2023年上海高考英語概要寫作技巧方法指導(dǎo)(含例題講解)

?專題19概要寫作之說明文+高考題型組合練_________________________________________________________________________________________考點(diǎn)精講考點(diǎn)精講概要寫作，簡言之就是對所讀過的文章簡要概括，寫出文章的中心大意，也可稱之為摘要。寫概要時，是把文章的具體信息用一些具有概括功能的詞和句表述出來，而不是抄襲文章的原句，更不是把細(xì)節(jié)性信息作為中心，而是要通過對文章中的單詞、詞組和句子進(jìn)行合理轉(zhuǎn)換，對文章的具體信息進(jìn)行概括，再用合適的語言表述出來。這一題型主要考查學(xué)生對文章主旨大意的概括和準(zhǔn)確獲取關(guān)鍵詞的能力，同時考查學(xué)生用簡潔的語言概括文章重要信息的能力以及對文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)的把握能力。因此，概要寫作是基于閱讀理解和書面表達(dá)，是二者的有機(jī)結(jié)合體，是閱讀理解和書面表達(dá)的溝通橋梁。上海高考概要寫作一般以說明文為主、議論文次之，，記敘文少有涉及。近年來實(shí)驗(yàn)研究報(bào)告類說明文是考查熱點(diǎn)?！疽c(diǎn)梳理】要點(diǎn)一：說明文概要寫作技巧說明文（Exposition）寫作抓住關(guān)鍵句：文章第一段和各段第一句。說明文體的閱讀材料內(nèi)容大致可以分為以下幾類：現(xiàn)象揭示類：Thearticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon—(主題)，which…(補(bǔ)充解釋)利弊對比類：Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A…whileB…Thepassagediscussestheimpactofsth.Onthepositiveside,…,butitmayalso…研究顯示類：Thestudyrevealsthat…;Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat…要點(diǎn)二：說明文概要寫作模板說明文：phenomenon/problem+reason+solution(causeandeffect),introductionofanobject(howitismade,howitisused,howitmaychange,whatmakesitneworsignificant)要點(diǎn)三：說明文概要寫作的步驟1.Skimthetexttofindoutthegeneraltheme.快讀原文，明確主題2.Analyzethetext’sstructuretodivideitintoseveralsections,findoutthemainideaofeachsectionandwriteitoutbrieflywithyourownwords.(onesentence)劃分各段，找出要點(diǎn)3.Writedownthekeysupportingpointsforeachmainideawithoutminordetails.抓重點(diǎn)，去枝節(jié)4.Organizethemainandrelatedsupportingpointsinalogicalorderwithnecessarytransitionstoachievecoherence.歸納整理，轉(zhuǎn)述大意5.Proofreadforgrammatical,spellingandpunctuationmistakes.復(fù)讀核對，檢查錯誤_____重點(diǎn)小練Directions:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

重點(diǎn)小練TeachingIs“OneoftheLeastPopularJobsintheUK”TheUKgovernmenthasjustpublishedareportonthefutureofsecondaryschoolteaching,andtheconclusionofthereportisthatmanysecondaryschoolsnowfacegreatdifficultiesinfindingpeoplewhowanttobeteachers.Sincethe1980s,thenumberofgraduateswhowould“seriouslyconsider”teachingasacareerhasfallensharply,from64%in1982tojust17%today.Thereportsuggeststhaturgentactionneedstobetakeninordertoencouragemoreintelligentyounggraduatesintoteaching.①Themaindrawback（缺點(diǎn)）ofsecondaryteaching,accordingtothereport,isthelowsalary.Earningsinteachingaremuchlowerthaninmanyotherjobs.JoanneManners,24,isagoodexample:“Igraduatedinmathslastyear,andIwasthinkingofdoingateacher-trainingcoursetobecomeamathsteacher---butIsawIcouldearntwiceasmuchifIworkedinmarketingoradvertising,soIdecidednottobecomeateacher.”②It'snotjustaboutthemoney,however.Thesurveyconcludedthatanotherreasonwhypeopledon’twanttobeteachersisthatsometeenagersbehaveverybadlyinschool.Alotofschoolshaveproblemswithdiscipline,anditseemsclearthatchildrendonothavethesamerespectforteachersasinthepast.③Here’stheviewofDaveHallam,anaccountantfromLondon:“Ithinkparentsaretoblame.Theyshouldhavestricterruleswiththeirchildrenathomeandalsoteachtheirchildrentohavemorerespectforteachers.”④Thereportisclearthattheproblemofteachershortageisaveryseriousone.Itsaysthatthegovernmentshouldraiseteachers’paysignificantly,tocatchupwithworkersinotherprofessions.Italsoindicatesthatthegovernmentcouldlaunchanationwidepublicitycampaign,withsomeadvertisementsonTVandinthenewspapers,toshowthepositivesidesofteachingtoyoungpeople.⑤做題步驟：Step1：細(xì)讀全文，明確主題。本文主要是描述教師是英國最不受歡迎的工作。Step2：劃分要點(diǎn)。本文分5個要點(diǎn)，已在文中標(biāo)出。提出主題——兩點(diǎn)原因——兩點(diǎn)建議。②和③要點(diǎn)可以合并。Step3：標(biāo)主題句或關(guān)鍵詞。已在文中用橫線標(biāo)出每段主題句。Step4：概括。Asisreported,secondaryschoolsinUKexperienceddifficultiesrecruitingyoungteachers.Thereasonsarelowsalaryandkid’sbadbehaviors.Therefore,poorlybehavedstudentsneedtoobeystricterrulesandparentsneedtodisciplinethemathome.Also,governmentshouldincreaseteachers’incomeandpromoteateachingcampaigntodisplayteaching’sbrightside.(55words).Summary2Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Plantedforestsarefarfromuniversallypopular.InIreland,thecriticismsfocusonthesitkaspruce,afast-growing,damp-toleranttreefromAmerica'sPacificNorthwest.Spruceplantationsaresaidtocontainnolife.Theyareaccusedofwreckingruralcommunitiesanddrivingfarmersofftheland.Andtheyaresaidtobeoutofplaceinmostlypastoral(田園風(fēng)光的)setting.GerryMcGovern,anotherfarmerinCountyLeitrim,putsitbluntlyconiferforestsare"notlandscape".Thefirstchargeisfalse.MarkWilsonoftheBritishTrustforOrnithologysaysthatspruceplantations-supportmorebirdlifethanfarmland,largelybecausetheyharbourmoreinsects.Inevitably,somebirdsbenefitmarethanothers.Themarchofsprucesacross-BritainandIrelandhasincreasedthenumbersofsprucelovingbirdssuchassiskinsandcrossbills.Thesecondaccusationthattreespushoutotherkindsofagriculture,isonlypartlytrue.Forestrysubsidies(補(bǔ)貼)andregulationshaveindeedchangesIreland'slandmarket.Farmerswhoplanttreesgetgenerouspaymentsfor15years,whilecontinuingtoreceiveordinaryfarmingsubsidies.Atthatpoint,withperhaps20yearstogobeforesprucesareharvested,theyoftenselltopensionfundsandotherinvestors.Thefinalaccusation,thatforestsaredramaticallychangingtheappearanceofthecountryside,isspot-on.Advocatesmaypointtoaforestedpast.Butruralpeoplehavebecomeusedtothelandscapeasitisandoftendonotwantittochange.WhatworriesMrStenson,inCountyLeitrim,isnotjustthattheever-spreadingtreeswilldisplacefarmersandmakeithardforhimtoacquiremoreland,butalsothattheywillpreventhimfromseeinghisneighbours'lightsatnight.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【參考答案】InIreland,plantedforestsarefarfromuniversallypopular.ThefirstreasonisthatSpruceplantationsaresaidtocontainnolife.Actually,thechargeisfalse.Thesecondaccusationthattreespushoutotherkindsofagriculture,isonlypartlytrue.Thefinalaccusationthatforestsaredramaticallychangingtheappearanceofthecountrysideisspot-on.【解析】本文是說明文。在文章中，作者說明了人工森林在愛爾蘭不受歡迎的原因并且對人們不喜歡人工深林的原因進(jìn)行評論?！驹斀狻?要點(diǎn)摘錄1.Plantedforestsarefarfromuniversallypopular.2.Spruceplantationsaresaidtocontainnolife.3Thefirstchargeisfalse.4.Thesecondaccusationthattreespushoutotherkindsofagriculture,isonlypartlytrue.5.Thefinalaccusation,thatforestsaredramaticallychangingtheappearanceofthecountryside,isspot-on.2.縝密構(gòu)思第一句話引出文章即將要解釋說明的話題；將第2、3要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行重組，羅列4、5要點(diǎn)，表達(dá)了人們不喜歡人工林的原因。3.遣詞造句InIreland,plantedforestsarefarfromuniversallypopular.ThefirstreasonthatSpruceplantationsaresaidtocontainnolifeisfalse.Thesecondaccusationisthattreespushoutotherkindsofagriculture,isonlypartlytrue.Thefinalaccusationthatforestsaredramaticallychangingtheappearanceofthecountrysideisspot-on.【點(diǎn)睛】[高分句型1]：ThefirstreasonisthatSpruceplantationsaresaidtocontainnolife.運(yùn)用一個that引導(dǎo)的表語從句對前面的抽象名詞reason進(jìn)行解釋說明，使主語的內(nèi)容更加具體化，表達(dá)了人們不喜歡人工林的第一個原因。這種用法表達(dá)高級。[高分句型2]：Thesecondaccusationthattreespushoutotherkindsofagriculture,isonlypartlytrue.Thefinalaccusationthatforestsaredramaticallychangingtheappearanceofthecountrysideisspot-on.這兩句話都用了that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句對前面的accusation進(jìn)行解釋說明，表達(dá)非常高級。Summary3Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Areyouworkingwithyourcomputerroutinelyeitherasaofficeemployeeoragamelover?Areyoureyesdry,watery,blurry,seeingdoubleorsensitivetolight?Ifyouranswerisa“yes”,youarelikelyoneofmanypeopletodaywhosufferfromdigitaleyestrain,alsocalledcomputer-visionsyndrome.Whatonearthisthissyndromecomingfrom?Whatcanwedotodealwiththisproblem?Eyestrainisoftenrelatedtotheamountofexposuretoscreens,thedistancefromeyestoscreensandtheuseofmultiplescreenssimultaneously.However,studieshavealsoshownthatthebluelightproducedbydigitaldevicestodayreachesfurtherintotheeyesthanotherkindsoflight.Thislightactuallyassistsattentionduringthedaybutcanresultininterruptedsleeppatternsatnight.Yearsofscientificresearchesindicatethateyestrainisn’tnecessarilyanunavoidableproblemforthosewhodealwithcomputerworkinthedailybase.Therearewaysyoucanadoptwhichcanovercometheproblemconsiderably.Tobeginwith,yourcomputerscreenshouldbehigh-resolution(高分辨率),atleast50centimeterswidediagonallyandmayrequireascreenfiltertodecreasereflections.Also,beawarethat“computerglasses”,whichcutdownglareandbluelight，areavailable.Besides,toreduceyourriskforcomputer-visionsyndrome,takefrequentbreaksduringyourcomputerworkday.Manyworkerstakeonlytwo15-minutebreaksfromtheircomputerthroughouttheirday.Accordingtoarecentstudy,eyestrainaresignificantlyreducedwhencomputerworkerstakefouradditionalfive-minute“mini-breaks”throughouttheirworkday.Finally,manyofusfallintobadhabitswhileusingdigitalscreens,whichonlyworsentheeffectsofeyestrain.Whileviewingdigitalscreens,manypeopleblink(眨眼)onethirdlessoftenthantheyusuallydo.Placeareminderonyourcomputerto“blink”sothatyoureyesdon’tdryout.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Digitaleyestrainisrelatedtotheamountofexposuretoscreensandthedistanceoftheeyestothescreens.Scientistssuggestweshouldusehigh-resolutionscreensandtrytodecreasereflections.Moreover,besideslongerbreaks,weshouldtakemoreadditionalmini-breaks.Finally,remindourselvestoblinkasmuchaspossibletopreventoureyesfromdryingout.【解析】本文為說明文。文章對“數(shù)碼眼疲勞”也被稱為“電腦視覺綜合癥”的癥狀、原因及如何避免進(jìn)行了介紹。眼睛疲勞通常與接觸屏幕的次數(shù)、眼睛與屏幕的距離以及同時使用多個屏幕有關(guān)。因?yàn)閿?shù)字設(shè)備產(chǎn)生的藍(lán)光導(dǎo)致眼睛干澀、模糊的、對光敏感等。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)眼疲勞是可避免的，首先要減少屏幕的反射，此外要經(jīng)常休息或增加間隔休息時間，最后要提醒自己盡量多眨眼睛，以防眼睛干澀?！驹斀狻勘疚氖紫纫爬ǔ鏊亩蔚拇笠狻５谝欢谓榻B了什么是“Digitaleyestrain”，也叫做“computer-visionsyndrome”及其癥狀。第二段敘述眼睛疲勞的原因，即眼睛疲勞有關(guān)的內(nèi)容，即與“Eyestrainisoftenrelatedtotheamountofexposuretoscreens,thedistancefromeyestoscreensandtheuseofmultiplescreenssimultaneously”這是確切的定義，可照搬。第三段和第四段主要敘述了如何避免眼疲勞，即盡量避免反射（trytodecreasereflection.），多休息（longerbreaks）以及提醒自己多眨眼（remind…toblink…），以防眼睛干澀(此句要用動詞不定式來表示目的)。最后按照大意，用恰當(dāng)?shù)木涫奖磉_(dá)出來即可。在用英語句式表達(dá)時，要盡可能用自己的話，讓句子靈活多變些。但句式一定要符合英語語言的要求，避免運(yùn)用漢語式的英語。答案如下：Digitaleyestrainisrelatedtotheamountofexposuretoscreensandthedistanceoftheeyestothescreens.Scientistssuggestweshouldusehigh-resolutionscreensandtrytodecreasereflections.Moreover,besideslongerbreaks,weshouldtakemoreadditionalmini-breaks.Finally,remindourselvestoblinkasmuchaspossibletopreventoureyesfromdryingout._____好題必測【2017上海春考好題必測Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Wherearethebees?Beesareessentialtotheproductionoffoodweeat.Beesmakehoney,buttheyalsopollinatelargeareasofcrops,suchasstrawberries,applesandonions.Aboutathirdofthefoodweeatisaresultofpollinationofthebees.Unfortunately,beeshavebeendisappearingatanalarmingrate.In2006,beekeepersstartedreportingaboutsomethingcalledColonyCollapseDisaster(CCD).ThemainsignofCCDisthelossofadulthoneybeesfromahive.InOctoberof2006,somebeekeepersreportedthattheyhadlostbetween30and90percentoftheirhives.Thereweremanytheoriesforthedisappearanceofthebees.Butthemostconvincingonehastodowithpesticidesandlifestylesofbeestoday.Nowadays,beekeepergetmostoftheirincomenotfromproducinghoneybutfromrentingbeestopollinateplants.Thismeansthatthelifeofthetypicalbeenowconsistsoftravellingallaroundthecountrytopollinatecropsastheseasonschange.Thatmeansalotoftravelingontrucks,whichisverystressfultobees.Itisnotunusualforupto30%ofthehivetodieduringtransportduetostress.Inaddition,beesthatspendmostoftheirtimelockedupontrucksarenotexposedtowhattheyusuallyliveon.Instead,theyliveonasweetliquidfromcorn,usuallypollutedwithpesticides.Theexactreasonforthedisappearanceofbeesisnotsure,butlosingbeesisverycostlytotheeconomy.Thebeepollinationservicesareworthover$8billionayear.Withnobees,pollinationwillhavetobedonebyhand,whichwouldhaveeffectsonthequalityoffoodandincreasedfoodpriced.Wehearalotaboutbigenvironmentaldisastersalmosteveryday.Butoneofthebiggestmayjustbethelessofthattinyflyinginsect.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Beesnotonlyprovideuswithhoney,butalsohelppollinatecrops.However,theyaredisappearingatanalarmingrateforunknownreason,whichwillbedisastroustousandeconomy.Somepeoplethinkitisthepesticidewhileothersthinkitisduetotransport.【解析】【分析】本文屬于環(huán)保文章，介紹蜜蜂正以驚人的速度消失，這可能和運(yùn)輸、農(nóng)作物使用殺蟲劑以及環(huán)境有關(guān)，但是沒人知道確切原因。要求考生閱讀完總結(jié)論點(diǎn)，不能超過60個詞。【詳解】第一步，歸納各個段落的段落大意，第一段講述蜜蜂對我們很重要，但是卻以驚人的速度消失，第二段講述蜜蜂出現(xiàn)這種狀況的情形，第三段講述可能造成此現(xiàn)象的原因；第四段講述這種現(xiàn)象對我們和經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響。第二步，可以擇出重要的信息，蜜蜂對我們很重要，但是卻以驚人的速度消失，可能造成此現(xiàn)象的原因，以及影響。第三步，得出答案，注意過渡與銜接，字?jǐn)?shù)控制在60字以內(nèi)?！军c(diǎn)睛】概要寫作做題技巧。概要寫作不是對段落大意的簡單堆積，需要學(xué)生讀懂文章的大概意思和文章結(jié)構(gòu)，還需要一定寫作替換技巧，且注意語言的簡潔性。第一步，確定文章的話題和各段的段落大意，比如本文話題為蜜蜂的消失，第一段講述蜜蜂對我們很重要，但是卻以驚人的速度消失，第二段講述蜜蜂出現(xiàn)這種狀況的情形，第三段講述可能造成此現(xiàn)象的原因；第四段講述這種現(xiàn)象對我們和經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響；第二步，分析各個段落的邏輯關(guān)系，確定主觀點(diǎn)和次要觀點(diǎn)；第三步，注意一定的寫作技巧，比如同義詞、近義詞的替換，句型和結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換；第四步，檢查單詞拼寫，語法規(guī)則，字?jǐn)?shù)問題等。【2022崇明二?！?1.Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.BuildingTrustinVirtualEnvironmentsResearchintothesciencebehindhumancommunicationtellsusthatupto90percentofwhatwetelloneanotherisnonverbal.It’sthecountlesseye,facialandbodymovementsweflashoneanotherthathelpusunderstandsomeone’sintentionanddetermineifweshouldtrustthem.Thechallengeweallfaceisfiguringoutwaystobuildtrustinvirtualenvironments.Sure,wehavesomeinteractionsonvideoconferences,butthephysicalcues(暗示)we’vebecomeaccustomedtoreactingtoarerestrictedandmasked.Thisisforcingustodevelopnewwaystotrustoneanother.Goodleadersareworkingtoengineerthoseopportunitiestobuildtrustintheirnowvirtualteams.Therearelessonswecanlearnfromglobalmultinationalcompaniesthathavefiguredouthowtomakevirtualrelationshipsworkoverthepastfewdecades.Ifyouhavevitalbusinesspartners,orevenemployeesworkingoverseas,youhave,atbest,limitedopportunitiestomeettheminperson.Whatthesecompanieshavelearnedisthatactionsspeaklouderthanwords,andpeoplebaseasimpleanalysisoftrustworthinessondeliveringoncommitments.Peoplethatdoaretrustworthy;peoplethatdon’taren’t.Whenyouhirevirtualworkersandgetanewvirtualteammember,thereisthequestionofwhethersomeonehasthebackgroundandexperiencetheyclaimtohave.Thatmeansweallneedtoleanontoolsandtechniquestohelpcertify(證實(shí))someone’sbackground.Somecompanieshavebuilttalentdatabasesinwhichpeoplecansearchtheirteammatesandconfirmtheirimpressivebackgrounds.Knowingthatyouareworkingwithacertifiedsuperstarbuildstrust.Findingwaystogetsomeonetoprovetheirtrustworthinessbydoingwhattheysaytheywillandbackinguptheirclaimsofexperiencewillgoalongwayinhelpingyouadapttothenewrealitythatweworkin.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Physicalcues,vitalincommunication,helpbuildtrust.Butthesecuesarelimitedinvirtualenvironments,whichblockstrust-building,soweshouldseeknewwaystoprovetrustworthiness.First,wecantrustthosewhodoaspromised.Second,peoplewhoseclaimedbackgroundandexperiencehavebeenconfirmedareworthtrusting.(50words)【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。肢體暗示在溝通中至關(guān)重要，有助于建立信任。但這些線索在虛擬環(huán)境中是有限的，這阻礙了信任的建立，所以我們應(yīng)該尋找新的方法來證明可信性。首先，我們可以信任那些言出必行的人。第二，那些聲稱的背景和經(jīng)驗(yàn)被證實(shí)的人是值得信任的?！驹斀狻?.要點(diǎn)摘錄①It’sthecountlesseye,facialandbodymovementsweflashoneanotherthathelpusunderstandsomeone’sintentionanddetermineifweshouldtrustthem.②Thephysicalcueswe’vebecomeaccustomedtoreactingtoarerestrictedandmasked.Thisisforcingustodevelopnewwaystotrustoneanother.③Peoplebaseasimpleanalysisoftrustworthinessondeliveringoncommitments.Peoplethatdoaretrustworthy.④Thereisthequestionofwhethersomeonehasthebackgroundandexperiencetheyclaimtohave.Weallneedtoleanontoolsandtechniquestohelpcertifysomeone’sbackground.2.縝密構(gòu)思將第1、2個要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行重組，將第3、4個要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行整合。3.遣詞造句Physicalcues,whicharevitalincommunication,helpbuildtrust.Physicalcuesarelimitedinvirtualenvironments,whichblockstrust-building,soitforcesustoseeknewwaystoprovetrustworthiness.First,wecantrustthosewhodeliveroncommitments.Second,peoplewhohavethebackgroundandexperiencetheyclaimtohaveareworthtrusting.【點(diǎn)睛】【高分句型1】Butthesecuesarelimitedinvirtualenvironments,whichblockstrust-building,soweshouldseeknewwaystoprovetrustworthiness.（運(yùn)用了一個復(fù)雜的主從復(fù)合句對第二段進(jìn)行了概括。其中which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句表達(dá)高級）【高分句型2】Second,peoplewhoseclaimedbackgroundandexperiencehavebeenconfirmedareworthtrusting.（運(yùn)用了一個復(fù)雜的主從復(fù)合句對第四段進(jìn)行了概括。其中whose引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句表達(dá)高級）【2022虹口二?！緿irections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.WhyIsLitteringaSurprisinglyBigIssue?Comparedwiththeblindinglyobviousenvironmentalissueswehearabouteveryday,litteringoftentakesabackseat--butit’smorepressingthanwemaythink.Ifyouweretothrow,say,abananapeel(香蕉皮)outofyourcarwhiledrivingalongthemotorway,thatwouldbeacompletelyharmlessaction,duetothefactthatit’spartofafruit--right?Actually,no.Abananapeelcantakeuptotwoyearstodecompose(分解),andwithathirdofmotoristsadmittingtolitteringwhiledriving,that’sawholelotofabandonedbananapeels,ormuchworse.Anorangepeelandacigarettebutthasasimilarbiodegrading(生物降解)termtothatofabanana,buttinandaluminiumcanslastupto100years,andplasticbottleslastforever,asdoglassbottles,Styrofoamcupsandplasticbags.Despitethefactthatlonger-lastingmaterialswillservetodamagetheenvironmentanditsanimalsforlonger,wecan’tonlymeasuretheseverityofacertaintypeofrubbishbyitslifetime.Forexample,despitehavingafairlyshortbiodegradingperiod,morethan120tonsofcigarette-relatedlitterisabandonedintheUKeveryday.Similarly,ourregularlitteringhereandtherehascausedtheUK’sratpopulationtoincreaseby60million.Thissuddenlyisn’tsomysteriouswhenyouconsiderthatsincethe1960sourannuallitteringhasincreasedbyanastonishing500percent.It’snotacheaphabiteither:UKtaxpayersshelveout￡500millioninordertokeepourstreetsclean,andwhenyouincludeourgreenspaces,thatgoesupto￡1billion.So,it’snotsurprisingthatifcaughtfly-tippingyoucouldfacea￡20,000fineorevenjailtimeand,ifyoulitteredsomethingdangerous,thecourtcouldgiveyoufiveyearstoserve.Totakebackourbeautifulcountrysideandcitiesweneedtodomorethansimplynotleavingrubbishwhereitoughtnottobe.Weneedapridemakeover,andweneedtotrulycaremoreabouttheworldaroundus._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Thoughoftenoverlooked,litteringisactuallyanurgentenvironmentalproblem.Thefirstthingisthatlitterlikeplasticbottlesmaytakeyearstodecomposeandplasticbottleslastforever,thuscausingadestructiveeffectontheenvironment.Evenrubbishwithashorterbiodegradingtermcanbringaboutseriousproblemslikeratissues.Furthermore,itissurprisinglycostlytoclearuplitterthrownonthestreet.【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文。文章圍繞為什么亂扔垃圾是一個大問題展開說明，主要列舉了亂扔垃圾造成的危害，并呼吁大家不要亂扔垃圾。亂扔垃圾不僅影響環(huán)境美觀，而且垃圾降解也會花費(fèi)幾年，甚至永遠(yuǎn)。除此之外，亂扔垃圾還會引發(fā)例如老鼠數(shù)量增加、耗費(fèi)資金清理垃圾等其他嚴(yán)重問題。因此，大家應(yīng)該愛護(hù)身邊的環(huán)境，從不亂扔垃圾做起，努力營造美麗的鄉(xiāng)村和城市環(huán)境?！驹斀狻?要點(diǎn)摘錄①Litteringoftentakesabackseat--butit’smorepressingthanwemaythink②Anorangepeelandacigarettebutthasasimilarbiodegrading(生物降解)termtothatofabanana,buttinandaluminiumcanslastupto100years,andplasticbottleslastforever,asdoglassbottles,Styrofoamcupsandplasticbags.③Forexample,despitehavingafairlyshortbiodegradingperiod,morethan120tonsofcigarette-relatedlitterisabandonedintheUKeveryday.Similarly,ourregularlitteringhereandtherehascausedtheUK’sratpopulationtoincreaseby60million.④It’snotacheaphabiteither:UKtaxpayersshelveout￡500millioninordertokeepourstreetscleanandwhenyouincludeourgreenspaces,thatgoesupto￡1billion.2.縝密構(gòu)思將第1個要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行改寫，第2、3兩個要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行重組，將第4個要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行整合。3.遣詞造句Thoughoftenoverlooked,litteringisactuallyanurgentenvironmentalproblem.Thefirstthingisthatlitterlikeplasticbottlesmaytakeyearstodecomposeandplasticbottleslastforever,thuscausingadestructiveeffectontheenvironment.Evenrubbishwithashorterbiodegradingtermcanbringaboutseriousproblemslikeratissues.Furthermore,itissurprisinglycostlytoclearuplitterthrownonthestreet.【點(diǎn)睛】[高分句型1]Thoughoftenoverlooked,litteringisactuallyanurgentenvironmentalproblem.運(yùn)用了一個主從復(fù)合句改寫了第一段的內(nèi)容。其中though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。[高分句型2]：Thefirstthingisthatlitterlikeplasticbottlesmaytakeyearstodecomposeandplasticbottleslastforever,thuscausingadestructiveeffectontheenvironment.用that引導(dǎo)的表語從句對第二段進(jìn)行了概括，現(xiàn)在分詞causing引出結(jié)果狀語，表達(dá)非常高級。[高分句型3]：Itissurprisinglycostlytoclearuplitterthrownonthestreet.用it作形式主語，不定式toclearuplitter作為真正主語、thrown過去分詞作后置定語的用法比較高級。【2022金山二?！緿irections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.FatigueFatigueisafeelingofbeingextremelytired.Basically,therearethreetypesoffatigue,physical,pathological(由疾病引起的),andpsychological.Asyoumightsuspect,eachdifferssignificantlyfromtheothers.Whenyouexerciseyourbody,youproducewasteproducts.Muscles,forexample,releaselacticacid(乳酸)intotheblood;cellsdumpincarbondioxide.Whenthesewastesreachacertainlevelintheblood,thebrainisinformedandyouractivityleveldrops.Excesswastesinthemusclesmayproducesoreness.Thesolutiontothistypeoffatigueissimple—rest.Thatshouldrefreshyou;ifitdoesn’t,anothercauseshouldbesought.Haveyoueverbecomeinvolvedinsomanyactivitiesthatyouhadtobeintwoplacesatonce?Thisiswhathappenswhenyourbodyhasadisease.Thecellsareoverusedandcannotkeepupwithbothfightingthediseaseandkeepingyouactive.Theresultisfatigue.Somecommunicablediseaseslikethefluandcoldsare“well”knownfordrainingyourenergy.Othernon-communicablediseases,likeanemia(貧血),drainyoubecauseyouarelackinganimportantbodyingredient.Beingoverweightcancausepathologicalfatigue.Itshouldbeobviousthatthistypeoffatigueisnotgoingtogoawaywithouttreatment.Inaway,pathologicalfatigueisalifesaver.Itletsyouknowsomethingiswrongandthatyouneedrest.Hereisthemostcommontypeoffatigue.Almosteverybodyexperiencesitnowandthen.Often,thecauseisanemotionalwaryouarehavingwithyourselforthosearoundyou.Someofthesefamiliarfactorscanbringonpsychologicalfatigue:worries,stress,lackofexercise,boredom,depression.Ifyouknowsomeonewithpsychologicalfatigue,wouldyouadvisehimtorest?Noway!Thatmightbefineforourothertypesoffatigue,butforthisone,it’sdeadly.Ifyouareevergoingtobeabletocopewithstress,depression,orworry,youneedoxygeninyourcellsandamoreoptimisticattitude.Getoutofthechairanddosomething!Believeitornot,manypeoplethrowthemselvesintophysicallaborlikecleaningto“de-fatigue”themselves.Ifyoufindyourselfinaparticularlystressfulsituationthatyoucan’tphysicallyescape,escapementally.Whenfatiguecontinues,maybeyouneedtogettotherootoftheproblem.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________