國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)英漢雙語(yǔ)課件第7章 insurance

Internationaltradepractice主講：劉偉良TelQ：1047205122Chapter7OceanMarineCargoInsurance1/49OverviewofOceanMarineInsuranceNeedforInsuranceCoverageofOceanMarineCargoInsuranceFundamentalPrinciplesofCargoInsuranceMainCategoriesofGeneralCargoInsuranceChoiceoftheRightCoverageInstituteofLondonUnderwritersMajorTypesofInsurancePolicyWarrantiesAssignmentoftheInsurancePolicyPremiumCargoInsuranceClaims保險(xiǎn)——是指投保人根據(jù)合同約定，向保險(xiǎn)人支付保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)，保險(xiǎn)人對(duì)于合同約定的可能發(fā)生的事故因其發(fā)生所造成的財(cái)產(chǎn)損失承擔(dān)賠償保險(xiǎn)金責(zé)任，或者當(dāng)被保險(xiǎn)人死亡、傷殘、疾病或者達(dá)到合同約定的年齡、期限等條件時(shí)承擔(dān)給付保險(xiǎn)金責(zé)任的商業(yè)保險(xiǎn)行為。（中國(guó)保險(xiǎn)法）P149-1.OverviewofOceanMarineInsurance2/49Insuranceisacontractwherebyoneparty,inconsiderationofapremiumpaid,undertakestoindemnifytheotherpartyagainstlossfromcertainperilsorriskstowhichthesubjectmatterinsuredmaybeexposedto.Insurance4/49FundamentalPrinciplesofCargoInsurance1)Insurableinterest-可保利益原則Insurablemeansthepersoninsuringmusthavetheabsoluteownershipofthesubjectmatterinsured.Interestmeansthatthepersoninsuringmustbetheonewhostandstobearsomefinanciallossiftheriskmaterializes.P152-保險(xiǎn)利益原則——指被保險(xiǎn)人與保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的物之間應(yīng)具有利害關(guān)系。被保險(xiǎn)人向保險(xiǎn)人提出索賠時(shí)，須證明自己同保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的物有明確的利害關(guān)系。然而，現(xiàn)實(shí)中，保險(xiǎn)人對(duì)被保險(xiǎn)人的預(yù)期利益允予承保。如，買方對(duì)FOB、CFR條件下的貨物可以預(yù)先安排保險(xiǎn)。Insurableinterestwillbetransferredfromthesellertothebuyerinint’ltradethroughthetransferofinsurancepolicyorcertificate.Thetimeoftransferringinsurableinterestfromthesellertothebuyeristhetimethesellerendorsestheinsurancepolicyorcertificatetothebuyer.5/492)Utmostgoodfaith-最大誠(chéng)信Theprincipleofutmostgoodfaithimpliesintoeachinsurancecontractarequirementtoactwiththehighestdegreeofintegritytowardstheotherparty,tobefullandfrankindisclosureandtoactwithfairness.Utmostgoodfaithisusuallydividedintothreecomponents:representations,concealments,andwarranties.P152-訂立保險(xiǎn)合同時(shí)，雙方須本著最大的誠(chéng)信，把各自作為訂約依據(jù)的主要條件真實(shí)地、毫不保留地告訴對(duì)方，以便讓雙方?jīng)Q定是否簽約?，F(xiàn)實(shí)中，關(guān)鍵在于被保險(xiǎn)人對(duì)保險(xiǎn)人的誠(chéng)信。被保險(xiǎn)人的對(duì)保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的物的陳述必須真實(shí)，否則，保險(xiǎn)人有權(quán)解除合同。而對(duì)事實(shí)的陳述只要“基本正確”，表示期望或信心的陳述只要是善意，即視為真實(shí)。被保險(xiǎn)人必須披露重要事實(shí)，否則保險(xiǎn)人有權(quán)解除合同。被保險(xiǎn)人不得違反保證。被保險(xiǎn)人保證對(duì)某一事項(xiàng)的作為或不作為，或保證某種情況的存在或不存在。否則，不論被保險(xiǎn)人是否有過(guò)錯(cuò)，保險(xiǎn)人均可解除合同，或要求修改承保條件，增加保費(fèi)，等等。6/493)Indemnity-補(bǔ)償Theprinciplebehindindemnityisafinancialrestorationtoaleveljustbeforetheaccidentorinjuryorillegalact.Theassuredshouldnotprofitfrominsuranceandheshouldbeinthesamefinancialpositionafterthelossasbeforetheinsuredeventtakesplace.P153-賠償金額以被保險(xiǎn)人在保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的中所具有的保險(xiǎn)利益金額為限。保險(xiǎn)人的賠償不應(yīng)使被保險(xiǎn)人因保險(xiǎn)賠償而獲得額外利益。即，保險(xiǎn)的賠償是使被保險(xiǎn)人在遭受損失后，經(jīng)過(guò)補(bǔ)償能恢復(fù)到他受損前的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀態(tài)，而不是使被保險(xiǎn)人通過(guò)補(bǔ)償而獲得額外利益。7/494)ProximateCause-近因Proximatecausereferstothefirstperilinachainofeventsthatresultinaloss.Mostpropertyinsurancepoliciesrequireaninsuredperiltobetheimmediateorproximatecauseofalossforcoveragetoapply.Thelossmustbeadirectresultofaninsuredperil.P154-保險(xiǎn)人只對(duì)承保風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的損失之間有直接因果關(guān)系的損失負(fù)賠償責(zé)任。在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的損失關(guān)系中，若近因?qū)儆诒槐ｏL(fēng)險(xiǎn)，保險(xiǎn)人應(yīng)負(fù)賠償責(zé)任；近因?qū)儆诔怙L(fēng)險(xiǎn)或未保風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，則保險(xiǎn)人不負(fù)賠償責(zé)任。近因，是指在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和損失之間，導(dǎo)致?lián)p失的最直接、最有效、起決定作用的原因，而不是指在時(shí)間上或空間上最接近的原因。例如,貨輪買了平安險(xiǎn)，平安險(xiǎn)只陪貨物全損，共同海損，和意外事故造成的單獨(dú)海損。結(jié)果，這貨輪在海上先遇觸礁，再遇風(fēng)暴，然后被海盜搶劫，發(fā)生海戰(zhàn)，導(dǎo)致貨物部分破壞和丟失。這個(gè)損失，保險(xiǎn)公司賠不賠？分析：保險(xiǎn)公司會(huì)先調(diào)查近因，如果該部分貨物損失時(shí)由于觸礁造成的，或者觸礁后的風(fēng)暴造成的，則賠償。被海盜搶走的或打爛的，不賠。8/495)Subrogation–代位Subrogationmeansthatwhenanunderwriterhaspaidalossunderhispolicy,heisentitledtoplacehimselfinthepositionoftheassuredtotakeoverallrightsoftheassuredinrespectofthelosshehaspaidsuchasthetitletothesubjectmatterinsuredandtherightinalawsuitincaseofanaccidentlikeacarcollisionorshipcollision,forinstance.P154-代位——又稱代位求償權(quán)，是指被保險(xiǎn)貨物發(fā)生保險(xiǎn)事故遭受損失，依法律或約定應(yīng)由第三人負(fù)責(zé)賠償時(shí)，被保險(xiǎn)人從保險(xiǎn)人處取得保險(xiǎn)賠償時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)把對(duì)該第三人的損害賠償請(qǐng)求權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓給保險(xiǎn)人，由保險(xiǎn)人行使被保險(xiǎn)人的追索權(quán)利。承保范圍風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失費(fèi)用海上風(fēng)險(xiǎn)外來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)自然災(zāi)害意外事故一般外來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)特殊外來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)全部損失部分損失實(shí)際全損推定全損共同海損單獨(dú)海損施救費(fèi)用救助費(fèi)用9/493.CoverageofOceanMarineCargoInsuranceP150-Perilsofthesea海上風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Extraneousrisks外來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Fortuitousaccidents意外事故Generalextraneousrisks一般外來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Specialextraneous

risks

特殊外來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)1）Risks–風(fēng)險(xiǎn)10/49Naturalcalamities自然災(zāi)害P150-海上風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——又稱海難，一般指船舶或貨物在海上運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中發(fā)生或隨附海上運(yùn)輸發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，包括：自然災(zāi)害和意外事故。11/49Perilsofthesea-海上風(fēng)險(xiǎn)PERILSOFTHESEA:Fortuitousaccidentsorcasualties,peculiartotransportationonanavigablewater,suchasstranding,sinking,collisionofthevessel,oranyotherhazardsresultingfromtheuniqueenvironmentofthesea.TheyincludeNaturalcalamitiesandFortuitousaccidents.Naturalcalamities:earthquake,hurricane,thunderstorm,andetc.自然災(zāi)害：指不以人的意志為轉(zhuǎn)移的自然界力量所引起的災(zāi)害，如惡劣氣候、雷電、海嘯、地震或火山爆等人力不可抗力。Fortuitousaccidents:fire,smoking,stranding,sinking,collision,andetc.意外事故：因偶然的非預(yù)料的原因所造成的事故。指：意外擱淺；觸礁；沉沒(méi)；碰撞；失蹤；火災(zāi)；爆炸等。P150-Generalextraneousrisks:theft,pilferage,raindamage,shortage,breakage,etc.(一般外來(lái)險(xiǎn)：被保險(xiǎn)貨物在運(yùn)輸途中因偷竊、串味等外來(lái)原因所造成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。如：盜竊；玷污；滲漏；破碎；潮受熱)。Specialextraneousrisks:strike,war,failuretodeliver,etc.(特殊外來(lái)險(xiǎn)：因軍事、政治、政策法令及行政措施等特殊外來(lái)原因所造成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與損失。如：戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、罷工、交貨不到、沒(méi)收等)。12/49Extraneousrisks-外來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Extraneousrisks

aretheonesthatareresultedfromanycausesotherthantheperilsofthesea.TheyincludeGeneralrisksandSpecialrisks.外來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——海上風(fēng)險(xiǎn)以外的其他外來(lái)原因所造成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，包括一般外來(lái)險(xiǎn)和特殊外來(lái)險(xiǎn)。

P150-TotalLoss全部損失PartialLoss部分損失ActualTotalLoss實(shí)際全損ConstructiveTotalLoss推定全損GeneralAverage共同海損ParticularAverage單獨(dú)海損13/49P150-2）MarineLosses–海上損失海上損失——指被保險(xiǎn)貨物在海洋運(yùn)輸中，因遭受海上風(fēng)險(xiǎn)而引起的損失，包括：全部損失和部分損失。14/49P150-MarineLosses-海上損失Marinelossesrefertotheonesthatarecausedtotheinsuredcargoduringseatransportbytheperilsofthesea.TheyincludeTotalLossandPartialLoss.Actualtotalloss(實(shí)際全損)meansthenon-existenceoftheinsuredcargoinvalue.Constructivetotalloss(推定全損)isdeclaredwhentheinsuredcargobecomesuselessforpracticalpurposes,orithasbeendamagedtosuchanextentthatthecostofrepairsorproceedingshipmenttothedestinationwillbeequaltoorevengreaterthanthevalueofitself.15/49P150-TotalLoss:Destructionoftheinsuredcargototheextentthatnothingofvalueisleftandtheitemcannotberepaired/rebuilttoitspre-destructionstate.TheyincludeActualtotallossandConstructivetotalloss.TotalLoss-全部損失全部損失——簡(jiǎn)稱全損，指保險(xiǎn)貨物遭全部損失，包括：①實(shí)際全損；②推定全損。

GeneralAverage(共同海損)–asacrificemadeforthecommonsafetyofboththecargoandtheship.Itmustbeapartial,deliberateandreasonablesacrificeundertakenforthecommonsafetyoftheadventureintimeofperil.ParticularAverage(單獨(dú)海損)-alossatsea,asthroughaccidentornegligence粗心大意,thatisbornesolelybytheownerofthelostordamagedproperty.itmustbecausedbyaccidentornegligenceratherthandeliberateaction.

16/49P150-PartialLoss-部分損失Partiallossmeansthetotallossofpartoftheinsuredcargoordamagetoallorpartoftheinsuredcargo.TheyincludeGeneralaverage&Particularaverage.部分損失——指未達(dá)到全部損失程度，貨物的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值沒(méi)有完全喪失，不屬于實(shí)際全損和推定全損的損失，包括：①共同海損；②單獨(dú)海損。

RequirementsforGeneralAverage①

確有危及船舶、貨物和其他財(cái)產(chǎn)的迫切的“共同危險(xiǎn)”存在真實(shí)的危險(xiǎn)，即存在危及船、貨的客觀事實(shí)。主觀臆測(cè)的危險(xiǎn)不是真正的危險(xiǎn)，因錯(cuò)誤判斷而采取的措施不屬于共同海損行為。危險(xiǎn)是同一海上航程中的船貨共同面臨的，即當(dāng)危險(xiǎn)發(fā)生時(shí)危及船貨的共同安全，若不及時(shí)采取，船舶和貨物都有滅失或損壞的危險(xiǎn)。②

采取的措施必須是有意、合理且有效的“有意”，指共同海損的發(fā)生是人為的結(jié)果，而非意外造成的損失?！昂侠怼?，指本著以最小犧牲換取船、貨安全的原則而采取的措施?！坝行А?，指船長(zhǎng)等所采取的措施達(dá)到了使船、貨脫離危險(xiǎn)的目的，勞而無(wú)功等未能避免損失的措施，就失去了作出共同海損的意義。③

作出的犧牲和支付的費(fèi)用必須是非常的“非常”，指為了共同安全，船長(zhǎng)等人員采取措施所造成的犧牲、費(fèi)用超出正常范圍，屬于特殊的或額外的費(fèi)用。

17/49Sueandlaborexpenses(施救費(fèi)用):Expensesresultedfrommeasurestakenbytheinsuredorhisagenttopreventhimfromsufferingfurtherlosses.Salvagecharges(救助費(fèi)用):Chargesforactionstakenbythoseotherthantheinsured,thecarrierandtheinsurer,whocometosalvagetheshipandtheconsignments.18/493)Expenses-費(fèi)用Expenseswillbeincurredinreducingthelossofthesubjectmatterinsuredeitherbytheassuredhimselforapartyotherthantheinsurerand/ortheassured.TheyincludeSue&LaborExpenses,andSalvageCharges海上貨運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)的費(fèi)用——指為營(yíng)救被保險(xiǎn)貨物所支出的費(fèi)用，主要有：①施救費(fèi)用；②救助費(fèi)用。P151-例1：棉花著火，為了滅火，把附近的衣服淋濕了，衣服損失算什么費(fèi)用？Sueandlaborexpenses例2：棉花著火，為了快速滅火，把門鎖踢壞了，門鎖損失算什么費(fèi)用？Sueandlaborexpenses例3：船著火，附近船只過(guò)來(lái)救援，用水槍滅火，水槍的使用費(fèi)，算什么費(fèi)用？Salvagecharges海輪的艙面上裝有1000臺(tái)拖拉機(jī)，航行中遇大風(fēng)浪襲擊，450臺(tái)拖拉機(jī)被卷入海中，海輪嚴(yán)重傾斜，如不立即采取措施，則有翻船危險(xiǎn)，船長(zhǎng)下令將余下550臺(tái)拖拉機(jī)全部拋入海中，最后才使得船及船上的其他貨物得救。問(wèn)：這1000臺(tái)拖拉機(jī)的損失屬于單獨(dú)海損還是共同海損？19/49CaseStudy450臺(tái)單獨(dú)海損，550臺(tái)共同海損MainCategories

險(xiǎn)別BasicCoverages基本險(xiǎn)（主險(xiǎn)）AdditionalCoverages附加險(xiǎn)F.P.A.-平安險(xiǎn)Generaladditional一般附加險(xiǎn)Specialadditional特殊附加險(xiǎn)W.P.A.-水漬險(xiǎn)A.R.-一切險(xiǎn)20/495.MainCategoriesofGeneralCargoInsuranceP154-1)ChinaInsuranceClauses–CICFreefromParticularAverage/F.P.A.(平安險(xiǎn))providescoverageonlyforgeneralaverageandtotallossofcargotogetherwithshiporaircraft.保險(xiǎn)人原則上僅對(duì)發(fā)生的全部損失及共同海損承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。（另加意外事故造成的單獨(dú)海損。）P88-在運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中，由于自然災(zāi)害和運(yùn)輸工具發(fā)生意外事故，造成被保險(xiǎn)貨物的實(shí)際全損和推定全損；因運(yùn)輸工具遭遇擱淺、觸礁、沉沒(méi)、互撞、與流冰或其他物體碰撞及滅失、爆炸等意外事故造成被保險(xiǎn)貨物的全部或部分損失。只要運(yùn)輸工具曾發(fā)生擱淺、觸礁、沉沒(méi)、焚毀等意外事故（不論是否這種意外事故發(fā)生前或后曾在海上遭遇惡劣氣候、雷電、海嘯等自然災(zāi)害），造成的被保險(xiǎn)貨物的部分損失。在裝卸轉(zhuǎn)船時(shí)被保險(xiǎn)貨物一件或數(shù)件落海所造成的全部或部分損失。FPACoverage24/49P88-被保險(xiǎn)貨物對(duì)遭受承保責(zé)任內(nèi)危險(xiǎn)的貨物采取搶救、防止或減少損失的措施而支付的合理費(fèi)用，但不得超過(guò)該批被救貨物的保險(xiǎn)金額。運(yùn)輸工具遭遇自然災(zāi)害或意外事故，需在中途的港口或在避難港?？浚蚨鸬男敦?、裝貨、存?zhèn)}及運(yùn)送貨物所產(chǎn)生的特別費(fèi)用。發(fā)生共同海損所引起的犧牲、分?jǐn)傎M(fèi)用和救助費(fèi)用。運(yùn)輸契約訂有“船舶互撞條款”，按該條款應(yīng)由貨主償還船方損失。FPACoverage24/49BasicCoverages-基本險(xiǎn)(主險(xiǎn))21/49P155-WithParticularAverage/W.P.A.(水漬險(xiǎn))providescoveragainstalllossordamageduetomarineperilsorperilsofseaincludingpartiallossordamage.承保責(zé)任除包括平安險(xiǎn)責(zé)任外，還負(fù)責(zé)賠償因惡劣氣候引發(fā)的被保險(xiǎn)貨物的部分損失。AllRisks/A.R.(一切險(xiǎn))providesprotectionagainstriskscoveredbyFPAandWPAaswellasgeneralextraneousrisks.責(zé)任范圍除包括平安險(xiǎn)和水漬險(xiǎn)的所有責(zé)任外，還包括貨物在運(yùn)輸中因一般外來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)導(dǎo)致的損失（但不包括特殊風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的損失）。

23/49F.P.A.W.P.A.ParticularAverage（自然災(zāi)害導(dǎo)致）GeneralextraneousrisksAllRisksTotalLoss+GeneralAverage+意外事故造成particularaverageCICCoverageChartP155-SpecialextraneousrisksSpecialadditionalcoverageGeneraladditionalcoverageFreefromParticularAverage/F.P.A.(平安險(xiǎn))providescoverageonlyforgeneralaverageandtotallossofcargotogetherwithshiporaircraft.保險(xiǎn)人原則上僅對(duì)發(fā)生的全部損失及共同海損承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。（另加意外事故造成的單獨(dú)海損。）BasicCoverages-基本險(xiǎn)(主險(xiǎn))WithParticularAverage/W.P.A.(水漬險(xiǎn))providescoveragainstalllossordamageduetomarineperilsorperilsofseaincludingpartiallossordamage.承保責(zé)任除包括平安險(xiǎn)責(zé)任外，還負(fù)責(zé)賠償因惡劣氣候引發(fā)的被保險(xiǎn)貨物的部分損失。即FPA加海上自然災(zāi)害導(dǎo)致的單獨(dú)海損。AllRisks/A.R.(一切險(xiǎn))providesprotectionagainstriskscoveredbyFPAandWPAaswellasgeneralextraneousrisks.責(zé)任范圍除包括平安險(xiǎn)和水漬險(xiǎn)的所有責(zé)任外，還包括貨物在運(yùn)輸中因一般外來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)導(dǎo)致的損失（但不包括特殊風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的損失）。

Specialadditionalcoverage（特殊附加險(xiǎn)）Providesprotectionagainstspecialextraneousrisksincluding:FailuretoDeliver,ImportDuty,OnDeck,Rejection,Aflatoxin,WarRisks,StrikeRisks,andFireRiskExtensionClause,F.R.E.C.-forStorageofCargoatDestinationHongKong,includingKowloon,orMacao（交貨不到險(xiǎn)；進(jìn)口關(guān)稅險(xiǎn)；倉(cāng)面險(xiǎn)；進(jìn)口拒收險(xiǎn)；黃曲霉素險(xiǎn)；戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)險(xiǎn)；罷工險(xiǎn)；港澳存?zhèn)}火險(xiǎn)責(zé)任擴(kuò)展條款）。

22/49AdditionalCoverages-附加險(xiǎn)Generaladditionalcoverage（一般附加險(xiǎn)）Providesprotectionagainstgeneralextraneousrisksincluding:

Theft,Pilferage偷竊andNon-delivery(T.P.N.D),FreshWaterand/orRainDamage,Shortage,Leakage,IntermixtureandContamination玷污,Clash破損andBreakage,

Taint傳染ofOdor,SweatingandHeating,HookDamage,BreakageofPacking,andRiskofRust（偷竊/提貨不著險(xiǎn)；淡水雨淋險(xiǎn)；短量險(xiǎn)；滲漏險(xiǎn)；混雜、沾污險(xiǎn)；碰損/破碎險(xiǎn)；串味險(xiǎn)；受熱受潮險(xiǎn)；鉤損險(xiǎn)；包裝破損險(xiǎn)；銹損險(xiǎn)）。P156-我方向澳大利亞出口坯布100包。我方按合同規(guī)定投保水漬險(xiǎn)。貨物在海上運(yùn)輸途中因艙內(nèi)食用水管漏水，致使該坯布中的30包浸有水漬。請(qǐng)問(wèn)：對(duì)此損失應(yīng)向保險(xiǎn)公司索賠還是向船公司索賠？

案例1分析：食用水管漏水是淡水雨淋險(xiǎn)，屬于一般附加險(xiǎn)，不屬于水漬險(xiǎn)承保范圍,應(yīng)向船公司索賠上海某單位以CIF條件從國(guó)外進(jìn)口某貨物一批，賣方已代辦了一切險(xiǎn)。該批貨物在上海卸貨后，當(dāng)晚在碼頭被偷竊。買方能否向保險(xiǎn)公司要求賠償？

案例2分析：偷竊提貨不著險(xiǎn)，屬于一切險(xiǎn)的承保范圍，可以向保險(xiǎn)公司索賠。我國(guó)某公司按CIF條件向中東某國(guó)出口一批貨物，根據(jù)合同投保了水漬險(xiǎn)附加偷竊提貨不著險(xiǎn)。但在海運(yùn)途中，因兩伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)船被扣押，爾后進(jìn)口商因提貨不著便向我保險(xiǎn)公司進(jìn)行索賠，我保險(xiǎn)公司認(rèn)為不屬于保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任范圍，不予賠償。請(qǐng)分析是否賠償,為什么？

案例3戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)險(xiǎn)是特殊附加險(xiǎn)國(guó)內(nèi)某公司向銀行申請(qǐng)開(kāi)立信用證，以CIF條件向法國(guó)采購(gòu)奶酪3公噸，價(jià)值3萬(wàn)美元，提單已經(jīng)收到，但貨輪到達(dá)目的港后卻無(wú)貨可提。經(jīng)查，該輪在航行中因遇暴風(fēng)雨襲擊(我方僅投水漬險(xiǎn))，奶酪被水浸泡，船方將其棄于海中。于是我方憑保險(xiǎn)單向保險(xiǎn)公司索賠，保險(xiǎn)公司拒賠。請(qǐng)問(wèn)：保險(xiǎn)公司能否拒賠？

案例4保險(xiǎn)公司不能拒絕賠償，暴風(fēng)雨是自然災(zāi)害倉(cāng)至倉(cāng)條款，即保險(xiǎn)公司的保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任，是從被保險(xiǎn)貨物運(yùn)離保險(xiǎn)單載明的起運(yùn)（港/地）的發(fā)貨人倉(cāng)庫(kù)開(kāi)始，一直到貨物到達(dá)保險(xiǎn)單載明的目的港/地收貨人倉(cāng)庫(kù)時(shí)為止。Warehousetowarehouseclause26/49W/Wclause——Amarinecargoinsurancepolicyprovisionthatextendstheprotectionfromthewarehouseatwhichtheshipmentoriginatestotheoneatwhichitterminates.Coveragealsoterminatesatthesituationslistedbelow:60daysaftertheinsuredgoodsaredischargedfromtheshipatthedestinationport.Iftheinsuredgoodsare

tobeforwardedtoadestinationotherthanthattowhichitisinsured,coverageterminatesatthetimeofthecommencement開(kāi)始o(jì)ftransittosuchotherdestination.Iftheinsuredtakesthegoodsforallocation,distribution,orstorageotherthanordinarycourseoftransitatawarehousebeforethedestination,coverageterminatesuponcompletionofunloadingthegoodsfromcarryingvehicleatsuchwarehouse.保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任終結(jié)的另外一些情況：1）投保貨物在目的港卸貨60天后2）如果投保貨物臨時(shí)改變目的（港、地），則保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任從航線開(kāi)始轉(zhuǎn)變那一刻終止。3）如果投保貨物被要求分派，拆分配送，或者在半路存放倉(cāng)庫(kù)，沒(méi)有按規(guī)定直接運(yùn)達(dá)目的地，那么保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任在從原運(yùn)輸工具上卸下那一刻終止。案例某公司以CFR上海從國(guó)外進(jìn)口一批汽車零件，并據(jù)賣方提供的裝船通知及時(shí)向中國(guó)人民保險(xiǎn)公司投保了水漬險(xiǎn)，后來(lái)由于國(guó)內(nèi)用戶發(fā)生變更，我方通知承運(yùn)人貨改卸黃埔港。在貨由黃埔港裝火車運(yùn)往南京途中遇到山洪，致使部分貨物受損。（1）我進(jìn)口公司是否可以據(jù)此向保險(xiǎn)公司索賠？（2）如果海輪正常于6月1日抵達(dá)上海港并開(kāi)始卸貨，6月3日全部卸在碼頭貨棚中而未運(yùn)往收貨人倉(cāng)庫(kù)。問(wèn)：保險(xiǎn)公司的保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任至哪一天終止？

分析：（1）保險(xiǎn)公司會(huì)拒賠。中國(guó)人民保險(xiǎn)公司《海洋運(yùn)輸貨物保險(xiǎn)條款》規(guī)定基本險(xiǎn)的責(zé)任起訖采用的是倉(cāng)至倉(cāng)條條款。倉(cāng)至倉(cāng)條款規(guī)定如果被保險(xiǎn)貨物需轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至非保險(xiǎn)單所載明的目的地時(shí)，則以該項(xiàng)貨物開(kāi)始轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)時(shí)終止。（2）保險(xiǎn)公司的保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任到8月2日即告終止。根據(jù)限制條款：當(dāng)貨物從目的港卸離海輪時(shí)起算滿60天，不論貨物是否進(jìn)入收貨人倉(cāng)庫(kù)，保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任均告終止。

25/49ExclusionsofinsurancepolicyLossordamagecausedbytheintentionalactorfaultoftheinsured;Lossordamagefallingundertheliabilityoftheconsignor;Lossordamagearisingfromtheinferiorqualityorshortageoftheinsured

goodspriortotheattachmentofthisinsurance;Lossordamagearisingfromnormalloss,inherent固有的vice缺點(diǎn)ornatureofthe

insuredgoods,

lossofmarketand/ordelayintransitandanyexpensesarisingtherefrom;Risksandliabilitiescoveredbytheoceanmarine(cargo)warrisksclauseandstrikes,

riotandcivilcommotionclausesunderC.I.C.P155-被保險(xiǎn)人的故意行為或過(guò)失造成的損失；屬于發(fā)貨人責(zé)任引起的損失；在保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任開(kāi)始前，被保險(xiǎn)人已存在的品質(zhì)不良或數(shù)量短差造成的損失；被保險(xiǎn)貨物的自然損耗、本質(zhì)缺陷、特性以及市價(jià)跌落、運(yùn)輸延遲引起的損失和費(fèi)用；海洋運(yùn)輸貨物戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)險(xiǎn)條款和貨物罷工險(xiǎn)條款規(guī)定的責(zé)任范圍和除外責(zé)任。Thebasiccoveragesbefore1982:FPA,WPAandAllRisks.28/49P156-2)InstituteCargoClause–ICC協(xié)會(huì)貨物條款I(lǐng)nstituteCargoClauses,madebytheInstituteofLondonUnderwriters,cameintoeffectonJanuary1,1982andarewidelyusedaroundtheworld.Themainclausesareasfollows:InstituteCargoClauses(A)InstituteCargoClauses(B)InstituteCargoClauses(C)InstituteWarClauses(Cargo)InstituteStrikesClauses(Cargo)MaliciousDamageClauses貨物條款A(yù)（A險(xiǎn)）貨物條款B（B險(xiǎn)）貨物條款C（C險(xiǎn)）戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)險(xiǎn)條款（貨物）罷工險(xiǎn)條款（貨物）惡意損害險(xiǎn)條款英國(guó)倫敦保險(xiǎn)協(xié)會(huì)制定的“協(xié)會(huì)貨物條款”InstituteCargoClauses，ICC（前面說(shuō)的是中國(guó)人民保險(xiǎn)公司制定了各種涉外保險(xiǎn)業(yè)務(wù)條款，總稱為“中國(guó)保險(xiǎn)條款”（ChinaInsuranceClauses—CIC））協(xié)會(huì)貨物保險(xiǎn)條款的種類協(xié)會(huì)貨物（A）險(xiǎn)條款協(xié)會(huì)貨物（B）險(xiǎn)條款協(xié)會(huì)貨物（C）險(xiǎn)條款責(zé)任范圍：C險(xiǎn)<B險(xiǎn)<A險(xiǎn)協(xié)會(huì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)險(xiǎn)條款協(xié)會(huì)罷工險(xiǎn)條款惡意損害險(xiǎn)條款

承保被保險(xiǎn)人以外的其他人（如船長(zhǎng)船員）的故意破壞行為所致被保險(xiǎn)貨物的損壞以上險(xiǎn)別只有惡意損害險(xiǎn)不能單獨(dú)投保，其他五種均可單獨(dú)投保協(xié)會(huì)貨物保險(xiǎn)條款的種類

二、協(xié)會(huì)貨物保險(xiǎn)主要險(xiǎn)別的承保風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與除外責(zé)任（一）ICC(A)：除了“除外責(zé)任”項(xiàng)下所列風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，保險(xiǎn)人不予負(fù)責(zé)外，其他風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均予負(fù)責(zé)。即一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)減除外責(zé)任。相當(dāng)于“一切險(xiǎn)”

一般除外責(zé)任。含歸因于被保險(xiǎn)人故意的不法行為造成的損失或費(fèi)用；自然滲漏、自然損耗、自然磨損、包裝不足或不當(dāng)造成的損失或費(fèi)用；貨物內(nèi)在缺陷或特性造成的損失或費(fèi)用；直接因延遲引起的損失或費(fèi)用；因船舶所有人、租船人經(jīng)營(yíng)破產(chǎn)或不履行債務(wù)造成的損失或費(fèi)用；因使用任何核武器造成的損失或費(fèi)用。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)除外責(zé)任。因戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、內(nèi)戰(zhàn)、敵對(duì)等造成的損失/費(fèi)用；因捕獲、拘留、扣留等造成的損失；因漂流水雷、魚(yú)雷等造成的損失/費(fèi)用。罷工除外責(zé)任。因罷工、被迫停工造成的損失或費(fèi)用；因罷工者、被迫停工工人等造成的損失/費(fèi)用；任何恐怖主義者/出于政治動(dòng)機(jī)而行動(dòng)的人所致?lián)p失/費(fèi)用。不適航、不適貨除外責(zé)任。貨物在裝船時(shí)，若被保險(xiǎn)人或其雇員已知道不適航，以及船舶、裝運(yùn)工具、集裝箱等不適貨。30/49ExclusionsunderInstituteCargoClauses(A)P156-承保范圍采取“一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)減去除外責(zé)任”的辦法來(lái)確定保險(xiǎn)人責(zé)任。即，除對(duì)“除外責(zé)任”項(xiàng)下所列舉的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不負(fù)責(zé)外，對(duì)其他險(xiǎn)，保險(xiǎn)人都負(fù)責(zé)承保。29/49InstituteCargoClauses(A)Providescoveragainstallrisksoflossofordamagetothesubjectmatterinsuredwithcertainexclusions,whichinclude:Ordinaryleakage,ordinarylossinweightorvolume,orordinarywearandtear磨損ofthesubjectmatterinsured.Loss,damageorexpenseattributablebyWillfulmisconductoftheassuredInsufficiencyorunsuitabilityofpackingorpreparationofthesubjectmatterinsured,Inherentviceornatureofthesubjectmatterinsured,Delayeventhoughthedelaybecausedbytheariskinsuredagainst,Insolvencyorfinancialdefaultoftheowners,managers,characters,oroperators,ofthevessel,Theuseofanyweaponofwaremployingatomicornuclearfission裂變and/orfusion熔化orotherlikereactionorradioactiveforceormatter.Loss,damageorexpensecausedbywar,strikeortheunseaworthiness

不適航ofvesselorcraftandunfitness不適貨ofvessel,craft,conveyance運(yùn)輸工具,containerorliftvanforthesafecarriageofthesubjectmatterinsured,wheretheassuredortheirservantsareprivy私人tosuchunseaworthinessorunfitnessatthetimethesubjectmatterinsuredisloadedtherein.P156-P157-承保范圍采取“列舉承保風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”的辦法，即，明確列出風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，保險(xiǎn)人予以承保。承保風(fēng)險(xiǎn)包括：①火災(zāi)、爆炸；②船舶或駁船觸礁、擱淺、沉沒(méi)或傾覆；③陸上運(yùn)輸工具傾覆或出軌；④船舶、駁船或運(yùn)輸工具同水以外的外界物體碰撞；⑤在避難港卸貨；⑥地震、火山爆發(fā)、雷電；⑦共同海損犧牲；⑧拋貨和浪擊落海；⑨海水、湖水或河水進(jìn)入船舶、駁船、運(yùn)輸工具、集裝箱、大型海運(yùn)箱或儲(chǔ)存處所；⑩貨物在裝卸時(shí)落?；蛩ぢ湓斐烧珦p。32/49InstituteCargoClauses(B)（A）險(xiǎn)和（B）險(xiǎn)的區(qū)別有：

1.（A）險(xiǎn)承保惡意損害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；

2.（A）險(xiǎn)承保海盜行為。

31/49CoversrisksthatarespecificallylistedsubjecttocertainexclusionssimilartowhatarenotcoveredunderICC(A).Theserisksinclude:Thelossofordamagetothesubjectmatterinsuredattributabletofireorexplosion,vesselorcraftbeingstrandedgroundedsunkorcapsized,overturningorderailment出軌oflandconveyance,collisionorcontactofvessel,craftorconveyancewithanyexternalobjectotherthanwater,dischargeofcargoataportofdistress.避難港Thelossofordamagetothesubjectmatterinsuredcausedbygeneralaveragesacrifice,jettison拋棄orwashingoverboard,entryofsea,lakeorriverwaterintovessel,craft,hold,conveyance,container,liftvan,orplaceofstorage;Totallossofanypackagelostoverboardordroppedwhilstloadingonto,orunloadingfrom,vesselorcraft.P157-InstituteCargoClauses(B)承保范圍采取“列舉承保風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”的辦法。但是，所承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比A險(xiǎn)和B險(xiǎn)都少得多。不承保自然災(zāi)害和非重大意外事故，只承保重大意外的事故，如：①火災(zāi)、爆炸；②船舶或駁船觸礁、擱淺或傾覆；③陸上運(yùn)輸工具傾覆或出軌；④在避難港卸貨；⑤共同海損犧牲；⑥拋貨。（與中國(guó)的平安險(xiǎn)相似，但承保范圍比平安險(xiǎn)的責(zé)任范圍小一些）。34/49InstituteCargoClauses(C)33/49CoversrisksthatarespecificallylistedsubjecttocertainexclusionssimilartowhatarenotcoveredunderICC(A).Theserisksinclude:Thelossofordamagetothesubjectmatterinsuredreasonablyattributabletofireorexplosion,vesselorcraftbeingstranded,grounded,sunkorcapsized,overturningorderailmentoflandconveyance,collisionorcontactofvessel,craftorconveyancewithanyexternalobjectotherthanwater,dischargeofcargoataportofdistress;andThelossofordamagetothesubjectmatterinsuredcausedbygeneralaveragesacrifice,jettison拋棄.P157-InstituteCargoClauses(C)35/49NotesonarranginginsuranceunderICCWhileICC(A)providescoveragainstallriskssubjecttocertainexclusions,ICC(B)and(C)providecoveronlyagainstspecificrisks.UnlikeCIC,ICCwarrisksandstrikescanbetakenoutindependently.CICandICCinprinciplesharemanysimilarities–FPAandICC(C),WPAandICC(B),andARandICC(A)arequitesimilartoeachotherintheriskscovered.ICChasmuchmoredetailedstipulationswhichwillcertainlycauselessconfusionandfacilitate助長(zhǎng)insurancetransactions.P157-36/496.ChoiceoftheRightCoverageP158-選擇險(xiǎn)別應(yīng)本著“既經(jīng)濟(jì)又有效”的原則。選擇險(xiǎn)別一般要考慮貨物的性質(zhì)和特點(diǎn)、貨物運(yùn)輸工具和路線、國(guó)際政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)的變化、貨物的殘缺規(guī)律等。投保人應(yīng)按雙方合同約定的險(xiǎn)別進(jìn)行投保。CIF價(jià)格條件下，若無(wú)特別約定，賣方投任一基本險(xiǎn)（如平安險(xiǎn)）即可滿足合同要求。37/498.MajorTypesofInsurancePolicyP159-TimepolicyVoyagepolicyMixedpolicyFloatingpolicyOpenpolicy定期保單航次保單混合保單浮動(dòng)保單預(yù)約保單Insurancepolicyisacontractofinsurance,whichdetailstheconditionsandcircumstancesunderwhichtheinsuredwillbecompensated.Majortypesofpoliciesinclude:保險(xiǎn)單既是貨運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)合同的證明，又是保險(xiǎn)人對(duì)被保險(xiǎn)人承保的證據(jù)，是被保險(xiǎn)人索取賠償及保險(xiǎn)人理賠的主要依據(jù)。被保人可經(jīng)背書(shū)將保險(xiǎn)單或保險(xiǎn)憑證轉(zhuǎn)讓，由受讓人向保險(xiǎn)人索賠。被保人若喪失了其對(duì)保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的物的利益，則其無(wú)權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓保單。38/498.MajorTypesofInsurancePolicyP159-Timepolicy——onethatrunsforaspecificperiodoftimeusuallynotexceeding12months.Voyagepolicy——apolicywithacoverageforonetrip–avoyagefromwarehousetowarehousewherethevoyagestartsandends.Mixedpolicy——acombinationofvoyageandtimepoliciesandcoverstheriskduringparticularvoyageforaspecificperiodoftime.Itisusedtocoverthecargofromwarehousetowarehousewithatimelimit.Floatingpolicy——apolicythatonlymentionstheamountforwhichtheinsuranceistakenoutandleavesthenameoftheshipandotherparticularstobedefinedbythesubsequent后來(lái)的declarations.Openpolicy——anarrangementinwhichtermssuchastypesofriskstobecovered,validityoftheinsurancecontract,rate,premium,maximum(butnotspecific)valueofeachshipment,geographicallimits,etcareworkedoutwhenthecontractissigned.39/499.Warranties–擔(dān)保P159-Awarrantyinaninsurancepolicyisapromisebytheinsuredpartythatstatementsaffectingthevalidityofthecontractaretrue.Itamountstoapromisetoindemnifythepromiseeforanylossifthefactwarrantedprovesuntrue,andgivestheaggrieved受委屈partytherighttoavoidthecontract.Awarrantymaybeexpressorimplied.Expresswarranties(明示擔(dān)保)——ones,whichareexpresslystatedintheinsurancepolicy.Impliedwarranties(暗示擔(dān)保)——conditionsthatarenotincorporatedinapolicybutassumedtohavebeenincludedinthepolicybylaw,custom,orgeneralagreement.Thesewarrantiesare:Seaworthiness,Legalityofthevoyage,andNon-deviation背離航道.40/4911.Premium–保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)P159-Premium(insuranceexpense)

isthemoneypaidbytheapplicanttotheinsurerforacertainamountofinsurancecoverage.Premiumrateisapercentagebasedontheamountofinsurancecoveragetocalculatethepremium.FactorsaffectingthepremiumrateTypeofcover(FPA,WPA,AllRisks)Volumeofcargo(large/small)Natureofthepacking(strong/poor)Thetype/valueofthecargo(expensive/cheap)NatureoftransitGoingthroughadangerousareaLongerdistanceoftransportWarehouseaccommodation(poor/good)P95-CoverageAmount=CIFprice*(1+optionalcoveragerate)CIF

price=CFRprice/[1-premiumrate*(1+optionalcoveragerate)]Coverageamountistheceilingofcompensationtotheinsuredbytheunderwriters.Inforeigntradepractice,unlessotherwisestipulated,theinsurancecoverageamountisusuallysetatthesameasCIFpr