratethrougheliminatingthemislikelytoresultinincreasedcomprehensionaswell.Thisisanentirelydifferentmatterfromsimplyspeedinguptherateofreadingwithoutreferencetotheconditionsresponsiblefortheslowrate.Infact,simplyspeedingtherateespeciallythroughforcedacceleration,mayactuallyresult,andoftendoes,inmakingtherealreadingproblemmoresevere.Inaddition,forcedaccelerationmayevendestroyconfidenceinabilitytoread.Theobvioussolution,thenistoincreaserateasapartofatotalimprovementofthewholereadingprocess.Awellplannedprogrampreparesformaximumincreaseinratebyestablishingthenecessaryconditions.Threebasicconditionsinclude:Eliminatethehabitofpronouncingwordsasyouread.Ifyousoundoutwordsinyourthroatorwhisperthem,youcanreadslightlyonlyasfastasyoucanreadaloud.Youshouldbeabletoreadmostmaterialsatleasttwoorthreetimesfastersilentlythanorally.Avoidregressing(rereading).Theaveragestudentreadingat250wordsperminuteregressesorrereadsabout20timesperpage.Rereadingwordsandphrasesisahabitwhichwillslowyourreadingspeeddowntoasnail'space.Furthermore,theslowestreaderusuallyregressesmostfrequently.Becausehereadsslowly,hismindhastimetowanderandhisrereadingreflectsbothhisinabilitytoconcentrateandhislackofconfidenceinhiscomprehensionskills.Developawidereye-span.Thiswillhelpyoureadmorethanonewordataglance.Sincewrittenmaterialislessmeaningfulifreadwordbyword,thiswillhelpyoulearntoreadbyphrasesorthoughtunits.Poorresultsareinevitableifthereaderattemptstousethesamerateindiscriminatelyforalltypesofmaterialandforallreadingpurposes.Hemustlearntoadjusthisratetohispurposeinreadingandtothedifficultyofthematerialheisreading.Thisrangesfromamaximumrateoneasy,familiar,interestingmaterialorinreadingtogatherinformationonaparticularpoint,tominimalrateonmaterialwhichisunfamiliarincontentandlanguagestructureorwhichmustbethoroughlydigested.Theeffectivereaderadjustshisrate;theineffectivereaderusesthesamerateforalltypesofmaterial.Rateadjustmentmaybeoveralladjustmenttothearticleasawhole,orinternaladjustmentwithinthearticle.Overalladjustmentestablishesthebasicrateatwhichthetotalarticleisread;internaladjustmentinvolvesthenecessaryvariationsinrateforeachvariedpartofthematerial.Asananalogy,youplantotakea100-milemountaintrip.Sincethiswillbearelativelyharddrivewithhills,curves,andamountainpass,youdecidetotakethreehoursforthetotaltrip,averagingabout35milesanhour.Thisisyouroverallrateadjustment.However,inactualdrivingyoumayslowdowntonomorethan15milesperhouronsomecurvesandhills,whilespeedingupto50milesperhourormoreonrelativelystraightandlevelsections.Thisisyourinternalrateadjustment.Thereisnosetrate,therefore,whichthegoodreaderfollowsinflexiblyinreadingaparticularselection,eventhoughhehassethimselfanoverallrateforthetotaljob.Inkeepingyourreadingattackflexible,adjustyourratesensitivityfromarticletoarticle.Itisequallyimportanttoadjustyourratewithinagivenarticle.Practicethesetechniquesuntilaflexiblereadingratebecomessecondnaturetoyou.—Adaptedfrom:.

Questions1-4ChoosetheappropriatelettersA–Dandwritetheminboxes1–4onyour1.Whichofthefollowingisnotafactorinimprovingyourreadingspeed?(A). willingtotrynewskills(B). motivationtoimprove(C). desiretopractice(D). hesitatetotrynewtechniques2.Understandingcollegelevelmaterialsisaprerequisitefor(A). learningtocomprehendrapidly.(B). havingthenecessaryvocabulary.(C). beginningspeedreading.(D). practicingcomprehensionskills.3.Formostpeople(A). adecreaseincomprehensionleadstoadecreaseinrate.(B). adecreaseinrateleadstoaincreaseincomprehension.(C). anincreaseinrateleadstoanincreaseincomprehension.(D). anincreaseinrateleadstoadecreaseincomprehension.4.Speedingupyourreadingratethroughforcedaccelerationoftenresultsin(A). reducingcomprehension.(B). increasingcomprehension.(C). increasingyourreadingproblem.(D). reducingyourreadingproblem.Questions5–9Completethetablebelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.FactorsEffectsReducesrateIncreasesrateWidereyespan(5)YES(6)Word-by-wordreadingYESSlowperceptualreaction(7)YES(8)ReturnsweepinaccuracyYES(9)ConcentrateandbeconfidentYESQuestions10-13DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?Inboxes10TRUEFALSENOTGIVENifthestatementistrueifthestatementisfalseiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassageIngatheringmaterialonatopicareadermustmaximizehisreadingrate.Thebasicrateforeachpartofthereadingmaterialinvolvesanoveralladjustment.Thesetratefora100-milemountaintripis35milesanhour.13. Agoodreaderneverestablishesasetrateforreadinganarticle.

READINGPASSAGE2Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14–26whicharebasedonReadingPassage2below.Questions14-18ReadingPassage2has9paragraphsA–IFromthelistofheadingsbelowchoosethe5mostsuitableheadingsforparagraphsB,C,E,GandH.Writetheappropriatenumbers(ⅰ–ⅹ)NBTherearemoreheadingsthanparagraphs,soyouwillnotusethemall.ListofHeadingsAwarmlaboratoryMorphologyofstonefliesGoingbackratherthangoingforwardFromwatertoairAncientandmodernWhichpathdidtheytake?AnewtheoryFromstonefliestowaspsAshortlifeInterestinginsects.ParagraphBParagraphCParagraphEParagraphGParagraphH

EvolutionofInsectFlightA.Pterosaurs,birdsandbatstooktotheairfromevolutionaryrunwaysthatscientistsbelievetheyunderstandfairlywell,butinsectsbeganflyingsomuchlongeragothatdetailsoftheirstepwiseconquestofflightremainobscure.ScientistsatPennsylvaniaStateUniversityhypothesize,however,thataB.LastFebruary,Dr.JamesH.Marden,abiologistatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity,andMelissaG.Kramer,hisstudent,beganstudyingthebehaviorandbiologyofstoneflies-theimmaturenymphsofwhicharefamiliartomanyfishermenasdelicaciesfortrout.Thenymphsbeginlifeinriverorpondwaterandthendevelopprimitivewingsenablingthemtoskimacrosswaterathighspeedwithoutactuallytakingtotheair.MardenandMs.KramerhaveconcludedthatthehumbleancestorofsuchC.ThestoneflieslivinginCanadaandthenorthernUnitedStates,whichbelongtoaprimitivespeciescalledTaeniopteryxburksi,breedandmatureincoldwaterandcometothesurfacefortheirskimmingtriptoshoreinFebruaryandMarch.Tostudythem,ascientistmustworkquickly,sincethelifespanofastoneflyisonlyabouttwoweeks.Theadultstoneflyhaswaterproofhaironitsfeet,andafterreachingthesurfaceofthewater,itsupportsitselfbycoastingonthewater'ssurfacemeniscuslayer.Tohastenitstriptotheshore,theinsectspreadsitsfourfeeblewingsandflapsvigorously,usingaerodynamicthrusttoscootacrossthewateratspeedsupto2feetpersecond.This,Mardensaid,appearstobetheonlytimeinitslifethestoneflynormallyusesitswings.D.InaseriesofexperimentsMardendescribedinareportpublishedinthecurrentissueofthejournalScience,hefoundthatalthoughstonefliesinthewild,whereambienttemperatureswererecordedasrangingbetween32degreesand53.6degreesFahrenheit,arecompletelyflightless,theirflyingabilityimproveswhentheyarewarmedupinalaboratory.Evenwhenwarm,theinsectsnevervoluntarilytakeflightfromahorizontalsurface,butiftheycrawltotheedgeofatableanddropoverthesidetheywillflyforafewyardsbeforesettlingtotheground.SeveralspecimenstestedbythePennStatescientistsactuallygainedalittlealtitudeundertheirownpowerafterbeinglaunchedbyhand,butnoneremainedintheairformorethanaE.Stonefliesareinteresting,Mardensaidinaninterview,becausesolittleisknownofthespecificchangesinsectsunderwentintheremotepastastheygainedtheabilitytofly.Thestonefly'sfalteringeffortstouseitswingsmayapproximateatransitionalstageofevolutionthatoccurredsome350millionyearsago,whenswimminginsectsfirstbecamefliers.F.Thestudyofinsectevolutionishamperedbyagiganticgapinthefossilrecord.AlthoughfossilsofearlynonflyinginsectshavebeenfoundinsedimentsdatingfromtheDevonianperiodnearly400millionyearsago,noinsectfossilshaveturnedupfromthefollowing75-million-yearperiod.Mardensaidthatfossilinsectsreappearinstrata325millionyearsold,butbythentheyhadevolvedgreatly,andtheirincreaseddiversitysuggeststhatatleastsomespecieshadleftthewatertocolonizeland.Manyofthefossilsofthatperiodlooklikepresent-dayinsects,includinggrasshoppers.G.Stoneflieslacksomefeaturesthatareimportantfortruefliers,Theyhaverelativelyweakwingmuscles,andtheirthoraciccuticleplatesarenotfusedtogethertocreatearigidexternalskeleton.Rigidityisneededtoprovidestrong,inflexibleattachmentpointsforaninsect'swingmusclesifitistobecapableofpoweredflight-amuchmoredemandingactivitythanskimmingorgliding.Ifthestoneflyissimilartothefirstprotofliers,thiswouldargueagainstawidelyheldhypothesisthatanimalflightbeginswithgliding,fromwhichpoweredflighteventuallydevelops.Stonefliesneverglide,eventhoughtheyareonthevergeofflying.H.Althoughthestoneflymayhaveevolvedtoitspresentforminaprogressivedirectionfromprimitiveswimminginsects,itispossible,Mardenbelieves,thatitsevolutionwasdigressive-thatitsancestorsweretruefliersthatevolvedintononflyingskimmers.Skimmingrequiresmuchlessenergythantrueflight,asdemonstratedbyanewfamilyofskimming"wing-in-ground-effect"flightlessaircraftdevelopedduringthelastdecadeinRussia,ChinaandGermany.Theseaircraftneverrisemorethanafewfeetabovethegroundorwater,buttheirstubbywingssupportthemonanaircushionthateliminatesthedragofsurfacefriction.I."Stonefliesseemtohavefoundanecologicalnicheinanycase,"Mardensaid.Whethertheevolutionarypathwayofthestoneflywasprogressiveordigressivemakeslittledifferencetotheinsect,hesaid,buttoanentomologist,thedirectionisimportant."Bymappingbehavioralcharactersandmorphology1ofstoneflies,wehopeeventuallytoinferthedirectionbywhichevolutioncarriedthemtotheirpresentstageofdevelopment,"Mardensaid.Glossary1morphologyThebranchofbiologythatdealswiththeformandstructureoforganisms

Questions19–22UsingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassage,answerthefollowingquestions.19.Howlongagodidstonefliesfirstusetheirwings?20.Howwideisthefossilgap?Whereistheonlyplacethatstonefliesactuallyfly?22. Whattimeoftheyeardostonefliesusetheirwings?Questions23–26Completethesummarybelow.Chooseyouranswersfromthelistbelowthesummary.NBTherearemorewordsthanspaces,soyouwillnotusethemall.Stoneflieshave……(23)……wingmusclesanda……(24)………externalskeletonsothattheycannotbetruefliers.Astheycan’tflyor……(25)……theyskim.Lessenergyisneededforskimmingandsostoneflieshavefoundtheir……(26)…...inlife.ListofWordsnewfamilyrigidstrongattachmentpointsvergeofflyingglideweakecologicalnichecuticleanaircushionflexiblepoweredflighttakeoff

READINGPASSAGE3Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27–40whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.MaternalEducationandChildMortalityA.Manystudieshavebeencarriedoutwhichrecognizeeducation(especiallythatofmothers)asaneffectivewayofimprovingchildren'shealthandreducingchildmortality.CaldwellreferstotheresultsoftwosurveysthatwerecarriedoutinNigeriatoarriveattheconclusionthat"Maternaleducationisthesinglemostsignificantdeterminantofchildmortality."However,maternaleducationisanintertwinedfactor,andhencemayaccountforothervariablesthatrepresentsocio-economicconditionsaswell.B.Althoughtherelationshipbetweenmaternaleducationandchildren'shealthisnolongeranissuetobedebated,therestillexistsadearthofresearchinformationonthemechanismsthroughwhichmaternaleducationworkstoimprovechildren'shealth.Afewofthepossiblemechanismsthathavebeenfocusedsofararepointedoutbelow:Educationmakesawomanconsciousaboutthewellbeingofherselfandherfamily.Itgivesthebasicideasaboutthepathtowellbeingandalsoequipsandencouragestoincreaseherknowledgeonhealthyliving;Educationhelpstoformtheattitudetopractice"mannersofhygiene";Educationequipsmotherswiththeknowledgeofscientificcausesofdiseaseandproperhealthbehaviourandillnessbehaviourforpreventiveandcurativemeasures;Educationencouragesmotherstoadoptproperfeedingpractices;Educationmakesthemothersmorewillingtousehealthcareserviceswhennecessary,andpreparingthemforovercomingthebarriersindoingso.Doctorsandnursesaremorelikelytolistentoher,asshecandemandtheirattention,whereastheilliteratemightbecompletelyrebuffed;Educationallowsgreaterexposuretothemassmedia,whichcankeepmothersbetterinformedaboutthehealthissues;Educationempowersmotherstomakeandimplementproperandtimelydecisionsregardingtheirchildren'shealth;Thus,wefindmaternaleducationasagatewaytowarddiversifiedaspectsofmodernlifethatsignificantlyaffectchildren'smorbidityandmortality.C.Adebatehasarisenonthelinkbetweenmaternaleducationandchildren'shealthconcernsrelativeeffectivenessofgeneraleducation(acquiredthroughformalschooling)andhealtheducation.Whiletheformerenablesamothertobecomeliterateandhencegainaccesstotheunderstandingofwrittenmaterial,thelatteronlyprovidesherwithinformationoncertainhealthissues.However,educatingthroughgeneraleducationistimeconsuming,andtogetpositiveresultsfortheimprovementofthehealthoftheilliteratemasses,withinashorttime,healtheducationmightbeabetterchoice.D.Althoughhealtheducationassuchmightbeeffectivefortheilliterate,healtheducationcannotbeasubstituteforgeneraleducationtoensuresurvivalandhealthofthechildren.Rather,morelessonsontopicsnecessarytoknowinordertomaintainahealthylifeshouldbeincludedinthetextbooks(suchasthegermtheoryofdisease,symptomsofdiseasesthepresenceofwhichshouldbeconsultedwithadoctor,knowledgeinfirstaidetc.).Generaleducationequipsapersonwithliteracy--whichgivesheraccesstobooksandtothemassmedia,whichkeepsheruptodateregardingnewinformationonhealthaffairs.However,itwouldcertainlybeverybeneficialtoarrangeannualorbi-annualhealtheducationprogramstoreviewthemajorhealthissues(andtheissueofpregnancyandchildcarewhichisdifficultforprimaryschoolchildrentograsp).E.Atthispointanotherquestionmayberaised:Howmanyyearsofschoolingisrequiredforeducationtohaveasubstantialamountofeffectonchildren'ssurvival/health?AccordingtoastudybyMahalanabisetal.,inBangladesh,schoolingofsevenyearsormoreofthemothersreduced55%riskofachild'sbeingattackedbyaseverediseaseresultingfromdiarrhea,butlessernumberofschoolingcouldnotprovideappreciableprotection.MajumderandIslam'sstudyinBangladeshshowsthatchildsurvivalindexmovesupfrom.764to.811withtheincreaseofeducationfromnoschoolingto5yearsofschooling(PrimarylevelinBangladesh).Buttheincreaseofindexforthedifferencebetweenprimaryleveltosecondarylevelorhigher(atleasttenyearsofschooling)isevengreater,movingupfrom.811to.882.Thus,thedifferencebetweenchildsurvivalindexrisesfrom.764to.882withthedifferenceofnoschoolingtotenormoreyearsofschooling.Lindenbaum'shasmentionedacaseofKhurshida,toshowhowawomanhavingsevenyearsofschoolingwasabletoensurepropertreatmentforhersickchild,afterovercomingthedifferentsortsofbarriers,whichcameinherway.F.Maternaleducation,onitsownisnotsufficienttoensuresurvivalofchildren.However,allothereffortsinabsenceofmaternaleducationcannotbefullyeffectiveeither.Hence,weshouldlookforwaysinwhichmaternaleducationcanbethemosteffectivetoensurechildren'shealthtodeterminetheappropriatepolicytobeobtained.Fromthediscussionofthestudiesabove,thefollowingcanbesuggested:Atleastsevenyearsofschoolingshouldbemadecompulsoryforgirls.Allbasichealthissues(whichmightdifferfromsocietytosociety)shouldbecoveredinthetextbooksandcurriculaoflowergradesinschoolandbetaughtproperly,sothatevenincasesofdropouts,thechildrenwillhavesufficienthealtheducationtoleadahealthywayoflife,forthemselvesandtheirfamilyandcommunity.Asitisdifficultforschoolchildrenaged12orbelowtounderstandthehealthissuesrelatedtopregnancy,childbirthandchildcare,arrangementsforhealtheducation(annual/bi-annual)concernedwiththeseandotherbasichealthissuesmustbemade.Motherandchildhealthcareprogramsmustfunctionproperlytobebeneficialforthepublic.Thehealthcarecentersmustbesituatedatsuitabledistance,andconvenientopeninghours,friendlybehaviourofthestaffandsupplyofsufficientfacilitiesandmedicinesmustbeensured.G.Thus,itcanbesaidthatinordertoensurechildren'ssurvival,thegovernmentsofthirdworldcountries,worldorganizations,donorcountriesandNon-GovernmentOrganizations,musttakeinitiativestoensureliteracyandsufficienthealth-knowledgeforthemothersandalsoprovideappropriateconditionsandenvironmentforthemtoapplythatknowledge.Thisindeedisagreattask.Butthishastobeensuredtoensurethesurvivalofchildren.—Adaptedfrom:.org

Questions27–31ReadingPassage3has7paragraphsA-G.Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?27. Aliteratepersonhasaccesstobooksandthemassm