2021年公共英語三級考試(PETS3)學(xué)習(xí)筆記3

2021年公共英語三級考試(PETS3)學(xué)習(xí)筆記32021最新版)作者：編寫日期：2021年__月__日Dialogues/monologues:1、whatdoesthegravityhastodowiththeplanetsstayinginorbitaroundthesun?hastodowith：V.與……有關(guān)2、Itmaybeacaseofcommunicatingknowledge,drawingattentiontonewissuesorenterainingonthebasisofsciencesubjects—andthereisnoreasonwhythesameprogramcannotcombineallthree.drawsbattentiontosth：令某人注意某事。如：Shedrawmyattentiontotheboywhoiscryingontheroad.3、ThefilmopenswithaninterviewwithAndrewWiles,themanwhodiscoveredthesolutiontoFermat'slasttheorem,whichhadremainedunsolvedforcenturies.openwith：用作為開場，以開頭。如：Heopenedtheconferencewithaspeechofwelcome.4、ButIstillhopeIcanopenscreensofanysizedependingonthedistanceIwanttobefromthewallinmyliving-room但是我還希望可以根據(jù)我離起居室墻的距離隨意調(diào)整屏幕的大小。Passage:Passage:TheWorldWideLabThe20thcenturywasthegoldenageofthelaboratory.Answerstothegreatresearchquestionsweresoughtwithinshelteredchambers,wheresmallgroupsofspecializedexpertsscaleddown(orup)phenomenainjoyfulisolation.Callittheeraoftrickle-downscience:knowledgeemergedfromaconfinedcenterofrationalenlightenment,thenslowlybecameknowntotherestofsociety.Sciencewaswhatwasmadeinsidethewallswherewhitecoatswereatwork.Outsidethelaboratoriesboundariesbegantherealmofmereexperience—notexperiment.Today,allthisischanging.Indeed,itwouldbeanunderstatementtosaythatsoonnothing,absolutelynothing,willbeleftofthistop-downmodelofscientificinfluence.First,thelaboratoryhasextendeditswallstothewholeplanet.Instrumentsareeverywhere.Houses,factories,andhospitalshavebecomelaboutposts.Think,forinstance,ofglobalpositioningsystems:thankstosatellitenetworks,geologistsandbiologistscannowtakemeasurementsoutsidetheirlaboratorieswiththesamedegreeofprecisiontheyachieveinside.Meanwhile,aworldwidenetworkofenvironmentalsensorsmonitorstheplanetinrealtime.Andresearchsatellitesobserveitfromabove,asiftheearthwereunderamicroscope.Thedifferencebetweenoutdoorscienceandlabsciencehasslowlyeroded.Second,younolongerneedawhitecoatoraPh.D.toresearchspecificquestions.TaketheAFM,aFrenchpatientadvocacygroupthatfocusesonignoredgeneticdiseases.Ithashiredresearchers,pushedforcontroversialprocedureslikegenetictherapy,andbuiltanentireindustry,producingatonceanewsocialidentityandanewresearchagenda.IntheU.S.,theaudacitytochallengetheexperts,tostormthelabs,startedwithAIDSactivistsandbreastcancergroups;notithasspreadtointerestedpartiesofallsorts,frompatientswhoorganizetheirownclinicaltrialstoenvironmentalistswhodotheirwonfieldwork.Acrucialpartofdoingscienceisformulatingthequestionstobesolved;it'sclearthatscientistsarenolongeraloneinthisendeavor.Third,thereisthequestionofscale.Thesizeandcomplexityofscientificphenomenaunderexaminationhasgrowntothepointthatscalingthemdowntofitinalaboratoryisbecomingincreasinglydifficult.Thinkofglobalwarming:tobesure,labsarerunningcomplexmodelsonhugecomputers.Buthowdoyousimulateaphenomenonthatishappeningonus,withus,throughtheactionofeachofusasmuchasthoseofentireoceansandthehighatmosphere?Iftheworkinghypothesisforglobalwarmingisthatit'saproductofhumanactivity,isn'ttheonlywaytotestthishypothesistostopourharmfulemissionsandsee—laterandcollectively—whathashappened?Thesharpdividebetweenascientificinside,whereexpertsareformulatingtheories,andapoliticaloutside,wherenon-expertsaregettingbywithhumanvalues,isevaporating.Andthemoreitdoes,themorethefateofhumansislinkedtothatofthings,themoreascientificstatement(“theearthiswarming)resemblesapoliticalone(“theearthiswarming!).Themattersoffactofsciencebecomemattersofconcernofpolitics.參考譯文:20世紀(jì)是實驗室的黃金時期。一組一組的專家們抱著愉快的心情躲在實驗室里分析各種現(xiàn)象，他們正是在這些隱蔽的實驗室探索那些偉大研究課題的答案。我們把這個叫做滴入式科學(xué)時代，即研究成果先從實驗室出來，然后再慢慢向社會傳播。科學(xué)是實驗室里那些穿大白褂的研究人員得出的。研究室之外是實踐的領(lǐng)域——而不是實驗。今天，所有的這一切都變了。當(dāng)然，說在科學(xué)影響方面這種自上而下的模式將不復(fù)存在，只是輕描淡寫。首先，實驗室已將領(lǐng)域擴(kuò)張到了全世界，到處都是儀器。房子，工廠，醫(yī)院已經(jīng)成了實驗場所。比方說全球定位系統(tǒng)：由于衛(wèi)星的覆蓋網(wǎng)絡(luò)，地質(zhì)學(xué)家和生物學(xué)家可以在實驗室外面進(jìn)行測量而且精確度和在實驗室里測量的一樣。同時，全球的環(huán)境監(jiān)測器隨時對地球進(jìn)行觀察，就仿佛把地球置于一個顯微鏡下面。室外科學(xué)和實驗室科學(xué)之間的差異正在慢慢消失。其次，不再非得是穿白大褂的研究人員或者是博士才可以對具體的問題進(jìn)行研究。像AFM,—個法國病人組織，主要針對不被重視的基因疾病。這個組織專門請了研究人員，力圖在諸如基因治療這樣備受爭議的研究上取得進(jìn)展，而且他們建立了一整套體系，這套體系在為該組織獲得新的社會地位的同時還設(shè)置了一個新的研究日程。在美國，關(guān)心艾滋病的活動家們和乳癌組織首先大膽地對專家們提出挑戰(zhàn)并且攻擊實驗室。這種影響現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)擴(kuò)大到了各種利益集團(tuán)，從自己組織臨床試驗的病人到親自進(jìn)行實地調(diào)查的環(huán)境保護(hù)者。做科學(xué)最關(guān)鍵的就是闡述那些等待解決的問題，很顯然，在這方面科學(xué)家們不再是單獨的團(tuán)體。再次，還有范圍的問題。要想到等待檢測的科學(xué)現(xiàn)象的范圍縮小到適合實驗室的研究是越來越難了。想想全球變暖的問題：可以肯定的是，復(fù)雜的模型在實驗室里巨大的電腦上運行。但是怎么樣模擬我們身上以及周圍正在發(fā)生的現(xiàn)