大學(xué)英語英國文學(xué)lecture1EnglishPoetry

1.Whatispoetry?

Aliteraryform

Writteninlines

Richimagery

Greatartisticappeal

Beautifulharmony

Compressedcontent

AnIntroductiontoEnglishPoetryStar

Ifyouare

Alovecompassionate,

Youwillwalkwithusthisyear.

Wefaceaglacialdistance,whoarehere

Huddld

Atyourfeet

WilliamBurfordMoreaccurate…

Textinrhythmicormetricform,oftenemployingrhyme;usuallyshorterandmoreconcentratedinlanguageandideasthaneitherproseordrama.DefinitionofPoetryDanti:DivineComedy《神曲》Milton:

ParadiseLost

《失樂園》Homer:Iliad《伊利亞特》;Odyssey《奧德賽》

3)DramaticPoems（戲劇詩）

2)NarrativePoems（敘事詩）

1)LyricalPoems（抒情詩）2.KindsofPoetryIntermsofcontent:Songs（韻文)odes（頌詩）

Elegy（挽詩）Epics(史詩)(heroicpoems)ballads（民謠）lyre(里拉)usu.indialogue;inblankverse2.KindsofPoetryIntermsofmetre:1)MetricalPoems（格律詩）RegularRhyme;RegularRhythm;DefiniteNumberofLines2)FreeVerse（自由詩）IrregularRhymeandRhythm;IrregularNumberofLines3)BlankVerse（無韻詩）WithoutRhyme;WithRhythm1)elementspeculiar/essentialtopoetry:meter,rhyme,soundpatterns(assonance,consonance,alliteration),formofpoetry2)

elementsimportanttopoetry:imagery,symbols,metaphor,simile,diction(connotative)3)otherelements:tone,style,character,setting,pointofview,allusionetc.3.

elementsofpoetry:Alliteration:phantom

fathom

;

psychology

simplea)Togiveemphasis:might

and

main

;

fit

asa

fiddleb)Toconnectideas:Please

pick

upthe

pretty

pink

pillsfor

pale

people.c)Toconnectactions:The

fighter

fled

into

the

field,

and,

foremost

fighting

,

fell.ThesunisnotabedwhenIAtnightuponmypillowlie 4.Foot（音步) thebasicmetricalorrhythmicalunitwithinalineofpoetry.Afootofpoetrygenerallyconsistsofanaccentedsyllableandoneormoreunaccentedsyllablesarrangedinavarietyofpatterns.ThefourstandardfeetdistinguishedinEnglishpoetryare:

1)Iambus（抑揚(yáng)格）or:IambicFoot（抑揚(yáng)音步）(IambicTetrametreor4-footIambus)（四步抑揚(yáng)格）Thestreamwillnotflow,andthehillwillnotrise,Andthecolourshaveallpassedawayfromhereyes!(Anapaestic

Tetrametreor4-footAnapaest)（四步抑抑揚(yáng)格）4.Foot（音步）

1)Iambus（抑揚(yáng)格）2)Anapaest（抑抑揚(yáng)格）(TrochaicTetrametreor4-footTrochee)（四步揚(yáng)抑格）4.Foot（音步）

1)Iambus（抑揚(yáng)格）

2)Anapaest（抑抑揚(yáng)格）Or:TrochaicFoot（揚(yáng)抑音步）3)Trochee（揚(yáng)抑格）Shakeyourchainstoearthlikedew,Whichinsleephadfallenonyou-----Youaremany------theyarefew.or:DactylicFoot（揚(yáng)抑抑音步）a)Takeheruptenderly,Liftherwithcare;b)Thisisagallopingmeasureahopandatrotandagallop(DactylicHexametreor6-footDactyl)（六步揚(yáng)抑抑格）4.Foot（音步）

1)Iambus（抑揚(yáng)格）

2)Anapaest（抑抑揚(yáng)格）

3)Trochee（揚(yáng)抑格）4)Dactyl（揚(yáng)抑抑格）(DactylicBi-metre)

（兩步抑抑格）4.Foot（音步）

1)Iambus（抑揚(yáng)格）2)Anapaest（抑抑揚(yáng)格）3)Trochee（揚(yáng)抑格）4)Dactyl（揚(yáng)抑抑格）6)Spondee（揚(yáng)揚(yáng)格）7)Pyrric（抑抑格）5)Amphibrach（抑揚(yáng)抑格）ForthedearGodwholovethus

（揚(yáng)揚(yáng)格）（抑抑格）（抑揚(yáng)抑格）5.Metre(格律):regularizedrhythm;anarrangementoflanguageinwhichtheaccentsoccuratapparentlyequalintervalsintimeMono-metre

Bi-metreTri-metreTetrametrePentametreHexametre

Heptametre

OctametreTheTraditionalMetricalForminEnglishVerseMeter按重度音節(jié)和非重讀音節(jié)的排列方式a.抑揚(yáng)格（theIambicFoot):非重+重b.揚(yáng)抑格（theTrochaicFoot):重+非重C.揚(yáng)抑抑格（Dactyl）：重+非重+非重D.抑抑揚(yáng)格(Anapaest)：非重+非重+重按音步數(shù)量：monometer;bimeter;trimeter;tetrameter;pentameter;hexameter(Alexandrine);heptameter(Fourteener);IambicpentameterIambicPentametre(5-footIambus)（

五

步

抑

揚(yáng)

格）ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday

a

Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.

b

Roughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofmay,a

Andsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate.b

Metre:6.Rhythm（節(jié)奏）：

Twinkle,twinkle,littlestar,HowIwonderwhatyouare!“movementst

markedbytheregulatedsuccessionofstrongandweakelements7.Rhyme:

（韻）:repetitionatregularintervalsinalineorlinesofpoetryofsimilaroridenticalsoundsbasedonacorrespondencebetweenthevowelsandsucceedingconsonantsoraccentedsyllables;Home

foam;

chair

therea)Internalrhyme:IamthedaughteroftheEarthandWater.(Shelley)Weploughand

sow---we’resovery,very

low.

(ErnestJones)Ah,distinctlyI

remember

itasinthebleak

December.

(Poe)

b)MasculineRhyme（陽韻）:IfallbetruethatIdo

think.Therearefivereasonsweshould

drink:c)FeminineRhyme（陰韻）:(1)Whatisfame?Anempty

bubble.

Gold?Atransient,shining

trouble.(2)Riselikelionsafter

slumber,

Inunvanguishable

number.(3)Oh!yeimmortalGods!whatis

theogony?

Oh!thou,too,mortalman!whatis

philanthropy?d)MonosyllabicRhyme（單音節(jié)韻）:

Hour

tour;

now

know

;

dear

bear;

save

have

e)Bi-syllabicRhyme

（雙音節(jié)韻）:f)Tri-syllabicRhyme

（三音節(jié)韻）:e)Eyerhyme（眼韻）:I

/

fly

;

fool

/

rule

;write

/fight;again

/remain

/sustainborrow

/

sorrow

;

daughter

/water

;

conversation/compensationRoman

/noman

;

know

it

/showit

beautiful/dutiful

;

thinkofit/drinkofit8.RhymeScheme:（韻律結(jié)構(gòu)）anyfixedpatternofrhymescharacteringawholepoemoritsstanzas1)aabb（連續(xù)韻）:Workwhileyouwork,andplaywhileyouplay,

aForthatisthewaytobehappyandgay.a

Allthatyoudo,dowithyourmight,bThingsdonebyhalvesareneverdoneright.b2)abab（交叉韻）:Howdoyouliketogoupinaswing.

a

Upintheairsoblue?bOh,Idothinkitthepleasantestthing

aEverachildcando!bThecurfewtollstheknellofpartingday,Thelowingherdwindslowlyo'erthelea,Theplowmanhomewardplodshiswearyway,Andleavestheworldtodarknessandtome.----ThomasGray(1716-1771):ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard晚鐘殷殷響，夕陽已西沉。群牛哞叫歸，迂回走草徑。農(nóng)夫荷鋤歸，倦倦回家門。唯我立曠野，獨(dú)自對黃昏。（豐華瞻譯）Shedwelt︳among︳theuntro︳ddenways(a)Beside︳thesprings︳ofDove,（b）AMaid│whomthere︳werenone︳topraise（a）Andve︳ryfew︳tolove.（b）balladThe1stand3rdlinesareiniambictetrameterthe2rdand4thlinesareiniambictrimeter;Rhymescheme:abab3)abba（首尾韻）:Iholdittrue,whate’erbefall;

aIfeelit

whenIsorrowmost;b’Tisbettertohavelovedandlost

bThannevertohavelovedatall.a4)abcb（二四韻）:Springisgreen,aSummerisbright,bAutumnisgold,cWinteriswhite.

b

ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday?（a）Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.（b）RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay.（a）Andsummer'sleasehathalltooshortadate.（b）Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,（c）Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm'd;（d）Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,（c）Bychance,ornature'schangingcourse,untrimm'd;（d）Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade（e）Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow'st.（f）NorshallDeathbragthouwand'restinhisshade（e）Whenineternallinestotimethougrow'st.（f）Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,（g）Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.（g）----WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)能不能讓我來把你比擬作夏日？你可是更加溫和，更加可愛：狂風(fēng)會吹落五月里開的好花兒，夏季的生命又未免結(jié)束得太快：有時候蒼天的巨眼照得太灼熱，他那金彩的臉色也會被遮暗；每一樣美呀，總會離開美而凋落，被時機(jī)或者自然的代謝所摧殘；但是你永久的夏天決不會凋枯，你永遠(yuǎn)不會失去你美的儀態(tài)；死神夸不著你在他的影子里躑躅，你將在不朽的詩中與時間同在；只要人類在呼吸，眼睛看得見，我這詩就活著，使你的生命綿延。（屠岸譯）英雄雙行體（heroiccouplets）：Arhymingcoupletofiambicpentameter,often“closed”,i.e.,containingacompletethought,therebeingafairlyheavypauseattheendofthefirstlineandastillheavieroneattheendofthesecond.Commonlythereisaparallelorantithesiswithinaline,orbetweenthetwolines.ItisheroicbecauseinEngland,especiallyintheeighteenthcentury,itwasmuchusedforheroic(epic)poems.十音節(jié)雙韻體，，每個音步有兩個音節(jié)，第一是輕音，第二是重音（即，五步抑揚(yáng)格）。Sonnet:1)ItalianSonnet（意大利體十四行詩）2)SpenserianSonnet（斯賓塞體十四行詩）3)ShakespearianSonnet（莎士比亞體十四行詩）

Astanzaisagroupoflines(ofanynumberoflines,mostfrequentlyoffourlines)boundtogetherbyanendrhyme.

1)ItalianSonnet

FrancescoPetrachThepoetryofearthisnever

dead:aWhenallthebirdsarefaintwiththehot

sun,bAndhideincoolingtrees,avoicewill

run

bFromhedgetohedgeaboutthenew-mown

mead;

aThatistheGrasshopper’s---hetakesthe

leadaInsummerluxury,---hehasnever

donebWithhisdelights;forwhentiredoutwith

funbHerestsateasebeneathsomepleasant

weed.

aThepoetyofearthisceasing

never:cOnalonewinterevening,whenthe

frostdHaswroughtasilence,fromthestovethere

shrills

eTheCricket’ssong,inwarmthincreasing

ever,

cAndseemstooneindrowsinesshalf

lost,dTheGrasshopper’samongsomegrassyhills.

e

anoctave+asestet2)SpenserianSonnetEdmundSpenserForloemylovedothinherselfe

containe

b

Allthisworld’srichesthatmayfarrebe

found.c

Ifsaphyres,loehereyesbesaphyres

plaine:b

Ifrubies,loeherlipsberubies

sound;c

3quatrains+acoupletIfpearls,herteethbepearlsbothpureand

round;c

Ifyvorie,herforeheadyvory

weene;d

Ifgold,herlocksarefinestgoldon

ground;c

Ifsilver,herfairhandsaresilver

sheene.d

Butthatwhichfairestis,butfew

behold:e

Hermind,adornedwithvertues

manifold.e

Yetradefullmerchants,thatwithwe