某大學(xué)建筑給排水全套畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)

本科畢業(yè)論文外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文文獻(xiàn)、資料題目：TheFireSafetyDesignOfApartmentBuilding文獻(xiàn)、資料來源：JournalofAsianArchitecteandAuildingEngineering文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期：2006.08院（部）：市政與環(huán)境工程學(xué)院專業(yè)：給水排水工程班級：姓名：學(xué)號(hào)：指導(dǎo)教師：翻譯日期：2008、06外文文獻(xiàn)：THEFIRESAFETYDESIGNOFAPARTMENTBUILDINGSInmostfireengineeredbuildings,interventionofthefirebrigadeisnotusuallyconsidered.Thefirebrigadeprovidesthelastlineofattackonafire,andusuallythelastopportunitytofindandrescueoccupants.Theinterventionofthefirebrigadeishighlydependentonthemreceivinganalarmornotificationofafire.Theroleofthefirebrigadeisimportantinanapartmentfireastheycan:Fight,suppressandextinguishthefirePerformsearchandrescueoperationsExternallyrescueoccupantsControlevacuationviatheEWISsystemorliftsPerformfirstaidReassureoccupantsForthefirebrigadetoperformtheirjobsproperlytheyrequire:AdequatesiteaccessAdequatewatersuppliesSuitablylocatedfiresystemcontrolcentresandindicatorpanelsControlsforliftsProtectionfromstructuralfailureforanappropriatelengthoftimeTheAustralianandNewZealandbuildingcodesandstandardsprovidedesigncriteriafortheaboverequirements.Successfulfirebrigadeinterventioncanbeachievedwithpre-planning,earlyalarm,rapidresponseandtheprovisionofsufficientlabourandequipmenttodealwiththehazard(Becketal,1992).Thetimeforthefirebrigadetoarriveandextinguishthefireisinfluencedbythefollowingcomponents:Timetodetectionoffire.Eitherbyautomaticsystemsorpeople(Buchanan,1996).Timetonotificationoffirebrigade(Buchanan,1996).Firebrigadetraveltime(Buchanan,1996).Accessandsearchtimeforallfloors(Buchanan,1996).FirebrigadesetuptimeFireattacktime(Buchanan,1996).TheFireEngineeringGuidelines(FCRC,1996)containsa“FireBrigadeCommunicationandResponse”modelwhichprovidesguidanceonassessingtheresponseofthefirebrigade.Thefollowingfirebrigadetimesare95thpercentiletimestakenfromtheFEG(FCRC,1996).Time(miinutess)EnvironmmentArrivalSetupCity1020Country2015Inanon-evacuationstrategy,thefirebrigademaybereliedupontosuppressandextinguishthefire.Thereforenotificationandarrivaltimesarecrucial.Thearrivalofthefirebrigademayalsobecrucialinanemergencystrategywheretheyarerequiredtocommunicatewiththeoccupantsorassisttheevacuation.Ifcommunicationwithoccupantsisvitaltotheemergencystrategy,appropriatelytrainedwardensshouldtakechargepriortothearrivalofthefirebrigade.TheinterventionofthefirebrigadeneedstobenegotiatedwiththeapprovalauthorityorAuthorityHavingJurisdiction(AHJ)andfirebrigade.Thetimesforinterventionneedtobeagreeduponbyallrelevantstakeholders.Theactivitiesofthefirebrigadecanbeaidedthroughsensibledesignsandarchitecture.Forexample,locationofhydrants,hosereelsandfireindicatorpanelsshouldbedesignedsuchthattheyassisttheoperationsofthefirebrigade.Someoftheproblemsfacedbythefirebrigadeduringafireare:fightingthefirewhilstassistingtheevacuation,accesstothefirefloorbeingrestrictedwithevacuatingoccupantsandreducedeffectivenessduetofatigueafterclimbingstairs.8BUILDINGANDEGRESSCHARACTERISTICSThebuildingandegresscharacteristicsaretwoofthemostinfluentialvariablesontheevacuationstrategyandfiresafetymeasuresprovidedinabuilding.Theprimarybuildingandegresscharacteristicsthatinfluencethefiresafetydesignare:BuildingheightNumberofexitsExitwidthsEgressdistanceBuildingconstructionandpassiveprotectionRefugefloorsand/orrefugeareasLiftsBuildingHeightInAustraliaandNewZealandthebuildingheightismajordeterminantofthefiresafetysystems.Whenbuildingsaregreaterthan25mineffectiveheight,thereisasignificantincreaseintheprescriptiverequirementsspecifiedbytheBuildingCodeofAustralia.The25mbuildingheightlimitispartlybasedonthelimitsofladderaccess,andtheabilityofthefirebrigadetorescueoccupantsandfightthefireexternally.InAustralianbuildingsgreaterthan25m,theprescriptiverequirementsrequirethebuildingstobesprinklerprotectedandtohavepressurisedescapepaths.Thefiresafetymatrixpresentedinthisreportconsidersthreebuildingheights,withtheheightlimitsbeingbasedontheBCAandtheAcceptableSolutionstotheNZBC.Itshouldbenotedthattheguidelinespresentedinthematrixdonotstrictlyapplytotheselimits,anditistheresponsibilityofthefireengineerandapprovalauthoritytodetermineifanadequatelevelofsafetyhasbeenachieved.Thebuildingheightlimitsthathavebeenconsideredare:Buildingslessthan3storeys.Thesebuildingsarecharacterisedbyunprotectedescapepathsandtraveldistancesgenerallymeetingcoderequirements.Thebuildingshaveshorttraveldistancesandexternalrescueisgenerallypossible.Buildingsgreaterthan3storeys,lessthan25mhigh.Thesebuildingsarecharacterisedbyhavingprotectedstairs,liftsandexternalrescuebeingpossibleBuildingsgreaterthan25mhigh.Thesebuildingsarecharacterisedbyhavingprotectedstairs,lifts,relativelylongtraveldistancesandlimitedexternalrescueoptions.NumberofExits,ExitWidthandEgressDistanceTheBuildingCodeofAustraliaandtheAcceptableSolutionstotheNZBCcomprehensivelycoverthenumberofexits,minimumexitwidthsandmaximumegressdistancesforapartmentbuildings.Iftheegresscharacteristicsofabuildingarenotfireengineeredfromfirstprinciples,thenitisrecommendedthatthecoderequirementsbeusedasdefaultvalues.ThefollowingisasummaryoftheBuildingCodeofAustralia(ABCB,1996)andtheAcceptableSolutionstotheNZBC(BIA,1991)requirements.ThesummaryappliestoClass2buildings(BCA)andSRPurposeGroupbuildings(AcceptableSolutionstoNZBC).8.2.1AcceptableSolutionstoNZBCPrescriptiveegressrequirementsforSRpurposegroups.MinimumnumbeerofescapperouutesUpto1000bedds2Over1000bedss2plus1fforevvery1100beeds,oorparrtthereofover100.MinimumwidthhHorizonttaltrravelVerticalltravvelBasedonnactiivity850mm1000mmBasedonnoccuupantload7mm/perrson9mm/perrsonDeadenddopennpathhTotaloppenpaathProtecteedpatth24m60m60mTheAcceptableSolutionstotheNZBCmaximumegressdistancesareforSRpurposegroups.Theopenpathdistanceiscalculatedfromthefurthermostpointinsidetheapartment.Openpathlengthsandhorizontalsafepathlengthscanbeincreasedby:15%whereheatdetectorsareinstalled50%wheresprinklersareinstalled100%wheresmokedetectorsareinstalled100%wheretheoccupantdensitydoesnotexceed0.05people/m2BuildingCodeofAustraliaTheclausesforthenumberofexits,exit-traveldistancesandthedimensionsofexitpaths,extractedfromtheBCA,arelocatedinAppendixB.Insummary:Allbuildingsrequireatleastoneexit.Buildingsover25mhighrequiretwoexits.Themaximumallowableexittraveldistancemaygovernthenumberofexits.Themaximumtraveldistancefromasole-occupancyunitis6m,toapointwheretravelindifferentdirectionstotwoexitsisavailable.Themaximumdistancebetweenalternativeexitsis45m.Theminimumwidthofanexitis1.0mor1.8minapassageway.Theminimumwidthoftheexitincreaseswhenoccupantnumbersareinexcessof100onastorey.BuildingConstructionandPassiveProtectionAllapartmentbuildingswillhaveafireresistanceratingforbuildingstructureandfirebarriers.ThisfireresistancecaneitherbedeterminedfromtherelevantBuildingCodeorthroughafireengineeringanalysis.Passiveprotectionisoneofthemostimportantelementsinthepreventionoffirespreadandlimitingfiresize.Bybreakingupthebuildingintoverticalandhorizontalcompartments,thefuelisbrokendownintosmallerunitsthatwillreducethepotentialfiresize.Passiveprotectionisalsoessentialinpreventingandlimitingsmokespreadthroughthebuilding.Inthecontextofthisreport,themainobjectiveforpassiveprotectionistolimitthefireandsmoketotheapartmentoffireoriginoratleasttheflooroffireorigin.Thiswillreducethethreattootheroccupantsinthebuilding,andprovideenoughtimeforthemescape,orforthefirebrigadetosuppressthefire.Thecompartmentandstructuralfireresistanceratingofanapartmentcanbedeterminedfromthetimeequivalenceformula.Byusingthismethod,anapartmentshouldbedesignedtocontainafireuntilcompleteburnout.Thisshouldthereforeensurethefiredoesnotspreadbeyondtheapartmentoforigin.Fireseparationandcompartmentationreliesondoors,walls,floors,ceilings,glazing,smokedampersandconstructionunits(Bukowskietal,1999).Foreffectivepassiveprotectionthesefactorsneedtobeinspected,testedandmaintainedregularly.Itisrecommendedthatselfclosersbeusedondoorsthatopenintocommonareas,topreventfireandsmokespreadfromapartmentstocommonareasorescapepaths.Thereisverylittleliteratureonthereliabilityofpassiveprotection(Bukowskietal,1999).Asurveyofexpertshasestimatedthereliabilityofpassiveprotectiontobe95%forconstructionwithnoopenings,and90%forconstructionwithopeningsandwithself-closers(FCRC,1996).Similarly,aDelphigroupstudyintheUKestimatedthereliabilityofmasonryandgypsumconstructiontohaveareliabilityof81%and69%respectively(Bukowskietal,1999).Thefiresafetymatrixmakesadistinctionbetweenlowandhighpassiveprotection.Thisdistinctionisusedtodemonstratedifferentrelativelevelsofsafetybetweenanoccupantinanadjacentapartmentandonewhoisinacorridor.Ifanoccupantisinacorridor,ataminimum,theywillhaveonewallandonedoor(assumingitisclosedorhasaself-closer)separatingthemfromthefire.Iftheoccupantremainsintheirroomtheywillhavetwowallsandtwodoors(assumingitisclosedorhasaself-closer)separatingthemfromthefireandhenceahigherlevelofprotection.Thedoorfromtheapartmentoffireorigindoorcouldbeeitheropenorclosed,whichincreasestherisktooccupantsinthecorridorandhencethetermlowprotectionisused.StairRequirementsInanemergency,theprimarymeansofegressinmulti-storeyoccupanciesarestairs.Differentbuildingcodeshavedifferentrequirementsforthenumberofstairsandthewidthofstairs(ReferSection8.2andAppendixB).TheBuildingCodeofAustralia(ABCB,1996)requiresapartmentbuildings(Class3)tohaveatleastoneexitfromeverystoreyandtwoexitswherethebuildingexceeds25m.However,themaximumtraveldistancesfromthedoorofanapartmentpermittedbytheprescriptiverequirementsare:6mtoanexit,orapointfromwhichtravelindifferentdirectionstotwoexitsisavailable,or20mfromasingleexitservingthestoreyatthelevelofegresstoaroadoropenspace.Therefore,eventhoughtwoexitsarerequiredinapartmentbuildingsgreaterthan25mhigh,inmanycasestomeettraveldistancesspecifiedbytheBCA,twostairswillbenecessary.Theminimumnumberofexits,intheAcceptableSolutionstotheNZBC(BIA,1991),arebasedonthenumberofbeds(ietheoccupantload)intheapartmentbuilding.Forapartmentswithlessthan100bedstwoexitsarerequired.Forapartmentswithover100bedstwoexitsarerequired,plusanadditionalexitforevery100bedsorpartthereofgreaterthan100.Theobjectiveoftwostairsistoprovideanalternativemeansofegressifoneexitisblocked.Havingmultiplestairshaftscanalsoreduceegressdistancesandallowoccupantstochangeegressroutesdependingontheconditions.Thethreemainfactorsbuildingcodesusetodetermineiftwoormorestairsarerequired,arethenumberofoccupants,thenumberoffloorsandthecharacteristicsoftheoccupants.Someoftheadditionalareasthatshouldbeconsideredindeterminingthestairrequirementsare:FirebrigadeutilisationandrescueoperationsSprinklerprotectionFireresistanceratingofexitpathsSmokecontrolsystemsintheexitpathsEmergencyplanTodeterminetherelativeeffectivenessofasinglestair,Hagiwaraetal(1997)haveproposedaprobabilisticmodelbasedontheexpectednumberofoccupantsunabletoescape.Themodelprovidesabasisforevaluatingasinglestairagainstthebuildingcodebasedon:TheprobabilityofafireoccurrenceintheroomTheprobabilitythefiredevelopsintoahazardousfireTheprobabilitythedoorisleftopenTheefficiencyofrescuebythefirebrigadeThedegreeofprotectionoftheescaperouteSinglestairbuildingsarepermittedintheUKprovidedcertainconditionsaremet.Clause3.18ofApprovedDocumentB(DepartmentoftheEnvironment,TransportandtheRegions,2000)states:3.18Everydwellingshouldhaveaccesstoalternativeescaperoutessothatapersonconfrontedbytheeffectsofanoutbreakoffireinanotherdwellingcanturnawayfromitandmakesafeescape.However,asingleescaperoutefromdwellingentrancedoorisacceptableifeither:(a)thedwellingisseparatedfromthecommonstairand:(i)everydwellingisseparatedfromthecommonstairbyaprotectedlobbyorcommoncorridor(seediagram12),and(ii)thetraveldistancelimitationsinTable,onescapeinonedirectiononly,areobserved;Effectively,thismeansthattherequirednumberofstairsisnotafunctionofthebuildingheight,providedtraveldistancesandotherbuildingrequirementsaremet.Therefore,itispossibletohavetallsinglestairapartmentbuildings.Figure2showsthemaximumtraveldistancesandstairrequirementsofApprovedDocumentB(DepartmentoftheEnvironment,TransportandtheRegions,2000).Someoftheimportantrequirementsforsinglestairbuildingsistheprovisionofopenableventsand/orautomaticopeningventsinthestairsandthecorridors.Theseventsprovideameansofventingthestairsofsmoke,forbothoccupantsandfirebrigade.RefugeFloorsandAreasRefugefloorsandareasproviderestlocationsforescapingoccupants,asafeareaforbothdisabledandable-bodiedoccupantsandastagingareaforthefirebrigade.TheBCAandtheAcceptableSolutionstotheNZBCdonotprescriberefugefloors,howevertheyareprescribedintheHongKongbuildingcode(LoandWill,1997).Inafireengineeredapartmentbuildingrefugefloorsmaybejustifiableifthebuildingwasanultrahigh-risebuilding,withexcessivetraveldistanceviastairs.RefugeareasaremorecommonlyusedinAustraliaandNewZealandtoprovidesafeareasfordisabledoccupants.Inapartmentbuildingsacommonemergencystrategyisfordisabledoccupantsistoremainintheirapartmentsuntilassistancearrives.RefugefloorsTheBuildingCodeofAustraliaandtheAcceptableSolutionstotheNZBCdonotspecifyrefugefloorsforapartmentbuildings.However,theyareprescriptiverequirementsforhighrisebuildingsintheHongKongCodeofPractice(LoandWill,1997).Thefunctionsofrefugefloors(LoandWill,1997)areto:ActasareliefareafortheevacueesinafiresituationActasasub-baseforfirefightingpurposesActasacommandpointfortherescuepersonneltoassisttheevacuationofthebuildingProvideaplacefordisabledorpartiallydisabledoccupantstowaitforassistancebeforebeingevacuatedAllowoccupantstomovetoanalternativestaircaseAllowsmokeseparationattherefugelevelinthestaircaseLoandWill(1997)alsostatethatrefugefloorscanpsychologicallyassistoccupantsunderescapeconditions.Refugefloorscanpsychologicallyrelieveoccupantsby:ReassuringthemthattheheightofescapeisnottooonerousProvidinganareaforcognitiveanddecisioncontrolSeeingthepresenceoffirebrigadepersonnelRefugefloorscanalsobeusedasasafeareawhereliftsarecontrolledandco-ordinatedforegress.Passengerliftsnotusedonthefirefloorcanbeusedattherefugefloortoevacuateoccupants(LoandWill,1997).High-risebuildingsareusuallybrokenupintolow-rise,midriseandhigh-risesections,withliftsthatserveeachsectionseparately.Toassistinrescueoperations,liftsthatdonotservethefirefloorcanbeusedforrescueandmobilisationoffirebrigadepersonnelandequipment.Thearguumentssagaiinstrrefugeeflooors(LLoanddWilll,19997)arrethaat:Theyproovideanaddditioonalccostttotheebuilldingownerrinttermsofbuuildinngcosstandnon--utiliisedsspaceItcanbbediffficullttomainttainaandennforceetheuseoofreffugeffloorssTherearrealrreadyproteectedescapperouutesUnlessppeopleehaveediffficulttyinescappingttheyaareunnlikellytoremaiinontherefugeffloorForresiidentiialbuuildinngs,LLoanddWilll(19997)beelieveethattrefuugeflloorsmaybbeneccessarrytopproviddeanareaofsaafetyifcoonditiionsbbecomeeunteenableeduetoloongprre-movvementttimees.Anotherapprooachttousiingreefugefloorrsistoreeducetheeeffecttivehheighttofhhigh-rrisebuildinggs(Teeh,19994).Sinceetheheighhtisdirecctlypproporrtionaaltoegressstimme,thheproovisioonofaadequaatelyproteectedrefuggeareeascaanredducettheefffectiivebuuildinngheiight.Thereeforeonceooccupaantshhaverreacheedarrefugeeflooortheeycannbecconsidderedtobeesafee.ToachieevethhisThhe(19994)prroposeestheefolllowinggrequuiremeents:Additionnalprrovisiionsttopreeventsmokeeinfiiltrattion((smokeestopppingofalllverticallshaffts)AlllifttsconnnectiingtootherefuggeflooortoobeaaccesssiblethrouughsmmokellobbieesTherefuugeflloormmustbbeacccessibbleattalltimessandcapabbleoffaccoommodaatingtheprojjecteddnumbberoffpeoppleAsubstaantiallparttoftthereefugefloorristtobenaturralveentedorcaapableeofbbeingnaturalllyvennted((idealllythhereffugeaareasshoulddbeaaparttofaanextternallareaa)ThedesiignanndlayyoutoofexiitstaairssshouldddiscchargeeoccuupantssintootherefuggefloorbeeforetheyproceeedfuurtherrdownnPressuriisatioonofexitstairrscannbesseparaatediintovverticcalzoonesttoavooidfaailureesofthessystemmaffeectinggthewholeestaiirRefugeffloorssinaapartmmentbbuildiingsmmayasssisttheeevacuaationofocccupannts,bbutrequiremmentsofreefugefloorrsneeedtobeasssesseedagaainst::otheerfirresaffetymmeasurres,tthecoostofareffugeffloorandttheemmergenncysttrateggy.Wiiththheproovisioonofsprinnklerss,compartmmentattionaandsmmokeccontrool,thheneeedforrareefugefloorrinaapartmmentbbuildiingsiisquesstionaable.Aparttmentbuilddingsareggeneraallyffiresseparaatedbbetweeeninddividuualunnits,ateacchflooorleevelaandbeetweennescaapepaaths.Theaareasthatareffiresseparaatedffromeeachootherccouldbedeesigneedasrefuggeareeasreeducinngtheeneeddforanenntirerefuggeflooor.OOccupaantsallsohaaveopptiontoreemaininthheiraapartmments,,wherretheeyhavveacccessttofreeshaiirfroomwinddows.Thecosttofaarefuugefllooraalsonneedstobeeconssidereedinconjuunctioonwitththeecosttofootherffiressafetyysysttems.Theoopporttunityycosttofaarefuugefllooriisthee:losssofrentaalspaace,llossoofreallestaateanndcosstofmainttaininngtheeflooor.Thheseccostccouldeasillyouttweighhthecostofassprinkklerssystemmthattmayproviideahigheerlevvelprrotecttion.Inhigh--risebuilddingsfiress,wheeresmmokeccontroolsysstemshavefaileed,arefuggeflooorwiithadequateenatuuralccrossventiilatioon,coouldhhaveaassisttedocccupanntegrress.TheWWorldTradeeCentrrebommbing(FahyyandProullx,19996)aandthheMGMMGranndfirre(NFFPA,11982a))aretwopoossibllecasseswhhereiinjuryyandfatallitiessmayhavebeenavoidded,iiftheeoccuupantsswereeableetogeettoareffugeffloorwithadequuatevventillationn.Intheseetwofiress,exiitsweerecoomprommisedbbysmookeanndocccupanttswerreevaacuatiingthhroughhpoorrcondditionns.Inultraahighh-riseebuilldingss,deffinedasgrreaterrthann40sstoreyys(LooandWill,,19977),reefugeffloorsscoulldbeofsoomeasssistaanceffordiisableed,ellderlyyandotherroccuupantsswhoneedaassisttancetoevvacuatte.Hooweverr,theeseocccupanntsmaaybebetteerserrvedtthrougghreffugeaareasooneacchflooororrbyttheocccupanntsreemainiinginntheiirapaartmennts.LLoanddWilll(19997)arrguethhatreefugeareassdonnothaavethhesammepsyycholoogicallbeneefitsforttheesscapinngocccupantts,assareffugeffloor,,andthereeforearennotasseffeectivee.RefugeaareasTheAcceeptablleSollutionnstotheNNZBC((BIA,1991))requuirerrefugeeareaasinaparttmentbuildinggsgreeaterthan58mhiighwiithinntermeediateeflooors.TTheserefuggeareeasarretobelocatedatinntervaalsoffnoggreateerthaan3ffloorssinttheveerticaalsaffepatths,bbeatleastt800mmmwideeandhaveanarreaoffnollesstthan22m2.GuiidanceeonrrefugeeareaasisalsoproviidediinBrittishSStandaardBSS5588-Parrt8,1998(BSI,,19888).TheNFPAALifeeSafeetyCoode(CCote,1997))requuirespeopllewitthsevveremmobiliityimmpairmmenttoohaveeatlleasttwommeansofacccessiibleeegresss.Oneemethhodtooachiievetthisiisthrroughtheprrovisiionoffacoompliaantreefugearea..Theeffeectiveenessofreefugeareassishhighlyydepeendenttontthedeesigndetaiils.SSomeofdetaiilsthhatneeedtoobecconsidderedareffireeexposuure,rreliabbilityyoftthesmmokecontrolsysteem,ouutsideewinddandtempeeraturreconnditioon.Wiithouttpresssurissationnallrefuugearreasccanbeesubjjectttoletthalffailurre(Neelson,,19933andKlotee,19993).Inmanycasess,theepeoppleneeedinggtherefuggeareeasmaaybeunablletoreachhtheareabefforettheirpathwwaysbbecomeeunteenablee(Nellson,1993andKKlote,,19933)Theorgaanisattionaandhuumanbbehaviiourpprobleemsinnvolveedwitthreffugeaareasaremorecommplex(Nelsson,11993aandKllote,1993)).Theoperrationnofaaspriinklerrsysttemelliminaatesttheliifethhreattoalllocccupanttsanddcanprovvidessuperiiorprrotecttionfforpeeoplewithdisabbilitiiesasscompparedtoarefugeaarea.(Nelsson,11993aandKllote,1993))Klote(11993)founddpresssurissationnofrrefugeeareaascouuldbeesignnificaantlyinfluuenceddby,openingandcclosinngofdoorss,winndowbbreakaageanndextternallwinddpresssuress.Gennerallly,reffugeaareascanbbeefffectivvelyppressuuriseddbyaadireectprressurrisatiionsyystemorannindiirectppressuurisattionssystemmusinnglifftshaafts.Butaaninddirecttpresssurissationnsysttemussingtthestaairwelllmayynotbeefffectiiveorrapprropriaate(KKlote,,19933).LiftsTheuseofliiftsooreleevatorrsforremerrgenciiesissnotanewwconccept,butttheyaaretyypicalllyonnlyuseedwitthfirrebriigadeassisstancee.Ingenerral,ooccupaantsaaretooldnoottouselliftsinafire..Howevver,tthefiirebrrigadeehasoftennuseddlifttstorescuuepeoopleaandmoobilisseequuipmennt.Liiftshaaveallsobeeenussedinnhosppitalsstommovennon-ammbulattoryppatiennts.Theuseofliiftsfforfiirefiightinnganddassiistinggresccueopperatiionspproviddesanneffiicienttmeannsofmmovinggpeoppleanndequuipmennt.Thhisisspartticulaarlyiimporttantiinhiggh-rissebuiildinggs,whheremoovingequippmenttakesstimeeandusesvaluaablerresourrces.AnexxampleeoftthiswwasthheFirrstIntterstaateBaank,wwhereliftsswereenotused,,andafirreonthe112thflooorreequireed1000mentocarrryeqquipmeentuppthestairrs(Deegenkoolb,11991)..TheBCArequiiresbbuildiingswwithaanefffectivveheiightggreateertheen25mmtohhaveooneorrmoreeliftss,fitttedaasanemerggencylift(PerfformannceReequireementEP3.22,BCAA,19996).TThisiistoffaciliitatetheaactiviitiesofthhefirrebriigadeandootheremerggencyserviicepeersonnnel.IInaddditionntothhis,sstretccherffaciliitiesmustbeprrovideedinatleeastooneoffthosseemeergenccyliffts,oorinanonemerggencyliftwhereetheeffecctivebuilddinghheighttisggreateerthaan12mm.TheBrittishSStandaardBSS55888–Partt819988(BBSI,11988),,provvidesguidaanceoontheeuseoflifftsfoorevaacuatiionoffdisaabledpeoplle.BSS55888Partt8prrovideesguiidanceeontthedeesignoflifftsussedfoorevaacuatiionsaaswelllasthemmanageementofevvacuattionllifts,,andexampplesooffirreplannstraategieesinbuilddingswithevacuuationnliftts.Thesomeeofttheprroblemmswitththeeuseofliiftsfforeggressare:Pressuriisatioonofshafttsisnotnnecesssarilyyeffeectiveeforsmokeeconttrol((Kloteeetaal,1993)Liftcommponenntscaanbeaffecctedbbyheaat,smmokeaandwaater((Kloteeetaal,19993)Powerfaailuree(Klooteettal,1993))PotentiaalofliftssopenningoontotthefiireflloorTheevaccuatioonneeedstoobeccontroolledandcco-orddinateedanddthenumbeerofoccupanttsentteringgtheliftneedsstobbereggulateedLiftshaaftsccanacctaschimnneyseexposiingocccupanntstooheattandsmokee.Occupanttshavvebeeentolldforrthelast20yeearsnnottoouseliftssinaafiree(Klooteettal,19933)Pressureediffferenttialsinliiftshhaftscanvvarywwithbbuildiinggeeometrryanddatdifferenntflooors((Klotee,19883)Liftmiccroproocessoorconntrolssareverysensiitivetoheeat(SSemplee,19993)Firebriigadeshutttingooffthhepowwercaanbeaprooblem..Battteriesswilllonlyyrunforaalimitedlengtthoftime(Sempple,11993)..Malfuncttionsinannemerrgencyycoulldleaadtolitiggationn(Semmple,1993)).Thereisslimiitedoopporttunityyforrescuueofpeoplletraappedbetweeenflloors(Paullsetal,19911)ThesomeeofttheottherrreasonnswhyylifttsareeunsaafesttatedinthheASMMEEleevatorrCodeeandHHandboookA117.1((Cote,1997))are::OccupanttsmayypushhabuuttonandwwastevaluaablettimewwaitinngforraliiftthhatmaaynotarriiveLiftscaannottstarrtunttilthhecarrandhoisttway((liftshaftt)dooorsarrecloosed.OvercrowwdingmaypprevennttheesedooorsffromcclosinngAliftooccupaantcoouldppresstheiincorrrectbbuttonnNormalffunctiioninggoflliftssuchashiighorrlowcallreverrsalmmayocccuraattheefireeFloorTheNFPAALifeeSafeetyCoode(CCote,1997))doessnotrecoggniseliftssasaatypiicalmmeansofesccape,butiitdoeesall