中原工學(xué)院計(jì)算機(jī)英語Chapter 1- Computer System

ComputerEnglishSoftwareCollege,ZhongyuanUniversityofTechnology任課教師：韓新超

E-mail:hanxc04@126.com

教材:《計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語》韓玉民主編,河南科技出版社,2008.參考教材:《計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語》卜艷萍等,清華大學(xué)出版社,2004.《計(jì)算機(jī)英語》(第3版)劉兆毓,清華大學(xué)出版社,2003.《計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語》方娟，清華大學(xué)出版社,2004.課程要求平時(shí)成績(jī)70%：課堂紀(jì)律、平時(shí)測(cè)試、作業(yè)期末測(cè)試30%：專業(yè)術(shù)語英譯漢、漢譯英、短文英譯漢ComputerSystemChap.1Chapter

1

ComputerSystem

1.1SystemComponents

1.2HowaComputerWorks1.3TypesofComputersChap.1ComputerSystemAcomputerisamachinewhosefunctionistoacceptdataandprocessthemintoinformation.Earlycomputerssolvedmathematicalandengineeringproblems,andlatercomputersemphasizedinformationprocessingforbusinessapplications.Chap.1ComputerSystemTodaycomputersalsocontrolmachinesasdiverseas(多種,)automobileengines(汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)),robots(機(jī)器人)andmicrowaveovens(微波爐).Acomputersystemsolvesaproblemfromanyofthesedomainsbyacceptinginput,processingit,andproducingoutput.Chap.1ComputerSystem1.1SystemComponents

Computersystemsconsistofhardwareandsoftware.Hardwareisthephysicalpartofthesystem.Oncedesigned,hardwareisdifficultandexpensivetochange.Softwareisthesetofprogramsthatinstruct

(指示，控制)thehardwareandiseasiertomodify（修改）thanhardware.Chap.1ComputerSystemComputersarevaluable（有價(jià)值）becausetheyaregeneral-purpose

（通用的）machinesthatcansolvemanydifferentkindsofproblems,asopposedto（相對(duì)于）

special-purpose

（專門的）machinesthatcaneachsolveonlyonekindofproblem.Differentproblemscanbesolvedwiththesamehardwarebysupplying（提供）thesystemwithadifferentsetofinstructions,thatis（就是說）,withdifferentsoftware.Chap.1ComputerSystemEverycomputerhasfourbasichardwarecomponents:Inputdevices,Outputdevices,Mainmemory,Centralprocessingunit(CPU).Theblockdiagram

（框圖）offig.1-1showsthefourbasicunitsofasimplifiedcomputer.randomaccessmemory(RAM)centralprocessingunit(CPU)input/outputprocessoroutputdevicesinputdevicesChap.1ComputerSystemThecentralprocessingunit(CPU)istheheartofthecomputersystem.Itisresponsible（負(fù)責(zé)）forperformingallarithmeticoperationsandlogicdecisions（邏輯決定）

initiated（發(fā)起）bytheprogram.Inadditiontoarithmeticandlogicfunctions,theCPUcontrolsoverallsystemoperation.Theinputandoutputsunits（部件）arethemeans（工具）bywhichtheCPUcommunicateswiththeoutsizeworld.Theinputunitisusedtoinputinformationandcommands（n命令）totheCPUforprocessing.Forinstance,akeyboardcanbeusedtoinputaprogram.Chap.1ComputerSystemAfterprocessing,theinformationthatresults(產(chǎn)生)mustbeoutput.Thisoutputofdatafromthesystemisperformedundercontroloftheoutputunit,Waysofoutputtinginformationareasprintedpages（打印的頁面）producedbyahigh-speed（快速）printerordisplaysonthescreenofavideodisplayterminal.（視頻顯示終端）Chap.1ComputerSystemThememory（存儲(chǔ)）unitofthecomputerisusedtostoreinformationsuchasnumbers,names,andaddresses.By"store",wemean（意味著）thatmemoryhastheabilitytoholdthisinformationforprocessingorforoutputtingforlatertime.Theprograms（thatdefine（確定）howthecomputeristoprocessdata）alsoreside（在）inmemory.Chap.1ComputerSystem1.2HowaComputerWorksAcomputeriscontrolledbyastoredprogram,thefirststepinusingthemachineiscopyingtheprogramfromdiskintomemory.Now,theprocessorcanbeginexecuting

instructions.Inputdatafromthekeyboardarestoredinmemory.Theprocessormanipulates（操縱）thedata,storingtheresultsbackintomemory.Finally,theresultsareoutput.Chap.1ComputerSystem1.3TypesofComputersComputerscanbegenerally（通常）

classifiedbysizeandpower（功率）asfollows,thoughthereisconsiderable

overlap:（相當(dāng)多的重疊）●notebookcomputer筆記本電腦●personalcomputer●workstation工作站●server服務(wù)器●minicomputer小型機(jī)●mainframe主機(jī)●supercomputer超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)Chap.1ComputerSystem1.3.1NotebookComputerThenotebookcomputerisanextremelylightweightpersonalcomputer.Ittypicallyweighslessthan6poundsandissmallenoughtofiteasilyinabriefcase.（公文包）

Asidefromsize,theprincipal主要differencebetweenanotebookcomputerandapersonalcomputeristhedisplayscreen.Notebookcomputersuseavarietyof各種techniques,knownas被稱為

flat-paneltechnologies平板顯示技術(shù),toproducealightweight輕量級(jí)andnon-bulky非笨重displayscreen.顯示屏幕Chap.1ComputerSystemFig.1-2NotebookComputerFig.1-3PersonalComputerChap.1ComputerSystemIntermsofcomputingpower,modernnotebookcomputersarenearlyequivalent相等topersonalcomputers.TheyhavethesameCPUs,memorycapacity,anddiskdrives.磁盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器However,allthispowerinasmallpackageisexpensive.Notebookcomputerscomewith配備batterypacks電池組thatenableyoutorunthemwithoutpluggingthemin.However,thebatteriesneedtoberecharged充電everyfewhours.每隔幾個(gè)小時(shí)Chap.1ComputerSystem1.3.2PC(PersonalComputer)PCisasmall,relativelyinexpensivegeneralpurposecomputer通用計(jì)算機(jī)designedforanindividualuser,個(gè)人用戶Fig.1-3isanexampleofPCsystem."Generalpurpose"meansthatyoucandomanydifferentthingswithaPC.Youcanuseittotype

打印documents,sende-mail,browsetheWebandplaygames.Chap.1ComputerSystemInprice,personalcomputersrangeanywherefromafewhundreddollarstothousandsofdollars.從幾百美元到數(shù)千美元不等。Allarebasedonthemicroprocessortechnologythatenablesmanufacturers制造商toputanentire整個(gè)CPUononechip.芯片Inadditiontothemicroprocessor,apersonalcomputerhasakeyboardforenteringdata,amonitor顯示器fordisplayinginformation,andastoragedeviceforsavingdata.Chap.1ComputerSystemBusinesses企業(yè)usepersonalcomputersforwordprocessing,accounting,desktoppublishing桌面出版,andforrunningspreadsheet運(yùn)行電子表格anddatabasemanagementapplications.Athome,在家里themostpopularuseforpersonalcomputersisforlearningandplayinggames.Chap.1ComputerSystem1.3.3WorkstationTheworkstationisatypeofcomputerusedforengineeringapplications工程應(yīng)用(CAD/CAM),desktoppublishing,softwaredevelopment,andothertypesofapplicationsthatrequireamoderateamountofcomputingpower有中等量的計(jì)算能力andrelativelyhighqualitygraphicscapabilities相對(duì)高品質(zhì)的圖形處理能力.Likepersonalcomputers,most

workstationsaresingle-usercomputers.單用戶計(jì)算機(jī)上。Chap.1ComputerSystem1.3.4ServerAcomputerthathasbeenoptimized優(yōu)化toprovideservicestoothercomputersoveranetwork.Serversusuallyhavepowerfulprocessors,lotsofmemoryandlargeharddrives.服務(wù)器通常有強(qiáng)大的處理器，大量的內(nèi)存和大容量硬盤。Chap.1ComputerSystem1.3.5MinicomputerAminicomputerisamidsizecomputer.一個(gè)中等規(guī)模的電腦Insizeandpower,minicomputersliebetweenworkstationsandmainframes.Inthepastdecade,過去的十年中thedistinction異樣betweenlargeminicomputersandsmallmainframeshasblurred,[英][bl?:]大小型機(jī)和小主機(jī)之間的區(qū)別已經(jīng)模糊，however,ashasthedistinctionbetweensmallminicomputersandworkstations.作為小型機(jī)和工作站之間的區(qū)別有。Butingeneral,一般情況下，aminicomputerisamultiprocessingsystemcapableofsupportingfrom4toabout200userssimultaneously.一個(gè)小型機(jī)能夠支持從4至約200個(gè)用戶，同時(shí)是一個(gè)多處理系統(tǒng)。Chap.1ComputerSystem1.3.6MainframeAmainframeisaverylargeandexpensivecomputercapableofsupportinghundreds,oreventhousands,ofuserssimultaneously.一臺(tái)主機(jī)能夠支持?jǐn)?shù)百個(gè)甚至上千個(gè)用戶同時(shí)是一個(gè)非常龐大和昂貴的計(jì)算機(jī)。

Intheearlydaysofcomputing,mainframeswerehugecomputersthatcouldfillanentireroomorevenawholefloor!

Asthesizeofcomputershasdiminished減少whilethepowerhasincreased,theterm術(shù)語mainframehasfallenoutofuse跌出使用infavorofenterpriseserver.在早期的計(jì)算中，大型機(jī)是巨大的計(jì)算機(jī)可以填補(bǔ)整個(gè)房間，甚至一整層樓！作為電腦的大小，隨著功率增加而減少，主機(jī)已經(jīng)跌出使用，有利于企業(yè)服務(wù)器使用。Chap.1ComputerSystem1.3.7SupercomputerThesupercomputeristhefastesttypeofcomputer.Supercomputersareveryexpensiveandareemployedforspecializedapplic