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review翻譯的基本方法音譯Transliteration直譯LiteralTranslation(word-for-wordtranslation)意譯FreeTranslation(sense-for-sensetranslation)藝術(shù)加工意譯Sure,Bob,everybodytalksaboutempowerment,butwhentherubberhitstheroad,thebossesdemandtohavethelastword.譯文:當(dāng)然,Bob,每個(gè)人都在談?wù)摲艡?quán),但真正開始執(zhí)行總要等老板的最后決策。Whatforeignbusinessmenfindencouragingisthatideologyisnolongerinthedriver’sseat.譯文:令外商感到鼓舞的是意識(shí)形態(tài)不再左右一切了。課堂練習(xí)Floatingpolicyisactuallyaconvenientmethodofinsuringgoodswhereanumberofsimilarexporttransactionsareintended.floatingpolicy總保險(xiǎn)單;指用以承包多批次貨運(yùn)的一種持續(xù)性長期保險(xiǎn)憑證,常譯為“統(tǒng)保單”。譯:統(tǒng)保單是貨物保險(xiǎn)的一種便利方法,適合分不同時(shí)間出口的一批類似貨物。2.WithoutprejudicetoanyrightswhichexistundertheapplicablelawsorundertheSubcontract,theContractorshallbeentitledtowithholdordeferpaymentofallorpartofanysumsotherwiseduebytheContractortotheSubcontractor.withoutprejudiceto相當(dāng)于withoutaffecting,意為“在不損害······的原則下”,“在不影響······的情況下”等等。譯:在不影響按適用法律或分包合同享有任何權(quán)利的情況下,承包商有權(quán)扣留或暫緩支付承包商應(yīng)付給分包商的全部或部分到期金額。Chapter2

商務(wù)英語翻譯技巧TranslationSkillsTranslationskills2.1英譯漢詞匯翻譯句子翻譯2.2漢譯英詞匯翻譯句子翻譯2.1英譯漢acceptmaturityProvidedyoufulfillthetermsofthecredit,wewillacceptandpayatmaturitydate.accept:承兌,認(rèn)付(匯票等)maturity:期滿在貴公司履行信用證條款的條件下,我行將承兌并于期滿時(shí)支付信用證項(xiàng)下提示的匯票。一詞多義outstandingsettlementRegardingour

outstandingaccountUS$6,000,wemustrequestyoutosendusimmediatelyyourcheckinsettlement.outstanding:未完結(jié)的,未清的,未付的settlement:支付,結(jié)帳有關(guān)未付賬6,000美元,請(qǐng)立即寄來支票,以便結(jié)帳。Starbuck’sannualturnoveris60millionyuan.Thatcompanyhasafastturnoverbecauseofpoorworkingconditions.turnover:營業(yè)額;人員更換率一詞多義現(xiàn)象的翻譯根據(jù)語境確定詞義Wearesorrytosaywehadtolodgeaclaimagainstyoutocoverourlossandhopeyouwilltakeactionimmediately.

十分遺憾地奉告,我方不得不向你方提出索賠以彌補(bǔ)我方損失,并希望盡快落實(shí)。Thisisthebalancetocoverthecheck.這是準(zhǔn)備用來交付支票的存款余額。CaseStudyOncethejewelsweresafelylockedupinthebankhehadnomoreanxietiesabouttheirsecurity.Hegavehishouseasasecurity.Treasurysecuritiesarerevalueddaily.security:安全;抵押品,擔(dān)保品;證券,債券根據(jù)專業(yè)確定詞義Theygive10%discountforcashpayment.Theexportermaytaketheacceptedbilltoadiscountbankbeforethematurityifheisinurgentneedoftheamountofmoney.

出口商如果急需用這筆錢,他可以把這個(gè)承兌了的匯票拿去貼現(xiàn)銀行貼現(xiàn)。Iftheforwardexchangerateishigherthanthespotrate,wecallitforwardpremium,andifitislower,wecallitforwarddiscount.如果遠(yuǎn)期匯率比即期匯率高,我們稱之為遠(yuǎn)期升水;如果遠(yuǎn)期比即期低,我們稱之為遠(yuǎn)期貼水。

discount

貼現(xiàn)銀行貼現(xiàn)(銀行金融)貼水(金融外匯)根據(jù)搭配關(guān)系確定詞義Theabovequotedarethearticlesingreatdemand,whichhavewonahighreputationinvariousmarkets.上述報(bào)價(jià)的商品均為暢銷貨物,它們已在世界各地市場上贏得很高的聲譽(yù)。The

articlesinthisagreementmustnotbemodifiedandendedwithouttheagreementbybothparties.本協(xié)議中所列條款未經(jīng)雙方一致同意不得變動(dòng)和修改。article:商品;條款CaseStudyThedollarsremainstrongagainstseveralimportantcurrencies.CanadaisthebiggestU.S.tradingpartner,accountingformorethan20%ofbothexportsandimports,andtheCanadiandollarisatalltimelowagainsttheU.S.dollar.美元對(duì)幾個(gè)國家的貨幣保持堅(jiān)挺。加拿大是美國最大的貿(mào)易伙伴,占了美國進(jìn)出口總額的20%。目前加元對(duì)美元比價(jià)處于歷史最低點(diǎn)。專業(yè)性普通詞匯,特殊意義Inordertomarketournewproduct,wehaveprintedfineliterature.literature

普通英語中,"文學(xué)";商務(wù)英語中,"printed

matters,

includingleaflets,

instruction,

product

catalogue,pricelist,etc.(文字宣傳資料,諸如產(chǎn)品說明書、產(chǎn)品目錄、價(jià)目表等)"However,thetariffshouldnotbegreaterinamountthatthemarginofpricecausedbydumping.譯文:但是,(反傾銷)關(guān)稅稅額不應(yīng)比因傾銷而獲得的毛利潤高

。dumping,在商業(yè)領(lǐng)域被引申為“

傾銷

”。margin,在商務(wù)英語中有“

利潤

、毛額

、押金

保證金

的意義

。

WhenPeterWelch,presidentofCussonsPolskaandUrodaSA,arrivedatCusson’snewlyacquiredfactoryinPolandin1993,hediscoveredthattheconceptofteamworkdidn’texist.acquire在商務(wù)英語中,“收購”當(dāng)卡森波蘭公司和烏諾達(dá)股份有限公司總裁彼得維奇剛到在波蘭新并購的工廠時(shí),他發(fā)現(xiàn)那兒根本不存在團(tuán)隊(duì)合作的概念。注釋:UrodaSA:烏諾達(dá)股份有限公司。SA是法語,有時(shí)也寫成或S.A.。意思是“股份有限公司”。半專業(yè)詞匯Thebillofexchangeshallbeacceptedfirstandthencanbehonoredbytheacceptor.honor,“兌現(xiàn)、承付”的意思。該匯票應(yīng)先承兌,然后由承兌方進(jìn)行支付。Ifallthetermsandconditionsinthecreditarenotcompliedwith,theexportermayruntheriskofhisdraftbeingdishonoredbythebank.商務(wù)英語中,dishonor指銀行“退票、拒付”。如果信用證的條款不一致,出口商的匯票有可能遭到銀行拒付。專業(yè)詞匯lotLabels:labelsattachedtoeachpieceofmultiplelotshipmentforidentificationpurposes.LotLabels:貨票標(biāo)簽貨票標(biāo)簽:給多批貨物每件貼上標(biāo)簽以便于識(shí)別。保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)賠償房屋出租財(cái)產(chǎn)出租停業(yè)貨幣升值premiumindemnitytenancyleaseofpropertywindup/ceaseabusinessappreciationofmoney

作業(yè):Thepremiumratesvarywithdifferedinterestsinsured.Ifthebuyerfailstopayanyaccountwhendue,thebuyershallbeliabletopaytheselleroverdueinterest

onsuchunpaidamountfromtheduedateuntiltheactualdateofpaymentattherateoffivepercentperannum,suchoverdueinterestshallbepaidupondemandoftheseller.Thearticlesofourimmediateinterestareyour“CHON-HOI”brandAgriculturalWashingMachines.(保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率)被保險(xiǎn)的貨物逾期利息興趣2.1.2句子翻譯(p18)拆句法詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法肯定否定轉(zhuǎn)換譯法語序重組法省譯法增譯法重復(fù)法1.拆句法IfaPartybreachesanyoftherepresentationsorwarrantiesgivenbyitinArticles18.1orrepeatedin18.2,theninadditiontoanyotherremediesavailabletotheotherpartyunderthiscontractorunderApplicableLaws,itshall

indemnify

andkeepindemnifiedtheotherPartyandthecompanyagainstanylosses,damages,costs,expenses,liabilitiesandclaimsthatsuchPartyortheCompanymaysufferasaresultofsuchbreach.合同復(fù)合句的分析方法首先,找出全句的主干結(jié)構(gòu);其次,要找出句子中所有的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞短語和從句的引導(dǎo)詞;然后再分析從句和短句的功能;最后,分析句子中是否有固定搭配,插入語等其他成分。IfaPartybreachesanyoftherepresentationsorwarrantiesgivenbyitinArticles18.1,theninadditiontoanyotherremediesavailabletotheotherpartyunderthiscontractorunderApplicableLaws,itshall

indemnify

andkeepindemnifiedtheotherPartyandthecompanyagainstanylosses,damages,costs,expenses,liabilitiesandclaimsthatsuchPartyortheCompanymaysufferasaresultofsuchbreach.第一步,拆分句子:IfaPartybreaches…inArticles18.1theninadditionto…Applicablelawsitshallindemnifyand…costs,expenses,liabilitiesandclaimsthatsuchPartyor…asaresultofsuchbreach.IfaPartybreachesanyoftherepresentationsorwarrantiesgivenbyitinArticles18.1,theninadditiontoanyotherremediesavailabletotheotherpartyunderthiscontractorunderApplicableLaws,itshall

indemnify

andkeepindemnifiedtheotherPartyandthecompanyagainstanylosses,damages,costs,expenses,liabilitiesandclaimsthatsuchPartyortheCompanymaysufferasaresultofsuchbreach.第二步,句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是主語(It)(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞原形)(shallindemnifyandkeepindemnified…against)賓語(theotherPartyandtheCompany);“if”引導(dǎo)的是條件從句,條件句的賓語部分跟隨后置定語(givenbyitinArticles18.1);“inadditionto”引導(dǎo)的是增補(bǔ)成分,其核心詞remedies也跟了后置定語(availabletotheotherPartyunderthiscontractorunderApplicablelaws);而“that”引導(dǎo)的則是后置定語修飾緊鄰的五個(gè)名詞;固定結(jié)構(gòu)“indemnifysb.against…”使某人不受……IfaPartybreachesanyoftherepresentationsorwarrantiesgivenbyitinArticles18.1,theninadditiontoanyotherremediesavailabletotheotherpartyunderthiscontractorunderApplicableLaws,itshall

indemnify

andkeepindemnifiedtheotherPartyandthecompanyagainstanylosses,damages,costs,expenses,liabilitiesandclaimsthatsuchPartyortheCompanymaysufferasaresultofsuchbreach.

如果一方違反任何其根據(jù)第18.1條所做的陳述或擔(dān)保,則另一方除根據(jù)本合同或適用法律尋求任何可能的救濟(jì)之外,違約方應(yīng)當(dāng)賠償另一方或合營公司因此種違約行為而招致的任何損失、損害、費(fèi)用、開支、責(zé)任或索賠。practiceTheBuyermay,within15daysafterarrivalofthegoodsatthedestination,lodgeaclaimagainsttheSellerforshort-weightbeingsupportedbyInspectionCertificateissuedbyareputablepublicsurveyor.分析:這是一個(gè)簡單長句,其主干為TheBuyersmay…lodgeaclaim…。修飾謂語動(dòng)詞的狀語有三個(gè):a.

分別表示時(shí)間within15daysafterarrivalofthegoodsatthedestinationb.

方式beingsupportedbyInspectionCertificateissuedbyareputablepublicsurveyor和c.

目的forshort-weight譯文:貨物抵達(dá)目的港15天內(nèi),買方可以憑有信譽(yù)的公共檢驗(yàn)員出示的檢驗(yàn)證明向賣方提出短重索賠。作業(yè)(拆句)Inordertofacilitatebusinessinconsiderationofthepresentmonetarystringency(銀根緊),thecorporation,onbehalfofwhichIamstudyingthisproposition,iswillingtobasetransactionontradebybarter(易貨貿(mào)易)andwouldimportanyarticles,whichyouwouldshiptotheUnitedStates.直譯:為便于交易,考慮到最近銀根很緊,本人正在研究這筆交易所代表的公司希望以易貨貿(mào)易為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行交易,并進(jìn)口你方能運(yùn)到美國的任何商品。拆句組合后:最近銀根很緊,為謀求達(dá)成交易,本人代表公司正在研究如何做成這筆交易。我們希望以易貨貿(mào)易為基礎(chǔ),進(jìn)口你方能運(yùn)到美國的任何商品。2.Heisagoodobserver.

3.AccesstotheInternetisverysimple.

Rocketshavefoundapplicationfortheexplorationoftheuniverse.

火箭已經(jīng)用來探索宇宙。他善于觀察。

上互聯(lián)網(wǎng)很簡單。Nylonisnearlytwiceasstrongasnaturalsilk.

尼龍的強(qiáng)度尼龍的強(qiáng)度幾乎是天然絲的兩倍。2.詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法

將英語名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語動(dòng)詞,譯文更符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。因?yàn)榕c英語相比,漢語句子中動(dòng)詞用得多,除了大量的動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)外,還有很多連動(dòng)式、兼語式等兩個(gè)以上動(dòng)詞連用的現(xiàn)象。因此,英語中不少詞類,如名詞、動(dòng)名詞、介詞、形容詞、副詞等在英譯漢時(shí)往往需要進(jìn)行一定的調(diào)整,轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語動(dòng)詞。當(dāng)然,英語的名詞化和漢語的動(dòng)詞化并不排除在英譯漢時(shí)把英語動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化成漢語的名詞,再如:美國與德國汽車制造商在歐洲市場競爭得異常激烈,迫使我們不得不改變投資計(jì)劃。(英語名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語動(dòng)詞)ExtremelykeencompetitionbetweenAmericanandGermanvehiclemanufacturersintheEuropeanmarkethascompelledustochangeourinvestmentplan.

AgovernmentreporttargetsearningsfromindustryatUS$200billionby2008.

Thecostofmakinggoodscanbedrasticallyloweredbymeansofmass-production.

政府的一份報(bào)告提出一個(gè)指標(biāo):到2008年,要使工業(yè)收入達(dá)到2000億美元。(英語動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語名詞)通過批量生產(chǎn)可以大幅度降低生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的成本。(英語介詞轉(zhuǎn)化成漢語動(dòng)詞)BeforeWorldWarIIthemostsuccessfulattempttoreducetariffsbyreciprocalbargainingwasthetradeagreementsprogramoftheUnitedStates,whichwaslimited,however,byitsbilateralnature.第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之前,通過互相談判降低關(guān)稅的最成功的努力是美國的貿(mào)易協(xié)定計(jì)劃,但是這一計(jì)劃受其雙邊性質(zhì)的限制。(英語代詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語名詞)Advertisingaffectstremendouslyeverysphereofmodernlife.

Thefairpriceconnectedwiththesuperiorityofvarietiesofourproductswillbeabletoguaranteeourcompetitiveedgeintheinternationalmarket.廣告對(duì)現(xiàn)代生活的方方面面產(chǎn)生極大的影響。(英語副詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語形容詞)我方各種各樣的產(chǎn)品價(jià)格公平,品質(zhì)優(yōu)良,能夠確保在國際市場的競爭優(yōu)勢。(英語名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語形容詞)。Ihavethehonortoinformyouthatthenewproductsofyourshaveenteredtheinternationalmarkets.我榮幸地告訴你,貴公司的新產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)打入了國際市場。(名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞)LinZexubelievedthatasuccessfulbanofthetradeinopiummustbeprecededbythedestructionofthedrugitself.

林則徐認(rèn)為,要成功地禁止鴉片,就得首先把鴉片焚毀。(形容詞+名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞+動(dòng)詞,名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞)

1.Malesandfemalesareequalintheirrighttoinheritance.

(形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞;介詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞)

繼承權(quán)男女平等。Theremustbelessemptytalkandmorehardwork.

For20yearswewerepassivewitnessestothedeteriorationofpricesofourrawmaterialsandanexcessiveincreaseofthepricesofmanufacturedgoods.(名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞)

一定要少說空話,多做工作。(形容詞+名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞+動(dòng)詞)

二十年來我們坐視原材料價(jià)格下跌與工業(yè)品價(jià)格暴漲(的情況)。Amplification(增詞法)3.增減法(Amplification&Pruning)

Byamplificationwemeansupplyingnecessarywordsinourtranslationworksoastomaketheversioncorrectandclear,tomakeitmorelikethelanguagetranslatedinto.Ofcoursewordsthussuppliedmustbeindispensableeithersyntacticallyorsemantically.Inotherwords,atranslatorisnotsupposedtoaddanymeaningtotheoriginal.Therearetwokinds:1)Wordsforsyntacticconstruction—tosecurecorrectness,2)Wordssuppliedforsemanticcompletion—tosecureclearness.Bothaimatmakingtheversionexpressiveandreadilyunderstoodbythereader.◆

增詞法(Amplification):增補(bǔ)同義詞增補(bǔ)范疇詞增補(bǔ)產(chǎn)品名稱晚上在參加宴會(huì)、出席音樂會(huì)、觀看乒乓球表演之后,他還得起草最后公報(bào)。2.Ourproductisindeedcheapandfine.我們的產(chǎn)品物美價(jià)廉。

3.Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;writinganexactman.讀書使人充實(shí),討論使人機(jī)智,寫作使人準(zhǔn)確。

WarmupIntheevening,afterthebanquets,theconcertsandthetabletennisexhibitions,hewouldworkonthedraftingofthefinalcommuniqué.增補(bǔ)同義詞

增詞法TheinnovationofproductsisoneofthereformmeasuresoftheSOEsbecauseitcandecreaseloss,costandbudget.

產(chǎn)品的革新是國企改革措施之一,因?yàn)樗梢詼p少損失、降低成本并削減預(yù)算。如果直譯成:“產(chǎn)品的革新是國企改革措施之一,因?yàn)樗梢詼p少損失、成本和預(yù)算。”那么,句中的“減少”和“成本”的搭配就不妥當(dāng),所以有必要增補(bǔ)相應(yīng)的漢語詞匯。practiceInvestorconfidenceiscrucialtothesuccessofoureconomicsystem.投資者的信心對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)體系的成功運(yùn)行至關(guān)重要。Boththebuyerandthesellerarebusyatnegotiationsofbusiness,contractanddraft.買賣雙方正忙于交易磋商,合約談判和匯票議付。如果直譯為:“買賣雙方正忙于交易,合約和匯票的磋商?!蹦敲?,“磋商”和“合約”及“匯票”的搭配也不準(zhǔn)確,因此,需要譯者根據(jù)漢語的搭配習(xí)慣做出增補(bǔ)。增補(bǔ)范疇詞在英譯漢過程中考慮到漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,經(jīng)常增加的范疇詞有:方法、措施、情況、情緒、狀態(tài)、現(xiàn)象、方面、問題、關(guān)系、工作等。Thechangesofrequirementsforthecommoditiesinthemarketareaffectedbytheinternalandexternalfactors.影響市場對(duì)商品需求的變化情況有內(nèi)因和外因兩方面的因素。

如果直譯就是:影響市場對(duì)商品需求的變化有內(nèi)因和外因兩方面。但若添加范疇詞“情況”、“方面”等來修飾相應(yīng)的抽象名詞,changes和factors更加具體、明確,符合漢語的修辭需要。practiceThetensionintheMiddleEasthasattractedmuchattention.

中東的緊張局勢已引起了全世界的廣泛關(guān)注。Thetermsofthecontractmustbeclear,definite,certainandcomplete.合同條款必須書寫清楚、意思明確、語氣肯定、內(nèi)容完備。

Unlesstheseissuesareaddressedasamatterofurgency,theconsequentde-motivationofstaffwillundoubtedlyhaveanegativeimpactontheperformanceofthecompany.如果這些問題得不到緊急解決,員工隊(duì)伍中隨之出現(xiàn)的消極怠工情緒無疑將對(duì)公司的整個(gè)運(yùn)營業(yè)績產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。

混亂局面

飽和狀態(tài)

廢物回收利用準(zhǔn)備工作

管理部門

冗員,多余信息

補(bǔ)救措施

解決方案

修改方案

有利地位

落后狀態(tài)

.confusionsaturationrecyclingpreparationmanagementredundancyremediessolutionmodificationadvantagebackwardness

說服工作

緊張局勢

自滿情緒

瘋狂行為

敵對(duì)態(tài)度褻瀆行為軍事,政治,經(jīng)濟(jì)等方面

.persuasiontensionarrogancemadnessantagonismprofanitymilitarily,politicallyandeconomically增補(bǔ)產(chǎn)品名稱詞義對(duì)于英文中缺失的產(chǎn)品名稱,翻譯時(shí)有時(shí)要根據(jù)具體情況增補(bǔ)出來。如:Thepricewhichsocietypaysforthelawofcompetition,likethepriceitpaysforcheapcomfortsandluxuries,isalsogreat.社會(huì)為競爭法則付出的代價(jià),猶如它為便宜的舒適家用商品和高檔消費(fèi)品的代價(jià)一樣巨大。

comfort和luxury都是抽象名詞,但在構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)后,詞義就具體化了。否則該句就會(huì)產(chǎn)生這樣的誤譯:社會(huì)的競爭法則付出的代價(jià)猶如它為便宜的舒適和奢侈付出的代價(jià)一樣巨大。ThefiveToyota,twentyHitachiandthirtyFujiXeroxhavelongbeenreadyforshipment,butshipmentcannotbeeffectedbecauseofthelatearrivalofyourL/C.

5輛豐田牌汽車,20臺(tái)日立牌電視機(jī)和30臺(tái)富士施樂牌復(fù)印機(jī)早已備妥待運(yùn),但因你方信用證延遲到達(dá),貨物不能按期裝運(yùn)。

原文中Toyota,Hitachi,Xerox都為世界知名品牌,在翻譯時(shí)要按漢語的習(xí)慣用法把他們的產(chǎn)品名稱補(bǔ)充完整,才能使譯文具體明了。4.減詞法(Omissionorpruning)

toleaveoutsomeunnecessarywords.OneofthedifferencesinsyntaxbetweenEnglishandChineseisthedisparityinwording.Whatisregardedasanaturalorindispensableelementinonelanguagemayberegardedassuperfluousoreven“astumblingblock”intheother.Forthesakeofsuccinctness,functionalwordsinEnglishsuchasthearticle,theprepositionareusuallyomittedintranslation.Seeexamples:Adifferencearosebetweentheneighborsovertheheightofthefence.鄰居之間為了籬笆的高度惹起了一場爭論。鄰居為籬笆的高低有過爭論。(思果,《譯道探微》,中國對(duì)外翻譯出版公司,2002)P149。Fightwhenyoucanwin;moveawaywhenyoucannotwin.打得贏就打;打不贏就走。ItwasakeendisappointmentwhenIhadtopostponethevisitwhichIhadintendedtopaytoChinainMay.Iwasdelightedwhen,asaresultoftheeffortofyourcompany,itprovedpossibletoreinstatethevisitsoquickly.原打算五月份訪華,后不得不推遲,深感失望。由于貴公司的努力,訪問這么快得以重新安排,非常高興。

減詞是指將原文中需要、而譯文中又不需要的詞語省去。減省的詞語應(yīng)是那些在譯文中保留下來反而使行文累贅嚕嗦、且不合漢語語言表達(dá)習(xí)慣的詞語。減詞一般用于以下兩種情況:一是從語法角度進(jìn)行減?。欢菑男揎椊嵌冗M(jìn)行減省,但總體效果無非是在更透徹地理解原文基礎(chǔ)上更流暢地表達(dá)出來。Ateachershouldhavepatienceinhiswork.

Theproductsshouldbesampledtochecktheirqualitybeforetheyleavethefactory.Iframedthewordsinmymind,“Pardonme,buthaveIdonesomethingtooffendyou?”

(省略冠詞)當(dāng)老師的應(yīng)當(dāng)有耐心。(省略冠詞)

產(chǎn)品出廠前應(yīng)該進(jìn)行抽樣質(zhì)檢。(省略介詞和名詞)

我心里在嘀咕:“對(duì)不起,我有什么舉止行為冒犯你了嗎?”Withtheweathersostuffy,tentooneit’llrainpresently.

天這樣悶,很可能就要下雨了。Universityapplicantswhohadworkedatajobwouldreceivepreferenceoverthosewhohadnot.

(省略介詞)

報(bào)考大學(xué)的人中,有工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的優(yōu)先錄取。Unlessyouproposesomethingdefinitetogetherwithlargerimprovementonyourprice,wearenotinclinedtoplacealargeorder.Neitherpartyshallcancelthecontractwithoutsufficientcauseorreason.Delivery

mustbeeffected

withinthetimestatedonthepurchaseorder.Wetookthisopportunitytoinformyouthatwearenowinapositiontomakeapromptshipmentofthe

merchandise.作業(yè)Unlessyouproposesomethingdefinitetogetherwithlargerimprovementonyourprice,wearenotinclinedtoplacealargeorder.除非你方提供具體建議,并較大幅度地降低價(jià)格,否則,我們是不會(huì)大批訂貨的。Neitherpartyshallcancelthecontractwithoutsufficientcauseorreason.

雙方均不得無故解除合同。Delivery

mustbeeffected

withinthetimestatedonthepurchaseorder.必須在購貨單規(guī)定的時(shí)間交貨。Wetookthisopportunitytoinformyouthatwearenowinapositiontomakeapromptshipmentofthe

merchandise.茲奉告,該商品可即期裝運(yùn)。作業(yè)重復(fù)法(repetition)Weshouldlearnhowtoanalyzeandsolveproblems.我們應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)如何分析問題和解決問題。Thebigcompanyhasitsdisadvantages.大企業(yè)有大企業(yè)的難處。Managingmultinationalsmeanshandlingbothnationalandorganizationalculturedifferencesatthesametime.管理跨國公司意味著要同時(shí)處理民族文化差異與組織文化差異

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