第1章動植物檢疫的起源與發(fā)展-E

ConspectusofanimalandplantquarantineWangYanTelEmail：wangyan_jtu@126.comReferences中國國境衛(wèi)生檢疫雜志（Chinesejournaloffrontierhealthandquarantine,AQSIQ）植物檢疫（Plantquarantine,AQSIQ）中國檢驗檢疫（Chinainspectionandquarantine,AQSIQ）中國動物檢疫(Chinaanimalhealthinspection,MinistryofAgriculture)檢驗檢疫科學（Inspectionandquarantinescience,AQSIQ）OutlinesBeginninganddevelopmentofanimalandplantquarantineDomesticandinternationallawsEntryandexitquarantineproceduresQuarantinemeasures(handling)SummaryofanimalquarantineandclassificationSummaryofplantquarantineandclassificationModerntechniquesappliedinanimalandplantquarantineChapterI

BeginninganddevelopmentofanimalandplantquarantineBeginningofanimalandplantquarantine.Relatedconcepts.Internationalsituation.DevelopmentinChina.SectionI

Historyofanimalandplantquarantine

Buddingofanimalandplantquarantine.Animalandplantquarantineintheearlyage.

Catastrophicanimalandplantepidemicsinhistorybyarbitrarytransportation.

BeginningofquarantineQuarantine“quarantina”40d。

最早萌芽：14世紀中葉,歐洲流行黑死病(blackdeath)、霍亂(cholera)、黃熱病(yellowfever)等疾病，嚴重威脅者人類的生命安全；

意大利威尼斯為阻止這些傳染病傳入，1403年建立了世界上第一個檢疫機構（lazaretto檢查站），另外國船舶及人員在進港前必須滯留、隔離40d，船上人員沒有感染上述傳染病時，才允許船舶進港、人員上岸。這種早期的檢疫方法被稱為隔離(Isolation)，而Quarantine就成為隔離40天的專有名詞。

Isolationisstillaeffectivemeasureforthepreventionofepidemics.Quarantine逐漸發(fā)展成“檢疫”的概念。這種始于人類防范疫病的隔離措施給人以啟迪，使人們逐步運用到阻止動物疫病、植物危險性有害生物傳播方面，遂出現(xiàn)了動物檢疫和植物檢疫(Animalquarantineandplantquarantine)。動物檢疫和植物檢疫源于衛(wèi)生檢疫(Healthquarantine)。HistoryofanimalandplantquarantinePlantquarantineintheearlyage：In1660inFrenchLeon,lawswerepromulgatedtoprohibittheintroductionofsmalltillers(KawakamiBarberry).Smalltillersandwheatstemrust

（小麥稈銹?。?/p>

Legalmeasureswerefirstappliedinpreventingtheintroductionofpestsfromabroad.

Plantquarantineintheearlyage：LawwerepassedinFrench

forprohibitingtheentryofgrapebranchesfromabroad.(1872)grapephylloxera(葡萄根瘤蚜).Plantquarantineintheearlyage：In1875,theRussiandecreebanningtheimportationofpotatofromtheUnitedstates.In1877,theUnitedKingdomenactedthe“DestructiveInsectsActs".

AnimalquarantineintheearlyageIn1866,theUnitedkingdomdecreedcullingalltherinderpest（牛瘟）infectedcattle.In1869,theUnitedkingdompassed“Lawonthepreventionandcontrolofinfectiousdiseases”topreventrecurrenceofrinderpest

duetotheimportingofcattle.In1871,JapantakelegalmeasurestopreventintroductionofrinderpestfromSiberiaarea.In1886,“Animalepidemicpreventionregulations”wasreleased.In1879,ItalybannedimportsofAmericanmeatproducts.

trichina,cestode（旋毛蟲，豬肉絳蟲）In1881,Austria,GermanyandFrancealsoissuedabanontheimportofAmericanmeat.CatastrophicplantepidemicdispersedbymanPlantepidemic：In1830s;Europe;Potatolateblight（馬鈴薯晚疫?。㊣n1817;NorthAmerica;patatobeetle（馬鈴薯甲蟲）In1869;America;gypsymoth（舞毒蛾）Animalepidemic：Malta;Africaswinefever（非洲豬瘟）（1）Potatolateblight(FromPerutoEurope)馬鈴薯晚疫病

Feature:Adevastatingfungaldiseasecausingstemandleafdeathandtuberrot。（2）

Gypsymoth(FromEuropetoAmerica)舞毒蛾Feature:Abigpestofforestandfruittrees.Host500kindsofplants.Themaindamageisleaves,theleavescanbeeatenwithinafewweeks.（3）Patatobeetle（America）馬鈴薯甲蟲

Features:Worldfamousdestructivequarantinepests.Thehostplantsaremainlyfromnightshade,andthepotatoisthemostsuitablehost,butalsothetomato,eggplant,pepper,tobaccoandsoon.（4）Africanswinefever非洲豬瘟

Feature:anacuteandhighlycontagiousviraldiseaseofswineanditscharacteristicsisashortcourseofdisease,butthemortalityrateisashighas100%.（5）GardenGoldenrod加拿大一枝黃花In1935,GardenGoldenrodwasfirstintroducedtoChinaasanornamentalplant.However,itdevelopedintoweedasitsstrongabilityofreproduction.Itsplantare3metershighand1.5meters,hasawideecologicaladaptability,andhasaseriousthreattobiodiversity.Section2

RelatedconceptsBasictermsandmeaningsofanimalandplantquarantineAnimalandplantquarantinepurposesandtasksImplementationofanimalandplantquarantine

Basictermsandmeanings1、檢驗檢疫(Inspectionandquarantine):一般是指出入境檢驗檢疫的簡稱，包含了商品檢驗(Commodityinspection)、動植物檢疫(Animalandplantquarantine)和衛(wèi)生檢疫(Healthquarantine)。（“三檢”）2、檢驗（inspection）:狹義：對商品的品質(zhì)檢驗。廣義：對商品進行檢驗、監(jiān)督管理以及公證鑒定。3、動物(animal):飼養(yǎng)、野生的活動物。"Animals"meantheliveanimals,whetherdomesticatedorwild,suchaslivestock,poultry,beasts,snakes,tortoises,fishes,shrimpsandprawns,crabs,shellfishes,silkwormsandbees.4、動物產(chǎn)品(animalproduction)：是指來源于動物未經(jīng)加工或者雖經(jīng)加工，但仍有可能傳播疫病的產(chǎn)品"Animalproducts"meanthenon-processedproductsortheprocessedproducts,fromanimals,stillliabletospreadepidemicdiseases,suchasrawhides,hairs,meats,viscerae,fatandgrease,aquaticanimalproducts,dairyproducts,eggs,blood,semens,embryos,bones,hoofsandhorns;5、動物疫病(animaldisease)：是為害或可能為害動物及動物產(chǎn)品的任何傳染病和寄生蟲病6、植物（plant）：栽培植物、野生植物及其種子、種苗及其他繁殖材料。

"Plants"meancultivatedplants,wildplants,theirseedsandseedlingsandotherpropagatingmaterials.7、植物產(chǎn)品(plantproduction)：是指來源于植物未經(jīng)加工或者雖經(jīng)加工，但仍有可能傳播病蟲害的產(chǎn)品。食用醫(yī)用加工材料"Plantproducts"meanthenon-processedproductsortheprocessedproducts,fromplants,stillliabletospreaddiseases,insectpestsorharmfulorganisms,suchasgrain,beans,cotton,oils,fibres,tobacco,kernel,driedfruits,freshfruits,vegetables,rawmedicinalherbs,logsandfeedingstuffs8、植物有害生物(plantpest)：泛指為害或可能為害植物及其產(chǎn)品的任何生物。微生物（細菌，病毒，真菌）對植物及植物產(chǎn)品有害的植物、動物（害蟲）9、檢疫性動物疫?。≦uarantineanimaldisease）：是對受其威脅的地區(qū)具有潛在經(jīng)濟重要性，但尚未在該地區(qū)發(fā)生，或雖已發(fā)生但分布未廣并正在進行官方控制的動物疫病。10、檢疫性植物有害生物（Quarantineplantpest）：是對受其威脅的地區(qū)具有潛在經(jīng)濟重要性，但尚未在該地區(qū)發(fā)生，或雖已發(fā)生但分布未廣并正在進行官方控制的植物有害生物.11、動植物檢疫（animalandplantquarantine）:旨在防止檢疫性動物疫病和檢疫性植物有害生物的傳入、傳出和(或)擴散，或確保其官方控制的一切活動.Maintasks①Topreventtheintroduction,spreadandproliferation

ofdangerousanimaldiseasesandplantpests；②Toprotectagriculture,forestry,animalhusbandry,fisheryproductionsafety,humanhealthandecologicalenvironment；③

Topromotethedevelopmentofinternationalanddomesticeconomicandtrade.主管進出境動植物檢疫機關：國家質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗檢疫總局GeneralAdministrationofQualitySupervision,InspectionandQuarantineofthePeople'sRepublicofChina(AQSIQ)主管國內(nèi)動植物檢疫的機關：農(nóng)業(yè)部和國家林業(yè)局

MinistryofAgricultureofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.(MOA)StateForestryAdministrationofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.Implementationrange小明可以攜帶哪些東西回國？寵物狗、衣物、塑料玩具、水果、熟香腸、鱷魚皮包、新鮮黃魚、iphone6plus、奶粉OK！ImplementationRangeAnimalandanimalproducts動物：通過貿(mào)易、科技合作、贈送、援助等方式進出境的動物旅客攜帶的進境動物郵寄進境的動物過境動物動物產(chǎn)品：通過貿(mào)易、科技合作、贈送、援助等方式進出境的動物產(chǎn)品旅客攜帶進境的動物產(chǎn)品郵寄進境的動物產(chǎn)品Plantsandplantproducts植物：通過貿(mào)易、科技合作、贈送、援助等方式進出境的植物旅客攜帶的進境植物郵寄進境的植物：種子及繁殖材料植物產(chǎn)品：通過貿(mào)易、科技合作、贈送、援助等方式進出境的植物產(chǎn)品旅客攜帶進境的植物產(chǎn)品郵寄進境的植物產(chǎn)品Loadingcontainers,packages,andbeddingmaterials裝載容器：多次使用、易受病蟲害污染并用于裝載進出境貨物的容器包裝物和鋪墊材料包括：裝載進出境動植物、動植物產(chǎn)品和其他檢疫物的裝載容器、包裝物、鋪墊材料裝載過境動物的裝載容器裝載過境植物、動植物產(chǎn)品和其他檢疫物的包裝物、裝載容器Transporttools①來自動植物疫區(qū)的運輸工具②進境的廢舊船舶③裝載出境動植物及產(chǎn)品和其他檢疫物的運輸工具④裝載過境動物的運輸工具Otherquarantineobjects：動物疫苗、血清、診斷液Section3

InternationalsituationMaintypesofanimalandplantquarantineBasicpropertiesofanimalandplantquarantineDevelopmentofanimalandplantquarantine

MaintypesEnvironmentaladvantage:mainlyreferstotheislandandthepeninsulacountries,suchasAustralia,NewZealand,JapanandSouthKorea,etc.-extremelystrictinimportanimalandplantquarantine-relativelyrelaxed

exitquarantine.Developedcontinentalcountries:thegeographicallocationoftheadjacenteconomicdevelopedcountries,suchasthe

UnitedStatesandCanadaRelaxedquarantinebetween

thesecountriesVerystrictquarantinetoother

countries,Relativelyrelaxedexitquarantine.EconomicCommunitycontinentalcountries：Adjacentgeographicallocationandconstitutesaeconomiccommunity,suchasthememberstateoftheEuropeanEconomicCommunityThemembersimplementedcommonanimalandplantquarantineprinciplesandmeasures.Relaxedquarantinebetween

thecommunity.Verystrictimportquarantinetoother

countries.Relativelyrelaxedexitquarantine.Developingcontinentalcountries:theeconomyisnotyetdevelopedcountries,suchas:China,India,ChileTheimportquarantineistopreventthespreadofanimaldiseasesandplantpests.Theexitquarantineisrelativelystrictduetotheimportcountrygenerallyputforwardhigherquarantinerequirements.IndustrialandCommercialCity:acountryorregion,whichisbasedontheworkandbusiness.SuchasSingaporeandHongkong.Inimportquarantine,strictquarantinerequirementtowardsanimalandanimalproductsandmorerelaxedinplantproductsquarantine.

Relaxedquarantineinexitproducts.

Basicproperties法制性(Legality)----是動植物檢疫工作開展的依據(jù)預防性(preventability)----是動植物檢疫的核心問題

預警機制：預警名單(Alertlist)國際性(internationalism)保障國際合作與交流的健康發(fā)展形成一些國際組織，制定、實施國際公約、標準綜合性(comprehensiveness)---是綜合的管理體系管理對象的錯綜復雜管理手段的多樣

Developmentofanimal

andplantquarantine1)Morestringentenforcementoflaw.2)Expandedquarantinescope.

importtransporttools（i.efoodstorage,rubbish）3)Timelyadjustmentofquarantinepolicy.4)improved

technologyinanimalandplantquarantine.5）Comprehensivestrengtheningpropaganda

ofanimalandplantquarantine.

Section4

Developmentofanimaland

plantquarantineinChinaBreedingandestablishmentofanimalandplantquarantine(1903一1948)Earliestanimalquarantine：Theearliestanimalquarantineappearedin1903,theMiddleEastRailwayAdministrationestablishedarailwayveterinaryquarantinedepartment。AnimalquarantineagencyofficialChinesefirstappearedin1927,Tianjinestablished“Theministryofagricultureandworksleatherexportmeatinspection"。EarliestplantquarantinePlantquarantinewasfirstappearedin1916,whenMr.ZouBingwen,theauthorofthe"plantpathology,"referredtheimportanceofplantquarantine。Theearliestplantquarantineagenciesappearedin1928,whenShanghai,Guangzhou,Tianjinandotherplacessetuptheagriculturalproductsinspectioninstitute“.Theseagencies

published"Regulationsontheinspectionofagriculturalproducts",followedbytheimplementationofthe"Regulationsontheimplementationoftheagriculturalproductinspection,""inspectionofagriculturalproducts,"and"theprovisionalmeasuresfordiseasesandinsectpests","inspectionofagriculturalproducts,"andsoon.。AnimalandplantquarantinebeforeandaftertheAntiJapaneseWar(1929-1948)1)In1929,Shanghai,Qingdao,Tianjinandotherplacessetupcommodityinspectionbureau-unifiedmanagementofimportandexportcommodityinspectionandanimalandplantquarantine,inwhich,ZouBingwenwasthefirstdirector.In1935,ShanghaiCommodityInspectionBureauofagriculturalproductsinspectiondepartmentoftheplantexpandedintothe"plantpestinspectiondepartment",whichisChina'splantquarantineinthedevelopmentoftheearliestprofessionalunits.2)Duringthesecondworldwar,theanimalandplantquarantineisbasicallyatastandstill,whenmanydiseasesandpestswereintroducedduringthisperiod.SuchastheBruchusrufimanus,sweetpotatoblight.Pioneeringandenterprisingofanimalandplantquarantine(1949—1979）AnimalandPlantQuarantine(1949-1963)attheinitialstageofthefoundingofthePRC,thetheplantquarantineandanimalquarantineworkproperlycarriedout.InOctober1949,theforeigntradedepartmentofthecentraltradeministrysetupthecommodityinspectiondepartment.OtherCommodityInspectionBureauwassetupinsuccession.In1952,theCommodityInspectionBureauwassetup,subordinatedanimalproductsinspectionandinspectionofagriculturalproducts,respectively,responsibleforanimalquarantineandplantquarantineIn1954,thegovernmentannouncedthe"ProvisionalRegulationsontheexportofgoodsinspection",broughtimportandexportcommoditiesintoftheStateAdministrationintheformofnationallawsandregulations.Atthesametime,thedomesticanimalandplantquarantinewassupervisedbytheMinistryofagriculture.TheanimalandPlantQuarantine(1964-1979)beforeandafterthe"CulturalRevolution"hasbeengreatlyimpactedanddestroyed.Ontheonehand,theanimalandplantquarantineinstitutionshavechanged,ontheotherhand,mostofthequarantineworkerssticktotheirposts,sothatChina'sforeigntradehasnotbeenaffected.Reformandinnovationofanimalandplantquarantine(1980

tonow）

In1980,theportanimalandplantquarantineworkrestoredtheunifiedleadershipoftheMinistryofagriculture.

In1981,"thepeople'sRepublicofChi