材料科學(xué)與工程專業(yè)英語課后答案

UNIT1Materialsscience材料科學(xué)StoneAge石器時代Nakedeye裸眼BronzeAge青銅時代Elasticmodulus彈性模量Stiffnessandtoughness硬度和韌性O(shè)pticalproperty光學(xué)性質(zhì)integratedcircuit集成電路Mechanicalstrength機械強度thermalconductivity熱導(dǎo)性1.“Materials

science"involves

investigating

the

relationships

that

exist

between

the

structures

and

properties

of

materials.

In

contrast,

"Materials

engineering"

involves,

on

the

basis

of

these

structure-property

correlations,

designing

or

engineering

the

structure

of

a

material

to

produce

a

predetermined

set

of

properties.“材料科學(xué)”涉及研究材料的結(jié)構(gòu)和性能之間的關(guān)系。相反，“材料工程”是指在這些結(jié)構(gòu)和性能相關(guān)性的基礎(chǔ)上，基于預(yù)期的性能來設(shè)計或生產(chǎn)有預(yù)定性能的材料。

2.Virtually

all

important

Properties

of

solid

materials

may

be

grouped

into

six

different

categories:

mechanical,

electrical,

thermal,

magnetic,

optical,

and

deteriorative

實際上，固體材料的所有重要性質(zhì)都可以分為六類：機械、電氣、熱、磁、光學(xué)和腐蝕性。3.In

addition

to

structure

and

properties,

two

other

important

components

are

involved

in

the

science

and

engineering

of

materials-

namely“

processing”and“

performance”.除了結(jié)構(gòu)和性能之外，材料科學(xué)和工程還涉及另外兩個重要的組成部分，即“加工”和“性能”。

4.The

more

familiar

an

engineer

or

scientist

is

with

the

various

characteristics

and

structure-property

relationships,

as

well

as

processing

techniques

of

materials,

the

more

proficient

and

confident

he

or

she

will

be

in

making

judicious

materials

choices

based

on

these

criterla.工程師或科學(xué)家越熟悉材料的各種特性和結(jié)構(gòu)性能關(guān)系，以及材料的加工技術(shù)，就越能熟練和自信地根據(jù)這些標(biāo)準做出明智的材料選擇。

5.On

only

rare

occasions

does

a

material

possess

the

maximum

or

ideal

combination

of

properties.

Thus,

it

may

be

necessary

to

trade

one

characteristic

for

another.只有極少數(shù)情況下，材料具有最優(yōu)或理想的性能組合。因此，有必要對材料的性質(zhì)進行平衡。交叉學(xué)科interdiscipline介電常數(shù)Dielectricconstant固體材料Solidmaterial熱容heatcapacity力學(xué)性質(zhì)mechanicalproperty電磁輻射electromagneticradiation材料加工Processingofmaterial彈性系數(shù)Elasticitycoefficient1.直到最近，科學(xué)家才終于了解材料的結(jié)構(gòu)要素與其特性之間的關(guān)系。Itwasnotuntilrelativelyrecenttimesthatscientistscametounderstandtherelationshipsbetweenthestructuralelementsofmaterialsandtheirproperties.2.材料工程學(xué)主要解決材料的制造問題和材料的應(yīng)用問題。Materialengineeringmainlysolvesthemanufacturingandapplicationproblemsofmaterials.3.材料的加工過程不但決定了材料的結(jié)構(gòu)，同時決定了材料的特征和性能。Theprocessingofmaterialsnotonlydeterminesthestructureofmaterials,butalsodeterminesthecharacteristicsandpropertiesofmaterials4.材料的力學(xué)性能與其所受外力或負荷而導(dǎo)致的形變有關(guān)。Themechanicalpropertiesofmaterialsarerelatedtothedeformationcausedbyexternalforcesorloads.UNIT2Compositematerials復(fù)合材料nonlocalizedelectron自由電子Advancedmaterials先進材料Nonrenewableresources不可再生資源Semiconductors半導(dǎo)體biomaterials生物材料Smartmaterials智能材料NanoengineeredMaterials納米工程材料1.固體材料可以很容易的分為三種基本范疇，金屬、陶瓷、高分子聚合物，這一分類是基于原子的結(jié)構(gòu)及化學(xué)的基本組成。Solidmaterialshavebeenconvenientlygroupedintothreebasiccategories:metals,ceramicsandpolymers.,aschemebasedprimarilyonchemicalmakeupandatomicstructure.2.金屬由一種或多種金屬構(gòu)成（比如鐵、鋁、銅、鈦、金和鎳），以及少數(shù)的非金屬成分（比如碳、氫、氧）。Metalsarecomposedofoneormoremetallicelements(suchasiron,aluminum,copper,titanium,gold,andnickel),andoftenalsononmetallicelements(forexample,carbon,nitrogen,andoxygen)inrelativelysmallamounts.3.聚合物包括了我們所手指的塑料和橡膠，它們中的絕大部分是由碳氫和其他非金屬成分等構(gòu)成（氧氮硅）Polymers

include

the

familiar

plastic

and

rubber

materials.

Many

of

them

are

organiccompounds

that

are

chemically

based

on

carbon,

hydrogen,

and

other

nonmetallic

elements(viz.

O,

N,

and

Si

）4.復(fù)合材料是由兩種以上的金屬、陶瓷、聚合物所構(gòu)成A

composite

is

composed

of

two,(or

more)

individual

materials

that

come

from

metals,

ceramics,

and

polymers.5.核能帶來了希望，但是很多需要解決的問題需要將材料考慮進去，比如燃料、包覆結(jié)構(gòu)以及處理輻射污染Nuclear

energy

holds

some

promise,

but

the

solutions

to

the

many

problems

that

remain

necessarily

involve

materials,

such

as

fuels,

containment

structures,

and

facilities

for

the

disposal

of

radioactive

waste.6.和材料整個生產(chǎn)過程緊密相關(guān)的材料“一生”的生命周期的考慮變得越來越重要。It

is

becoming

increasingly

important

to

consider

the"cradle-to-grave"life

cycle

of

materials

relative

to

the

overall

manufacturing

process.先進材料advancedmaterial陶瓷材料ceramicmaterial高性能材料highperformancematerial粘土礦物clayminerals合金metalalloys太陽能電池Solarcell玻璃纖維glassfiber氫燃料電池hydrogenfuelcell1、金屬元素有許多游離電子，金屬材料的許多性質(zhì)可直接歸功于這些電子。Metallicmaterialshavelargenumbersofnonlocalizedelectrons,manypropertiesofmetalsaredirectlyattributabletotheseelectrons.2、金屬材料由一種或多種金屬元素構(gòu)成，且通常含有極少量的非金屬元素Metallicmaterialarecomposedofoneormoremetallicelement，andoftenalsononmetalicelementinasmallamount.3、許多聚合物材料是有機化合物，并具有大的分子結(jié)構(gòu)。Manyofpolymersareorganiccompounds,andtheyhaveverylargemolecularstructures.4、復(fù)合材料是由兩種或兩種以上的不同材料所構(gòu)成A

composite

is

composed

of

two(or

more)

individual

materials

.Acompositeiscomposedwithtwoormoredifferentmaterial.UNIT3Nakedeye裸眼Transitionelements過渡元素Mechanicalproperty機械性能Atomicnumber原子序數(shù)Elementarychemistry基礎(chǔ)化學(xué)Positivelychargedprotons正電質(zhì)子1.Metalsbehavedifferentlythanceramics,andceramicsbehavedifferentlythanpolymers.金屬的性能和陶瓷的性能不同，而陶瓷的性能與聚合物的性能也不同。2Theatomicstructureprimarilyaffectsthechemical,physical,thermal,electrical,magnetic,andopticalproperties.Themicrostructureandmacrostructurecanalsoaffectthesepropertiesbuttheygenerallyhavealargereffectonmechanicalpropertiesandontherateofchemicalreaction.原子的結(jié)構(gòu)主要影響化學(xué)、物理、熱學(xué)、電學(xué)、磁學(xué)以及光學(xué)性質(zhì)，宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)和微觀結(jié)構(gòu)也能影響到這些性質(zhì)，但通常主要是機械性質(zhì)和化學(xué)反應(yīng)速率有較大影響。3.Thestrengthofmetalssuggeststhattheseatomsareheldtogetherbystrongbonds.金屬的強度表明了原子之間有很強的結(jié)合鍵。金屬的強度表明這些原子是通過強鍵結(jié)合在一起的。4.Anelement'satomicnumberindicatesthenumberofpositivelychargedprotonsinthenucleus.Theatomicweightofanatomindicateshowmanyprotonsandneutronsinthenucleus.元素的原子序數(shù)顯示了在原子核中帶正電的質(zhì)子的數(shù)目、原子的原子量顯示了在原子核中質(zhì)子和中子的數(shù)目。微觀結(jié)構(gòu)microstructure宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)macrostructure化學(xué)反應(yīng)chemicalreaction原子量Atomicmagnitude電荷平衡balancedelectricalcharge帶正電子的原子核positivelycharge1．從我們呼吸的空氣到各種各樣性質(zhì)迥異的金屬，成千上完中物質(zhì)均是由100多種原子組成的。Thesesame100atomsformthousandsofdifferentsubstancesrangingfromtheairwebreathetothemetalwithdifferentcharacteristic.2、事實證明金屬原子是通過很強的鍵結(jié)合在一起的。Thefactsuggeststhatmetalatomsareheldtogetherbystrongbonds.3、微觀結(jié)構(gòu)是指能夠通過顯微鏡觀察到的而不是用肉眼直接觀察到的結(jié)構(gòu)，宏觀是指可以直接用肉眼觀察到的結(jié)構(gòu)。Microstructure,whichincludesfeaturesthatcannotbeseenwiththenakedeye,butusingamicroscope.Macrostructureincludesfeaturesthatcanbeseenwiththenakedeye.4、原子核中質(zhì)子和中子的量的綜合就是原子量。Theatomicweightofanatomindicateshowmanyprotonsandneutronsinthenucleus.UNIT4Phasetransitiontemperatures相轉(zhuǎn)變溫度specificgravity比重Thermalconductivity熱導(dǎo)性Themeltingpoint熔點Theaccelerationofgravity重力加速度magneticpermeability磁導(dǎo)率1.An

object

will

float

in

water

if

its

density

is

less

than

the

density

of

water

and

sink

if

its

density

is

greater

that

that

of

water.

Similarly,

an

object

with

specific

gravity

less

than

1

will

float

and

those

with

a

specific

gravity

greater

than

one

will

sink.

如果物體的密度小于水的密度，它就會漂浮在水中；如果物體的密度大于水的密度，它就會下沉。同樣，比重小于1的物體會漂浮，比重大于1的物體會下沉.

2.materals

that

cause

the

lines

of

flux

to

move

farther

apart,

resulting

in

a

decrease

im

magnetic

flux

density

compared

with

a

vacuum,

are

called

diamagneti.

Materials

that

concentrate

magnetic

flux

by

a

factor

of

more

than

one

but

less

than

or

equal

to

ten

are

called

paramagnetic;

materials

that

concentrate

the

flux

by

a

factor

of

more

than

ten

are

called

ferromagnetic.

與真空相比，能使磁通線移動得更遠，導(dǎo)致磁通量下降的物質(zhì)叫做抗磁性物質(zhì)。由于相互吸引的作用而使磁通量多于1而小于10稱之為順磁性，由于相互吸引的作用而使磁通量多于10稱之為鐵磁性。3.Certain

ferromagnetic

materials,

especially

powdered

or

laminated

iron,

steel,

ornickel

alloys,

have

μr

that

can

range

up

to

about

1,

000,000.Diamagnetic

materials

have

μr

less

than

one,

but

no

known

substance

has

relative

permeability

much

less

than

on.對于鐵磁性物質(zhì)，尤其是粉末狀或者薄片裝的鐵、鋼、鎳合金，μr可以上升到1000000以上，反磁性材料μr少于1；而有些未知的物質(zhì)相對磁透率少于1

4.When

a

paramagnetic

or

ferromagnetic

core

is

inserted

into

a

coil,

the

inductance

is

multiplied

by

μr

compared

with

the

inductance

of

the

same

coil

with

an

air

core.當(dāng)順磁性或鐵磁性物質(zhì)嵌入到線圈的內(nèi)核中，與嵌入空氣的線圈相比，其電感系數(shù)是其μr倍密度density沸點boilingpoint熱導(dǎo)率thermalconductivity玻璃轉(zhuǎn)變溫度glasstransitiontemperature、線性熱膨脹系數(shù)linearcoefficientofthermalexpansion單位體積質(zhì)量massperunitofvolume磁感應(yīng)magneticinductance有色金屬Non-ferrousmetal1.化學(xué)性質(zhì)是用來描述一種物質(zhì)是怎樣變成另外一種完全不同的物質(zhì)Propertiesthatdescribehowasubstancechangesintoacompletelydifferentsubstancearecalledchemicalproperties.2.相變是一種物理性質(zhì)，并且物質(zhì)存在四種相：固相、液相、氣相和等離子體Phaseisaphysicalpropertiesofmatterandmattercanexistfourphases：

solid、liquid、gasandplasma.3.當(dāng)溫度低于熔點時，聚合物的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)破壞，但其分子仍然連接在分子鏈上，形成了一種柔軟和柔順性的材料Whenthetemperaturebelowthemeltingpoint，theystarttolosetheircrystallinestructurehoweverthemodulusstillremainlinkedinchains，whichresultinasoftandpliablematerial.4.在工程應(yīng)用上，滲透率常用相對值而不是絕對值表示Inengineeringapplications，permeabilityisoftenexpressedinrelative,ratherthaninabsolute,terms.UNIT5TheServicelife使用壽命Thelongitudinaldirection縱向Thetransversedirection橫向Dynamicorcyclicloading動態(tài)或循環(huán)型負載Theinitiallengthofthematerial材料的起始長度Elasticdeformation彈性形變Plasticdeformation塑形形變Localizeddeformation局部變形1.Themechanicalpropertiesofmetalsdeterminetherangeofusefulnessofamaterialandestablishtheservicelifethatcanbeexpected.金屬的機械性能決定了其適用范圍以及其預(yù)期的使用壽命2.Therefore,

multiple

tests

are

commonly

conducted

to

determine

mechanical

properties

and

values

reported

can

be

an

average

value

or

calculated

statistical

minimum

value。因此，為了確定力學(xué)性質(zhì)，一半需要做大量的試驗，報道的值一般是平均值或者經(jīng)過計算的統(tǒng)計學(xué)上的最小值

3.The

way

a

material

is

loaded

greatly

affects

its

mechanical

properties

and

largely

determines

how.

or

if,

a

component

will

fail;

and

whether

It

will

show

warning

signs

beforefailure

actually

occurs.材料負載的施加防止極大的影響了材料的機械性能，而且很大程度上決定了復(fù)合材料如何以及是否會被破壞，且在材料破壞的現(xiàn)象發(fā)生之前會有警示現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。

4.However,

a

bar

loaded

in

bending

will

have

a

stress

distribution

that

changes

with

distance

perpendicular

to

the

normal

ax