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六級閱讀講主講人歡迎使講義并非老師授課的逐字稿，難免有錯漏，不符，請以課程講解為主，有任何疑問可以到知識堂進行提問六級閱讀講TheStreet-LevelWhenIwasgrowingup,oneofmyfather’sfavoritesayings(borrowedfromthehumoristWillRogers)was:“Itisn’twhatwedon’tknowthatcausesthetrouble:it’swhatwethinkweknowthatjustain’tso.”O(jiān)neofthemaininsightstobetakenfromthe100,000Homesnanditsstrategytoendchronichomelessnessisthat,untilrecently,oursocietythoughtitunderstoodthenatureofhomelessness,butitdidn’t.Thatledtoaseriesofmistakenassumptionsaboutwhypeople ehomelessandwhattheyneed.Manyoftheerrorsinourhomelessnesspolicieshavestemmedfromtheconceptionthatthehomelessareahomogeneousgroup.It’sonlyinthepast15yearsthatorganizationslikeCommonGround,andother,havetakenastreet-levelviewoftheproblem—distinguishingthe“episodicallyhomeless”fromthe“chronicallyhomeless”inordertounderstandtheirneedsanindividuallevel.Thisiswhywecannowenvisageadifferentapproach—andgetbetterresults.Mostreadersexpressedsupportfortheeffort,althoughanumberwereskeptical,andafewutterlydismissive,aboutthechancesoflong-termhomelesspeopleadaptingwelltohousing.Thisistobeexpected;it’shardtoimaginewhatwehaven’tyetseen.oneofthemajorobstaclesinanyefforttoadvancesystemicchangeisthe“incredulityofmen,”whichistosaythatpeople“donotreadilybelieveinnewthingsuntiltheyhavehadalongexperienceofthem.”Mostofushavewitnessedhomelesspeopleonthestreetsfordecades.Fewhaveseenformerlyhomelesspeopleaftertheyhavebeenhousedsuccessfully.Wedon’thavereferencepointsforthatstory.Sowegeneralizefromwhatweknow—orthinkweknow.Butthatcanbemisleading,eventoexperts.WhenIaskedRosanneHaggerty,founderofCommonGround,whichcurrentlyoperates2,310unitsofsupportivehousing(with552moreunderconstruction),whathadbeenherbiggestsurpriseinthiswork,shereplied:“Fifteenyearsago,Iwouldnothavebelievedthatpeoplewhohadbeensobrokenandstuckinhomelessnesscouldthrivetothedegreethattheydoinoutbuildings.”AndBeckyKanis,then’sdirector,commented:“Thereisthissenseinoutmindsthatsomeonewho’sonthestreetsisalmostintheirDNAdifferentfromsomeonewhohasahouse.Theniscreatingafirsthandexperienceformanypeoplethatthatisreallynotthecase.”O(jiān)neofthestartlingrealizationsthatIhadwhileresearchingthiscolumnisthatanybody elikeahomeless —allittakesisatraumaticbraininjury.Abicyclefallacaraccident,aslipontheice,orifyou’reasoldier,aheadwound—andyourlifecould unrecognizable.JamesO’Connell,adoctorwhohasbeentreatingthemostvulnerablehomelesspeopleonthestreetsofBostonfor25years,estimatesthat40percentofthelong-termhomelesspeoplehe’smethadsuchabraininjury.“Formayitwasaheadinjurypriortothetimetheybecamehomeless,”hesaid.“Theybecameunpredictable.They’dhavemoodswings,fitsofexplosivebehavior.Theycouldn’tholdontotheirjobs.Drinkingmadethemfeelbetter.They’dendupontheOncehomelesspeoplereturntohousing,they’reinamuchbetterpositiontorebuildtheirlives.Butit’simportanttonotethathousingaloneisnotenough.Aswithmanycomplexsocialproblems,whenyougetthroughtheinitialcrisis,youhaveanotherproblemtosolvewhichisnolesschallenging.Butitisabetterproblem.Overthepastdecade,O’Connellhasseenthishappen.“Ispendhalfmytimeonthestreetsorinthehospitalandtheotherhalfmakinghousecallstopeoplewholivedforyearsonthestreets,”hesaid.“Sofromadoctor’spointofviewit’sadelightfulswitch,butit’snotasifputtingsomeoneinhousingistheanswertoaddressingalloftheirproblems.It’sthefirststep.”O(jiān)nceinhousing,formerlyhomelesspeoplecan eisolatedandlonely.Ifthey’velivedonthestreetsforyears,theymayhaveacquiredacertainstandingaswellasasenseofprideintheirsurvivalskills.Nowindoors,thoseaspectsoftheiridentitymaybestrippedaway.Manyalsoexperienceaprofounddisorientationattheoutset.“Ifyou'rehomelessformorethansixmonths,youkindofloseyourbearings,”saysHaggerty."Existence esnotabout homelessnessbutaboutfindingfood,begging,lookingforajobtosurviveanotherday.Thewholeprocessofhowyoudefinestabilitygetsreordered.”Manyneedregular,ifnotcontinuous,supportwithmentalhealthproblems,addictionsandillnesses-and,equallyimportant,assistanceintheday-to-daychallengesoflife,reacquaintingwithfamily,buildingrelationshipswithneighbors,findingenjoyableactivitiesorwork,managingfinances,andlearninghowtoeathealthyfood.Forsomepeople,thebestsolutionistoliveinacommunal（集體）residencewithspecialservices.Thisisn’tavailableeverywhere,however.InBoston,forexample-homelesspeopletendtobescatteredinapartmentsthroughoutthecity.CommonGround'slargeresidencesinNewYorkofferinsightintothepossibilitiesforchangewhenhomelesspeoplehavearicharrayofsupports.Inadditiontomoretraditionalsocialservices,residentsalsomakeuseofcommunalgardens,classesinthingslikecooking,yoga,theatreandphotography,andjobplacement.Lastyear,188formerlyhomelesstenantsinfourofCommonGround'sresidences,foundjobs.Becausethepropertieshavemanyservicesandarewell-managed.Haggertyhasfoundposthousingproblemstobesurprisinglyrare.Inthepast10years,therehavebeenonlyahandfulofincidentsofquarrelsbetweentenants.Thereisverylittlegraffiti（涂鴉）orvandalism（破壞）.Andtheturnoverisalmostnegligible.InthePrinceGeorgeHoinNewYork,whichishometo208formerlyhomelesspeopleand208 etenants,theaveragelengthoftenancyisclosetosevenyears.(Allresidentspay30percentoftheir eforrent;fortheformerlyhomeless,thiscomesoutoftheirernmentbenefits.)Whenpeoplemoveon,itisusuallybecausethey’vefoundapreferableapartment.“Tenantsalsowanttoparticipateinshathepublicareasofthebuildings,”saidHaggerty.“Theyformedagardeningcommittee.Theywantaterraceontheroof.ThosearethingsIdidn'tcounton.”Themostcommontenantdemand?“Peoplealwayswantmorestoragespace-butthat'strueofeveryNewYorker,”sheadds.“Inmanyways,we'realotlikeanormalapartmentbuilding.Ourtenantslooklikeanyoneelse.”AsImentioned,homelessnessisacatch-allforavarietyofproblems.Anumberofreadersaskedwhetherthenwilladdressfamilyhomelessness,whichhasdifferentcausesandrequiresadifferentsolution.I'vebeenfollowingsomeofthepromisingideasemergingtoaddressandpreventfamilyhomelessness.Latein2011,I'llexploretheseideasinacolumn.Fornow,I'llconcludewithanupdateonthe100000Homesn.SinceTuesday,NewOrleansandafewothercommunitieshavereportednewresults.ThecurrentcountofpeoplehousedisTenantsinCommonGround’sresidencesallwantmoreroomforHomesnprovidesfirst-handproofthatthehomelessarenotwhattheywereoncebelievedtobe.CommonGround'sresidencesarewell-managedandbyandlargeHousingthehomelessisonlythefirststeptosolvingalltheirAlargepercentofthechronicallyhomelesshavesufferedfrombrainAfterbeinghousedmanyhomelesspeople econfusedatfirstastohowtodealwithlifeoffthestreet.SomepeoplethinkthebestwaytohelpthehomelessistoprovidethemwithcommunalThehomelesswithhealthproblemsshouldbegivenregularsupportintheirdailyUntilrecentlyAmericansocietyhasfailedtoseewhathomelessnessisallManyformerlyhomelesstenantsinNewYork'sCommonGround'sresidencesgotMeaningIsHealthierThanForatleastthelastdecade,thehappinesscrazehasbeenbuilding.Inthelastthreemonthsalone,over1,000booksonhappinesswerereleasedonAmazon,includingHappyMoney,Happy-People-PillsForAll,and,forthosejuststartingout,HappinessforBeginners.Oneoftheconsistentclaimsofbooksliketheseisthathappinessisassociatedwithallsortsofgoodlife es,including—mostpromisingly—goodhealth.Manystudieshavenotedtheconnectionbetweenahappymindandahealthybody—thehappierweare,thebetterhealthesweseemtohave.Inanoverviewof150studiesonthistopic,researchersputitlikethis:"Inductionsofwell-beingleadtohealthyfunctioning,andinductionsofill-beingleadcompromisedButanewstudy,justpublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences(PNAS)challengestherosypicture.Happinessmaynotbeasgoodforthebodyasresearchersthought.Itmightevenbebad.Ofcourse,it'simportanttofirstdefinehappiness.Afewmonthsago,Iwroteapiececalled"There'sMoretoLifeThanBeingHappy"aboutapsychologystudythatdugintowhathappinessreallymeanstopeople.ItspecificallyexploredthedifferencebetweenameaningfullifeandahappyItseemsstrangethattherewouldbeadifferenceatall.Buttheresearchers,wholookedatalargesampleofpeopleoveramonth-longperiod,foundthathappinessisassociatedwithselfish"taking"behaviorandthathavingasenseofmeaninginlifeisassociatedwithselfless"giving""Happinesswithoutmeaningcharacterizesarelativelyshallow,self-absorbedorevenselfishlife,inwhichthingsgowell,needsanddesiresareeasilysatisfied,andcomplicatedrelationshipsareavoided,"theauthorsofthestudywrote."Ifanything,purehappinessislinkedtonothelothersinneed."Whilebeinghappyisaboutfeelinggood,meaningisderivedfromcontributingtoothersortosocietyinabiggerway.AsRoyBaumeister,oneoftheresearchers,toldme,"Partlywhatwedoashumanbeingsistotakecareofothersandcontributetoothers.Thismakeslifemeaningfulbutitdoesnotnecessarilymakeushappy."ThenewPNASstudyalsoshedslightonthedifferencebetweenmeaningandhappiness,butonthebiologicallevel.BarbaraFredrickson,apsychologicalresearcherattheUniversityofNorthCarolina-ChapelHill,andSteveCole,ageneticsandpsychiatry(學)researcheratUCLA,examinedtheself-reportedlevelsofhappinessandmeaningin80researchsubjects.Happinesswasdefined,asintheearlierstudy,byfeelinggood.Theresearchersmeasuredhappinessbyaskingsubjectsquestionslike"Howoftendidyoufeelhappy?","Howoftendidyoufeelinterestedinlife?"and"Howoftendidyoufeelsatisfied?"Themorestronglypeopleendorsedthesemeasuresof"hedonic(的)well-being,"orpleasure,thehighertheyscoredonhappiness.Meaningwasdefinedasanorientationtosomethingbiggerthantheself.Theymeasuredmeaningbyaskingquestionslike"Howoftendidyoufeelthatyourlifehasasenseofdirectionormeaningtoit?"and"Howoftendidyoufeelthatyouhadsomethingtocontributetosociety?"Themorepeopleendorsedthesemeasuresof"eudaimonic(論的)well-being"—or,simplyvirtue—themoremeaningtheyfeltinAfternotingthesenseofmeaningandhappinessthateachsubjecthad,FredricksonandCole,withtheirresearchcolleagues,lookedatthewayscertaingenesexpressedthemselvesineachoftheparticipants.LikeneuroscieritistswhouseFMRI(功能磁成像)scanningtodeterminehowregionsinthebrainrespondtodifferentstimuli,ColeandFredricksonareinterestedinhowthebody,atthegeneticlevel,respondstofeelingsofhappinessandmeaning.Cole'spastworkhaslinkedvariouskindsofchronicadversitytoaparticulargeneexpressionpattern.Whenpeoplefeellonely,aregrievingthelossofalovedone,orarestrugglingtomakeendsmeet,theirbodiesgointothreatmode.Thistriggerstheactivationofastress-relatedgenepatternthathastwofeaturesanincreaseintheactivityofpro-inflammatory促炎癥的genesandadecreaseintheactivityofgenesinvolvedinanti-viralresponses.ColeandFredricksonfoundthatpeoplewhoarehappybuthavelittletonosenseofmeaningintheirliveshavethesamegeneexpressionpatternsaspeoplewhoarerespondingtoandenduringchronicadversity.Thatis,thebodiesofthesehappypeoplearepreparingthemforbacterialthreatsbyactivatingthepro-inflammatoryresponse.Chronicinflammationis,ofcourse,associatedwithmajorillnesseslikeheartdiseaseandvariouscancers."Emptypositiveemotions"—likethekindpeopleexperienceduringmanic(狂喜的episodesorartificiallyinducedeuphoria(欣快)fromalcoholanddrugs—"areaboutasgoodforyouasadversity,"saysFredrickson. [N]It’simportanttounderstandthatformanypeople,asenseofmeaningandhappinessinlifeoverlap;manypeoplescorejointlyhigh(orjointlylow)onthehappinessandmeaningmeasuresinthestudy.Butformanyothers,thereisadissonance-theyfeelthattheyarelowonhappinessandhighonmeaningorthattheirlivesareveryhighinhappiness,butlowinmeaning.Thislastgroup,whichhasthegeneexpressionpatternassociatedwithadversity,formedawhop75percentofstudyparticipants.Onlyonequarterofthestudyparticipantshadwhattheresearcherscall“eudaimonicpredominance”-thatis,theirsenseofmeaningoutpacedtheirfeelingsofhappiness.Thisistoobadgiventhemorebeneficialgeneexpressionpatternassociatedwithmeaningfulness.Peoplewhoselevelsofhappinessandmeaninglineup,andpeoplewhohaveastrongsenseofmeaningbutarenotnecessarilyhappy,showedade-activationoftheadversitystressresponse.Theirbodieswerenotpreparingthemforthebacterialinfectionsthatwegetwhenwearealoneorintrouble,butfortheviralinfectionswegetwhensurroundedbyalotofotherpeople.Fredrickson'spastresearch,describedinhertwobooks,PositivityandLove2.0,hasmappedthebenefitsofpositiveemotionsinindividuals.Shehasfoundthatpositiveemotionsbroadena 'sandhelpprotectpeopleagainstadversity.Soitwassurprisingtoherthathedonicwell-being,whichisassociatedwithpositiveemotionsandpleasure,didsobadlyinthisstudycomparedwitheudemonicwell-being."It'snottheamountofhedonichappinessthat'saproblem."Fredricksonlsme,"It'sthatit'snotmatchedbyeudemonicwell-being.It'sgreatwhenbothareinstep.Butifyouhavemorehedonicwell-beingtha