全國醫(yī)學(xué)博士外語統(tǒng)一入學(xué)考試英語試題

2015年全國醫(yī)學(xué)博士外語統(tǒng)-入學(xué)考試英語試題請考生首先將自己的姓名、所在考點、準考證號在試卷一答題紙和試卷二標準答題卡上認真填寫清楚，并按 "考場指令"要求，將準考證號在標準答題卡上劃好。試卷一(PaperOne答案和試卷二(PaperTwo搭案都作答在標準答題卡上，不要做在試卷上。試卷一答題時必須使用28鉛筆，將所選答案按要求在相應(yīng)位置涂黑:如要更正，先用橡皮擦干凈。書面表達一定要用黑色簽字筆或鋼筆寫在標準答題卡上指定區(qū)域。標準答題卡不可折疊，同時答題卡須保持平整干凈，以利評分。聽力考試只放一遍錄音，每道題后有 15秒左右的答題時間。國家醫(yī)學(xué)考試中心PAPERONEPart1:Listeningcomprehension(30%)SectionADirections:Inthissectionyouwillhearfifteenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers,Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearaquestionaboutwhatissaid,Thequestionwillbereadonlyonce,Afteryouhearthequestion,readthefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.ChoosethebestanswersandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEETListentothefollowingexample.Youwillhear.Woman:1fellfaint.Man:NowonderYouhaven'thadabitealldayQuestion:What'sthematterwiththewoman?Youwillread.Sheissick.B.SheisbittenbyanantC.Sheishungry.D.Shespilledherpaint.HereCistherightanswerNowlet'sbeginwithquestionNumber1.A.Howtodealwithhissleepingproblem.Thecauseofhissleepingproblem.Whatfollowshisinsomnia.Theseverityofhismedicalproblem.A.TotakethemedicineforalongertimeTodiscontinuethemedication.Tocometoseeheragain.Toswitchtoothermedications.A.TotaleiteasyandcontinuetoworkTotakeasickleave.Tokeepawayfromwork.Tohaveafollow-up.A.Fullnessinthestomach.Occasionalstomachache.Stomachdistention.Frequentbelches.A.extremelysevere.Notverysevere.Moreseverethanexpected.It'shardtosay.A.Hehaslostsomeweight.Hehasgainedalot.HeneedstoexercisemoreHeisstilloverweight.A.SheisgivingthemananinjectionSheislisteningtotheman'sheartSheisfeelingtheman'spulse.SheishelpingthemanstopshiveringA.Inthegym. B.IntheofficeC.Intheclinic. D.Intheboat..A.Diarrhea. B.Vomiting.C.Nausea. D.Acold.A.Shehasdevelopedallergies.Shedoesrltknowwhatal|ergiesare-Shedoesn'thaveanyallergiesShehasallergiestreatedalready.A.Listentomusic. B.Readmagazines.C.Goplaytennis. D.StayinthehouseASheisn’tfeelingwell B.Sheisunderpressure.DSheisfeelingrelievedC.Shedoesn'tliketheweatherDSheisfeelingrelievedA.Mlchael'swifewasill.Michael'sdaughterwasillMichael'sdaughtergavebirthtotwins.Michaelwashospitalizedforacheck-up.A.Sheisabsent-minded B.Sheisinhighspirits.C.Sheisindifferent. D.Sheiscompassionate.A.Tenyearsago B.Fiveyearsago.C.Fifteenyearsago. D.Severalweeksago.SectionBDirections:Inthissectionyouwillhearoneconversationandtwopassages,aftereachofwhich,youwillhearfivequestions.Aftereachquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethebestanswerandmarktheletterof.yourchoiceontheANSWERSHEETDialogueA.Abloodtest.AgastroscopyAchestX-rayexam.AbariumX-raytest.A.Tolosesomeweight.TotakeafewmoretestsTosleeponthreepillows.ToeatsmallerlightermealsA.Potatochips. B.Chicken. C.Cereal. D.fish..A.Ulcer B.Cancer C.Depression D.HerniaA.Hewilltrythedietthedoctorrecommended.Hewillaskforasickleaveandrelaxathome.Hewilltakethemedicinethedoctorprescribed.Hewilltakeafewmoreteststoruleoutcancer.PassageOneA.AnewconceptofdiabetesThedefinitionofType1andType2diabetes.Thenewmanagementofdiabeticsinthehospital.Thenewdevelopmentofnon-perishableinsulinpills.A.Becauseitvaporizeseasily.Becauseitbecomesoveractiveeasily.Becauseitisusuallyininjectionform.Becauseitisnotstableabove40degreesFahrenheit.A.ThediabeticscanbecuredwithouttakingsyntheticinsulinanylongerB.Thefindingsprovideinsightintohowinsulinworks.Insulincanbemorestablethanitisnow.Insulincanbeproducednaturally.A.Itisstableatroomtemperatureforseveralyears.Itisadministereddirectlyintothebloodstream.Itdeliversglucosefrombloodtothecells.Itismorechemicallycomplex.A.Whyinsulinisnotstableatroomtemperature.Howimportantitistounderstandthechemicalbondsofinsulin.WhypeoplewithType1andType2diabetesdon'tproduceenoughinsulin.Whatshapeinsulintakeswhenitunlocksthecellstotakesugarformblood.PassageTwo.A.Vegetativepatientsaremoreaware.Vegetativepatientsretainsomecontroloftheireyemovement.EEGscansmayhelpuscommunicatewiththevegetativepatientsWeusuallycommunicatewiththebrain-deadpeoplebybrain-wave.A.Theleft-handsideofthebrain.B.Theright-handsideofthebrain.CThecentralpartofthebrain.D.ThefrontpartofthebrainA.31B.6. C.4.D.1A.Thepatientwasbrain-deadThepatientwasn'tbrain-dead.Thepatienthadsomecontroloverhiseyemovements.ThepatientknewthemovementheorshewasmakingA.Thepatientisnotechnicallyvegetative.Thepatientcancommunicateinsomeway.Wecantrainthepatientofspeak.Thefamilymembersanddoctorscanprovidebettercare.Part11Vocabulary(10%)SectionADirection:Inthissection,allthesentencesareincomplete.Fourword-orphrasesmarkedA,B,CandDaregivenbeneatheachofthem.Youaretochoosethewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthesentence,thenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET31Despitehisdoctor'snoteof,caihfeonever__fromdrinkingandsmokingA.retainedB.dissuadedC.alleviatedD.abstainedPeoplewithahistoryofrecurrentinfectionsarewarnedthattheuseofpersonalstereoswithheadsetsislikelytotheirhearingA.rehabilitateB.jeopardizeC.tranquilizeD.supplementImpartialobservershadtoacknowledgethatlackofformaleducationdidnotseemtoLarryinanywayinhissuccess.A.refuteB.ratifyC.facilitateD.impedeWhenthesupportingfindswerereduced,theyshouldhaverevisedtheirplanA.accordinglyBalternativelyC.considerablyD.relativelyItisincreasinglybelievedamongtheexpectantparentsthatprenataleducationofclassicalmusiccan_futureadultswithappreciationofmusic.AacquaintB.familiarizedC.endowD.amuseIfthegainofprofitissolelyduetorisingenergyprices,theninflationshouldbesubsidedwhenenergyprices A.leveloutBstandoutCcomeoffD.wearoffHeatstrokeisamedicalemergencythatdemandsimmediate fromqualifiedmedicalpersonnel.A.prescriptionB.palpationC.interventionD.interpositionAsbestosexposureresultsinMesothelioma,asbestosisandinternalorgancancers,andofthesediseasesisoftendecadesaftertheinitialexposure.A.offsetB.intakeC.outletD.onsetEbola,whichspreadsthroughbodyfluidorsecretionssuchasurine andsemen,cankillupto90%ofthoseinfected.A.salineB.salivaC.scabiesD.scrabsThenewlydesignedsystemistogenetictransfections,andenablesanincubationperiodforstudyingvariousgenes.A.comparableB.transmissibleC.translatableD.amenableSectionBDirections:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasawordorphraseunderlined.Therearefourwordsorphrasesbeneatheachsentence.Choosethewordorphrasewhichcanbestkeepthemeaningoftheoriginalsentenceifitissubstitutedfortheunderlinedpart.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.41Everyyearmorethan1,000patientsinBritaindieontransplantwaitinglists,promptingscientiststoconsiderotherwaystoproduceorgans.A.propellingB.prolongingC.puzzlingD.promisingImprovedtreatmenthaschangedtheoutlookofHIVpatients,butthereisstillaseriousstigmaattachedtoAIDS.A.disgraceB.discriminationC.harassmentD.segregationSurvivorsoftheshipwreckwerefinallyrescuedaftertheircourageofpersistenceloweredtozerobytheirphysicallassitude..A.depletionB.dehydrationC.exhaustionD.handicapScientistshaveinventeda3Dscantechnologytoreadtheotherwiseillegiblewood-carvedstone,amethodthatmayapplytootherareassuchasmedicine.A.negativeB.confusingC.eloquentD.indistinctTopathletesscrutinizebothsuccessandfailurewiththeircoachtoextractlessonsfromthem,buttheyareneverdistractedfromlong-termgoals.A.anticipateB.clarifyC.examineD.verifyHisimperativetoneofvoicerevealshisarroganceandarbitrariness.A.challengingB.solemnC.hostileD.demandingThediscussionontheeconomiccollaborationbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheEuropeanUnionmaybeeclipsedbytherecentgrowingtradefriction.A.erasedB.triggeredC.shadowedD.suspendedFasterincreasesinpricesfosterthebeliefthatthefutureincreaseswillbealsostrongersothathigherpricesfueldemandratherthanquenchitA.nurtureB.eliminateC.assimilateD.punctureSomerecentdevelopmentsinphotographyallowanimalstobestudiedinpreviouslyinaccessibleplacesandinunprecedenteddetail.A.unpredictableB.unconventionalC.unparalleledD.unexpectedAveterannegotiationspecialistshouldbeskillfulatmanipulating.A.estimatingB.handlingC.rectifyingD.anticipatingPartIIICloze(10%)Directions:Inthissectionthereisapassagewithtennumberedblanks.Foreachblank,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,Cand0ontherightside.ChoosethebestanswerandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.Amotherwhoissufferingfromcancercanpassonthediseasetoherunbornchildinextremelyrarecases,51anewcasereportpublishedinPNASthisweek.AccordingtoresearchersinJapanandattheInstituteforCancerResearchinSutton,UK,aJapanesemotherhadbeendiagnosedwithleukemiaafewweeksaftergivingbirth52tumorswerediscoveredinherdaughter'scheekandlungwhenshewas11monthsold.Geneticanalysisshowedthatthebaby'scancercellshadthesamemutationasthecancercellsofthemotherButthe

cancercellscontainednoDNAwhatsoeverfromthefather 53wouldbeexpectedifshehadinheritedthecancerfromconception.Thatsuggeststhecancercellmadeitintotheunbornchild'sbodyacrosstheplacentalbarrier.TheGuardianclaimedthistobethefirst54caseofcellscrossingtheplacentalbarrierButthisisnotthecase--microchimerism, 55cellsareexchangedbetweenamotherandherunbornchild,isthoughttobequitecommon,withsomecellsthoughttopassfromfetustomotherinabout50to75percentofcasesandtogotheotherwayabouthalf56.AstheBBCpointedout,thegreater57incancertransmissionfrommothertofetushadbeenhowcancercellsthathaveslippedthroughtheplacentalbarriercouldsurviveinthefetuswithoutbeingkilledbyitsimmunesystem.Theanswerinthiscaseatleast,liesinasecondmutationofthecancercells,whichledtothe58ofthespecificfeaturesthatwouldhaveallowedthefetalimmunesystemtodetectthecellsasforeign.Asaresult,noattackagainsttheinvaderswaslaunched.59accordingtotheresearchersthereislittlereasonforconcernof"cancerdanger"Only17probablecaseshavebeenreportedworldwideandthecombined60ofcancercellsbothpassingtheplacentalbarrierandhavingtherightmutationtoevadethebaby'simmunesystemisextremelylow51A.suggestsC.havingsuggestedA.sinceC.whereasA.whatC.whoA.predictedC.provenA.whereC.ifA.asmanyC.aswellA.threatC.obstacleA.detectionC.amplificationA.ThereforeC.NeverthelessA.likelihoodC.influenceB.suggestingD.suggestedB.althoughD.whenB.whomD.asB.suggestingD.suggestedB.althoughD.whenB.whomD.asB.notoriousD.detailedB.whenD.whateverB.asmuchD.asoftenB.puzzleD.dilemmaB.deletionD.additionB.FurthermoreD.ConclusivelyB.functionD.flexibilityDirections:Inthisparttherearesixpassages,eachofwhichisfollowedbyfivequestions.ForeachquestiontherearefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.ChoosethebestanswerandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEETPassageOneTheAmericanSocietyofClinicalOncologywrappeditsannualconferencethisweek,goingthroughtheusualmotionsofpresentingalotofdrugsthatoffersomeaddedqualityorextensionoflifetothosesufferingfromavarietyofas-yetincurablediseases.ButburieddeepinanAPstoryareacoupleofpromisingheadlinesthatseemsworthyofmorethoroughreview,includingonetreatmentstudywhere100percentofpatientssawtheircancerdiminishbyhalf.Firstofall,itseemspharmaceuticalcompaniesaremovingawayfromthemaincost-effectiveone-size-fits-allapproachtodrugdevelopmentandembracingthelongcancertreatments,engineeringdrugsthatonlyworkforasmallpercentageofpatientsbutworkveryeffectivelywithinthatgroup.Pfizerannouncedthatonesuchdrugit'spushingintolate-stagetestingistargetfor4%oflungcancerpatients.Butmorethan90%ofthattinycohortrespondedtothedruginitialtests,and9outoftenisgettingprettyclosetotheidealtenoutoften.Bygearingtowardmoreboutiquetreatmentsratherthanbroadumbrellapharmaceuticalsthattrytofitforeveryoneitseemscancerresearchersaremakingsomeheadway.Buthowcanweclosethegaponthatremainingtenpercent?AskTakedaPharmaceuticalandCelgene,twodrugmakerswhoputasidecompetitiveintereststotestanovelcombinationoftheirtreatments.Inatestof66patientswiththeblooddiseasemultiplemyeloma,afull100percentofthesubjectssawtheircancerreducedbyhalf.Needlesstosay,a100percentresponsetoacancerdrug(orinthiscaseadrugcocktail)ismoreorlessunheardof.Moreover,thiscombinationneverwould'vebeentwocompetingcompanieshadn'tsatdownandputtheirheadstogetherAretheremorepotentiallyeffectivedrugcombosoutthereseparatedbycompetitiveinterestandproprietaryinformation?Who'stosay,butitseemslikewiththeamountofmoneyandresearchbeingpumpedintocancerdrugdevelopment,theoutcomeprettygood.Andifresearcherscanstartpushingmoreoftheirresponsenumberstoward100percent,wecanmoreeasilystarttalkingaboutoncology'sfavoritefour-letterword:cure.61Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?CompetitionandCooperationTwoCompetingPharmaceuticalCompaniesThePromisingFutureofPharmaceuticalsEncouragingNews:a100%ResponsetoaCancerDrugIncancerdrugdevelopment,accordingtothepassage,thepharmaceuticalsnowA.areadoptingthecost-effectiveone-size-fits-allapproacharemovingtowardsindividualizedandtargetedtreatmentsareinvestingthelion'ssharesoftheirmoneycareonlyabouttheirprofitsFromtheencouragingadvancebythetwocompanies,wecaninferthat A.thedevelopmentcanbeascribedtotheirjointeffortsandcollaborationB.itwastheircompetitionthatresultedintheaccomplishmentC.otherpharmaceuticalswilljointhemintheresearchD.thefuturecancertreatmentcanbenothingbutcocktailtherapyFromthelastparagraphitcanbeinferredthattheanswertothequestionA.isnowheretobefoundcandriveonecrazycanbemultipleD.isconditional65.ThetoneoftheauthorofthispassageseemstobeA.neutralB.criticalC.negativeD.optimistPassageTwoLiverdiseaseisthe12th-leadingcauseofdeathintheU.S.,chieflybecauseonceit'sdeterminedthatapatientneedsanewliverit'sverydifficulttogetone.Evenincasewhereasuitabledonormatchisfound,there'sguaranteeatransplantwillbesuccessful.ButresearchersatMassachusettsGeneralHospitalhavetakenahugesteptowardbuildingfunctioningliversinthelab,successfullytransplantingculture-gownliversintorats.Theliversaren'tgrownfromscratch,butratherwithintheinfrastructureofadonorliver.Thelivercellsinthedonororganarewashedoutwithadetergentthatgentlystripsawaythelivercells,leavingbehindabiologicalscaffoldofproteinsandextracellulararchitecturethatisveryhardtoduplicatesynthetically.Withallofthatcomplicatedinfrastructurealreadyinplace,theresearchersthenseededthescaffold(支架)withlivercellsisolatedfromhealthylivers,aswellassomespecialendothelialcellstolinetheboldvessels.Oncerepopulatedwithhealthycells,theseliverslivedinculturefor10days.Theteamalsotransplantedsometwo-day-oldrecellularizedliversbackintorats,wheretheycontinuedtothriveforeighthourswhileconnectedintotherats'vascularsystems.Howeverthecurrentmethodisn'tperfectandcannotseemtorepopulatethebloodvesselsquitedenselyenoughandthetransplantedliverscan'tkeepfunctioningformorethanabout24hours(hencetheeight-hourmaximumfortherattransplant)Buttheinitialsuccessesarepromising,andtheteamthinkstheycanovercomethebloodvesselproblemandgetfullyfunctioningliversintoratswithintwoyears.Itstillmightbeadecadebeforethetechhitstheclinic,butifnothinggoeshorriblywrong-andespeciallyifstem-cellresearchestablishesareliablewaytocreatehealthlivercellsfromtheeverypatientswhoneedtransplants-lab-generatedliversthatareperfectmatchesfortheirrecipientscouldbecomeareality.66.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheanimalmodelwasmainlyintendedtoA.investigatethepossibilityofgrowingbloodvesselsinthelabB.exploretheunknownfunctionsofthehumanliverC.reducetheincidenceofliverdiseaseintheU.S.addressthesourceoflivertransplants67Whatdoestheauthormeanwhenhesaysthattheliversaren'tgrownfromscratch?A.Themakingofabiologicalscaffoldofproteinsandextracellulararchitecture.B.Ahugesteptowardbuildingfunctioningliversinthelab.C.ThebuildingoftheinfrastructureofadonorliverD.GrowinglivercellsinthedonororganThebiologicalscaffoldwasnotputintothecultureinthelabuntilA.duplicatedsyntheticallyisolatedfromthehealthyliverrepopulatedwiththehealthycellstheadditionofsomeman-madebloodvesselsWhatseemstobetheproblemintheplantedliver?Theratsaswrongrecipients.Thetimepointofthetransplantation.Theshortperiodoftherecellularization.Theinsufficientrepopulationofthebloodvessels.Theresearchteamholdshighhopesofcreatinglab-generatedliversforpatientswithintwoyearsB.thetimetableforgeneratinghumanliversinthelabC.stem-cellresearchasthefutureofmedicineD.buildingafullyfunctioningliverintoratsPassageThreePatientswhoseeyeshavesufferedheatorchemicalburnstypicallyexperienceseveredamagetothecornea--thethin,transparentfrontoftheeyethatrefractslightandcontributesmostoftheeye'sfocusingability.Inalong-termstudy,Italianresearchersusestemcellstakenfromthelimbus,theborderbetweenthecorneaandthewhiteoftheeye,tocultivateagraftofhealthycellsinalabtohelprestorevisionineyes.Duringthe10-yearsstudy,theresearchersimplantedthehealthystemcellsintothedamagedcorneain113eyesof112patients.Thetreatmentwasfullysuccessfulinmorethan75percentofthepatients,andpartiallysuccessfulin13percent.Moreover,therestoredvisionremainedstableover10years.Successwasdefinedasanabsenceofallsymptomsandpermanentrestorationofthecornea.Treatmentoutcomewasinitiallyassessedatoneyear,withupto10yearsoffollow-upevaluations.Theprocedurewasevensuccessfulinseveralpatientswhoseburninjurieshadoccurredyearsearlierandwhohadalreadyundergonesurgery.Currenttreatmentforburnedeyesinvolvestakingstemcellsfromapatient'shealthyeye,orfromtheeyesofanotherperson,andtransferringthemtotheburnedeye.Thenewprocedure,howeverstimulatesthelimbalstemcellsfromthepatient'sowneyetoreproduceinalabculture.Severaltypesoftreatmentsusingstemcellshaveprovensuccessfulinrestoringblindness,butthelong-termeffectivenessshownhereissignificant.Thetreatmentisonlyforblindnesscausedbydamagetothecornea;itisnoteffectiveforrepairingdamagedretinasoropticnerves.Chemicaleyeburnsoftenoccurintheworkplace,butcanalsohappenduetomishapsinvolvinghouseholdcleaningproductsandautomobilebatteries.Theresultsofthestudy,basedatItaly'sUniversityofModenaandReggioEmilia,werepublishedintheJune23onlineissueoftheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.71Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?A.Stemcellscanhelprestorevisionintheeyesblindedbyburns.Thevisionintheeyesblindedbyburnsfor10yearscanberestored.Therestoredvisionoftheburnedeyestreatedwithstemcellscanlastfor10years.Theburnedeyescanonlybetreatedwithstemcellsfromotherhealthypersons.72.TheItaliantechniquereportedinthispassage canrepairdamagedretinasisabletotreatdamagedopticnervesisespeciallyeffectiveforburninjuriesintheeyesalreadytreatedsurgicallyshowsalong-termeffectivenessforblindnessinvisioncausedbydamagetocornea73.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedabouteyeburns?Theplacesinwhichpeoplework.Theaccidentsthatinvolveusinghouseholdcleaningproducts.Themishapsthatinvolvedvehiclesbatteries.Thedisasterscausedbybatteryexplosionathome.74.Whatisoneoftherequirementsforthecurrentapproach?A.Thestemcellstakenfromahealthyeye.Thepatientphysicallyhealthy.Thedamagedeyewithpartialvision.Theblindnessduetodamagedopticnerves.Whichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribetheauthor'sattitudetowardsthenewmethod?A.Sarcastic.B.Indifferent.C.Critical.D.PositivePassageFourHereisacharmingstatistic:dividetheUSbyrace,sexandcountyofresidence,anddifferencesinaveragelifeexpectancyacrossthevariousgroupscanexceed30years.ThemostdisadvantagedlooklikedenizensofapoorAfricancountry:aboybornonaNativeAmericanreservationinJacksonCounty,SouthDakota,forexample,willbeluckytoreachhis60thbirthday.AtypicalchildinSenegalcanexpecttolivelongerthanthat.Americaisnotaloneinthisrespect.Whilethepictureisextremeinotherrichnations,healthinequalitiesbasedonrace,sexandclassexistinmostsocieties--andareonlypartlyexplainedbyaccesstohealthcare.Butfreshinsightsandsolutionsmaysoonbeathand.AninnovativeprojectinChicagotounitesociologyandbiologyisblazingthetrail（開倉I）,afterdiscoveringthatsocialisolationandfearofcrimecanhelptoexplainthealarminglyhighdeathratefrombreastcanceramongthecity'sblackwomen.Livingintheseconditionsseemstomaketumorsmoreaggressivebychanginggeneactivity,sothatcancercellscanusenutrientsmoreeffectively.Wearealreadyfamiliarwiththelethaleffectofstressonpeopleclingingtothebottomrungsofthesocietalladder,thankstopioneeringstudiesofBritishcivilservantsconductedbyMichaelMarmotofUniversityCollegeLondon.What'sexcitingabouttheChicagoprojectisthatitbothprobesthemechanismsinvolvedinaspecificdiseaseandsuggestspreciseremedies.Therearedrugsthatmaystavetumorsofnutrientsandcommunitycoordinatorscouldbeemployedtohelpreducesocialisolation.EncouragedbytheUSNationalInstitutesofHealth,similarprojectsarespringinguptostudyotherpocketsofpoorhealth,inpopulationsrangingfromurbanblackmentowhitepoorwomeninruralAppalachia.Torealizethefullpotentialofsuchprojects,biologistsandsociologistswillhavetostarttreatingoneotherwithanewrespectandlearnhowtocollaborateoutsidetheircomfortzones.Toomanybiomedicalresearchersstilltakethearrogantviewthatsociologyisa"softscience"withlittlethat'sserioustosayabouthealth.Andtoomanysociologistsrejectanybiologicalangle--fearingthattheirexpertisewillbesweptasideandthatthisapproachwillbeusedtobolsterdiscreditedtheoriesofeugenics,orcruderace-basedmedicineIt'stimetodroptheseoutdatedattitudesandworktogetherforthegoodofsociety'smostdeprivedmembers.Moreimportant,it'stimetousethisfusionofbiologyandsociologytoinformpublicpolicy.Thisendeavorhashugeimplications,notleastincuttingthewidehealthgapsbetweenblacksandwhites,richandpoorAsshowninthe1stparagraph,theshamingstatisticreflects -A.injusticeeverywhere B.racialdiscriminationC.agrowinglifespan D.healthinequalitiesWhichofthefollowingcanhaveanegativeimpactonhealthaccordingtotheChicago-basedproject?A.Wheretolive. B.WhichracetobelongtoC.Howtoadjustenvironmentally.D.Whatmedicalproblemtosuffer.TheChicago-basedprojectfocusesitsmanagementonaparticularmedicalproblemanditsrelatedsocialissueracialdiscriminationanditsrelatedsocialproblemsthesocialladderanditsrelatedmedicalconditionsaspecificdiseaseanditsmedicaltreatmentTheChicago-basedprojectfocusesitsmanagementonaparticularmedicalproblemanditsrelatedsocialissueracialdiscriminationanditsrelatedsocialproblemsthesocialladderanditsrelatedmedicalconditionsaspecificdiseaseanditsmedicaltreatmentWhichofthefollowingcanmostprobablyneglectedbysociologists?A.Theracialperspective. B.Theenvironmentalaspect.C.Thebiologicaldimension. D.Thepsychologicalangel.TheauthorisabigfanofthecombinationofatraditionalandnewwayofthinkinginpromotinghealththeintegrationofbiologistsandsociologiststoreducehealthinequalitiesthemutualunderstandingandrespectbetweenracespubliceducationandhealthpromotionPassageFiveAmericanresearchersareworkingonthreeantibodiesthatmanymarkanewsteponthepathtowardanHIVvaccine,accordingtoareportpublishedonlineThursday,July8,2010,inthejournalScience.Oneoftheantibodiessuppresses91percentofHIVstrains,morethananyAIDSantibodyeverdiscovered,accordingtoareportonthefindingspublishedintheWallStreetJournal.Theantibodieswerediscoveredinthecellsofa60-year-oldAfrican-Americangaymanwhosebodyproducedthemnaturally.Oneantibodyinparticularissubstantiallydifferentfromitsprecursors,theSciencestudysays.TheantibodiescouldbetriedasatreatmentforpeoplealreadyinfectedwithHIV,theWSJreports.Atthevery,least,theymightboosttheefficacyofcurrentantiretroviraldrugs.Itiswelcomenewsforthe33millionpeopletheUnitedNationsestimatedwerelivingwithAIDSattheendof2008.TheWSJoutlinesthepainstakingmethodtheteamusedtofindtheantibodyamidthecellsoftheAfrican-Americanman,knownasDonor45.FirsttheydesignedaprobethatlooksjustlikeaspotonaparticularmoleculeonthecellsthatHIVinfects.Theyusedtheprobetoattractonlytheantibodiesthatefficientlyattackthatspot.Theyscreened25millionofDonor45'scelltofindjust12cellsthatproducedtheantibodiesScientistshavealreadydiscoveredplentyof