國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)英漢雙語課件-第4章transport

Internationaltradepractice主講：劉偉良TelQ：1047205122Chapter4Transport1.OceanTransport2.AirTransport3.RailTransport4.RoadTransport1/705.Containerization6.Palletization7.Pipelines8.InternationalMultimodalTransport9.GeneralConsiderationsinCargoTransportP57-OceanTransportOthermodesoftransport2/70TransportP57-AdvantagesTheeasypassageLargecapacityLowunitdistributioncostGoodadaptabilitytocargoesDisadvantagesSlowpassageVulnerable易受傷tobadweatherLesspunctual3/701.OceanTransport1)AdvantagesanddisadvantagesP57-4/702)MajortypesofcargovesselsAgeneralorpackedcargovesselAnOBO(ore/bulk/oil)carrierArefrigeratedshipAtimbershipAnoiltankerAcontainervesselRoleon/Roleoff(RO-RO)vesselLASH(LighterAboardShip)普通貨輪礦石/散貨/油輪冷藏船木材船油輪集裝箱輪滾裝船載駁貨船P57-5/70AnOreCarrier礦沙船P57-6/70ARefrigeratedShipP57-7/70ATimberShip木材P57-8/70AnOilTankerP57-9/70ARO-ROShipP57-10/70ALighterAboardShipP58-11/703)CLASSIFICATIONOFMERCHANTVESSELSMerchantvessels

LINERSTRAMPS流浪VOYAGECHARTER程租船TIMECHARTER定期租船Singlevoyage航行charterRoundvoyagecharterConsecutivevoyagecharterVoyagecharterontimebasisContractofaffreightment包運(yùn)合同P58-12/70Aliner——apassengerorcargovesselthatoperatesoveraregularrouteaccordingtoanadvertisedtime-table.CharacteristicsFixedroute,ports,scheduleandrelativelyfixedfreight;Loadingandunloadingchargesincludedinfreight;Goodservice;Simpleprocedures;Idealforcargoofsmallquantity.【A】Liners(定期班輪)P59-Atramp——acargoshipnotoperatingonregularroutesandschedules,andpickingupcargofromalmostanyportonlywhenitischartered(hired).TrampscanbedividedintoVoyageCharterandTimeCharter.CharacteristicsNofixedroute,portsorschedulebutdirecttrip;Freightdeterminedbymarkettobecompetitive;Idealforcargoofacompleteshipload,suchascargooflowvalueandhugequantity.【B】Tramps(不定期貨輪)P59-14/70Alsoknownascharterparty,isawrittencontractbetweentheship-operatorandthecharterer(shipper發(fā)貨人),normallyincludingtheports,thefreightrateandthetimeinvolvedinthevoyages.Underacharterparty,theshipoperatorissuesacharterpartybilloflading,whichisnormallyrejectedbythebanksinL/Cnegotiation.CharterPartyContract-(租船合同)P59-15/70Avoyagecharteristhehireofashipforaparticulartripthatcanbefurtherdividedinto:SinglevoyagecharterRoundvoyagecharterConsecutivevoyagecharterVoyagecharterontimebasisContractofaffreightment單程航次租船來回航次租船連續(xù)航次租船航次期租船包運(yùn)合同租船VoyageCharter(定程租船)P59-16/70Laytime(裝卸時間)——thetotaltime(numberofhoursordays)allowedthroughanagreementbetweentheship-ownerandthechartererforloadingand/orunloadingthecargo.Demurrage(滯港費(fèi))——thechargethechartererspaytotheship-ownerascompensationforthedelayofashipbeyonditsscheduledlaytime.DispatchMoney(速遣費(fèi))——therewardtheship-ownerpaystothecharterersforthetimesavedintheloadingordischargingoperations(shorterthanthecontractuallyagreedlaytime).Laytime,Demurrage&DispatchTimeP59-17/70Runningorconsecutivedays—

Eachandevery24hoursarecountedasoneday.Workingdays—Non-workingdayssuchasSundaysandholidaysareexcluded.Weatherworkingdays—Adayofgoodweatherandworkingdayistakenaspartofthelaytime.HowtocalculatethelaytimeP60-18/70Atimecharteristhehireofashipforadefiniteperiodoftimefromafewmonthsupto20years.Atimecharterpartyshouldincludethefollowingmainclauses:DescriptionofshipTradelimit(cargo,area)CharterperiodDeliveryofvesselTimeCharter(定期租船)CharterhireSuspension暫停ofhireRedeliveryofvesselSubletP61-19/704)KeytradetermsusedspecificallyinchartershippingLINERTERMS:Theship-operatorisresponsibleforcargoloadingandunloading;FREEIN(FI):Theship-operatorisnotresponsibleforcargoloading;FREEOUT(FO):Theship-operatorisnotresponsibleforcargounloading;FREEIN&OUT(FIO):Theship-operatorisnotresponsibleforcargoloadingandunloading.FREEIN&OUT,STOWED&TRIMMED(FIOST):Theship-operatorisnotresponsibleforcargoloading,unloading,stowingandtrimming.P61-20/705)GeneralproceduresofoceantransportbylinersFindoutfreightrates.Selectashippinglineandaparticularvesselforreliableserviceandreasonablecost.Bookshippingspace.Registercargoonashippingnote(S/N),whichdescribesthedetailsofcargo,andsendtheshippingnotetotheshippingline.RegisterdetailsontheCustoms海關(guān)forms.Arrangeadequatepacking,includingshippingmarks.Receivecallingforwardnotice(whentosendinthecargo)fromshippingline.Sendcargototheportshipmentwithconsignment托運(yùn)

note,whichhasthedetailsoftheshipment.Payfreightbill.Receivefromtheshippinglineabilloflading(B/L)SendB/Lviashippinglineordirectlytoconsignee

收貨人

ortoabankactingasintermediary.P62-21/70JobsBookingshippingspace.Arrangingshippingdocumentation.Collectingcargo.Dealingwithcustomsentriesandotherformalities.(Possibly)

Arrangingpaymentandinsurance.(Possibly)Groupinganumberofconsignments貨物.Givingadviceonmarkets,import/exportregulations&exportpacking.6)ShippingandforwardingagentsP62-22/707)Freightrates(運(yùn)費(fèi)率)W(weight)M(measurements)W/MAdValoremW/MorAdValoremW/MplusAdValoremOpenrateFreightchargedby(計費(fèi)方法)重量法體積法重量或尺碼從高計從價法（貴重物品）重量或尺碼或價值從高計重量或尺碼從高再加從價臨時議定法（大宗產(chǎn)品）P64-23/70PortcongestionsurchargeAlterationofdestinationsurchargeDeviationsurchargeHeavyliftadditionalOver-lengthadditionalHoldandtankcleaningchargeLinersSurcharges(班輪附加費(fèi))港口擁擠附加費(fèi)變更港口附加費(fèi)繞航附加費(fèi)超重附加費(fèi)超長附加費(fèi)洗艙附加費(fèi)7)Freightrates(運(yùn)費(fèi)率)24/70HowtocalculatethelinersfreightF:TotalFreightFb:BasicFreightS:AllSurchargeTotalFreight=BasicFreight+AllSurcharges25/70Stepstocalculatethelinersfreight據(jù)貨物英文名稱查詢貨物等級表和計費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；查出航線的費(fèi)率表；查附加費(fèi)率（額）表計算運(yùn)費(fèi)Howtocalculatethelinersfreight26/70Example廣州運(yùn)往倫敦港“鬧鐘”一批共計100箱，每箱體積為20cm×30cm×40cm，毛重為25公斤。假設(shè)當(dāng)時燃油附加費(fèi)率為30％，倫敦港口擁擠附加費(fèi)率為l0％。請計算應(yīng)付運(yùn)費(fèi)多少?Howtocalculatethelinersfreight27/70NameofCargoChargedbyGradeAgriculturalMachineW10BeansW5ClocksW/M8KitchenwareW/M8…….Step1CheckoutthegradeofthecargoHowtocalculatethelinersfreight28/70Step2Checkoutthebasicfreightrate（Guangzhou—London）貨物等級基本費(fèi)率（美元/運(yùn)費(fèi)噸）150510010200850.50…………Howtocalculatethelinersfreight29/70Step3Checkoutthesurchargerate/amount（略）據(jù)貨物名稱，查貨物等級表得知：該商品計價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：W/M該商品貨物等級為：8級據(jù)題目給定的航線和查到的貨物等級，查航線費(fèi)率表得知：該商品基本運(yùn)費(fèi)率：50.50美元/噸Howtocalculatethelinersfreight26/70Example廣州運(yùn)往倫敦港“鬧鐘”一批共計100箱，每箱體積為20cm×30cm×40cm，毛重為25公斤。假設(shè)當(dāng)時燃油附加費(fèi)率為30％，倫敦港口擁擠附加費(fèi)率為l0％。請計算應(yīng)付運(yùn)費(fèi)多少?Howtocalculatethelinersfreight30/70按重量噸：W=0.025（公噸）按尺碼噸：M=0.2*0.3*0.4=0.024（M3）W>M，所以W/M取WFb=100*0.025*50.50=126.25（美元）ΣS=126.25*（10%+30%）=50.5（美元）F=Fb+ΣS=126.25+50.5=176.75（美元）HowtocalculatethelinersfreightP64-31/70“Billoflading”(海運(yùn)提單)meansadocumentwhichevidencesacontractofcarriagebyseaandthetakingoverorloadingofthegoodsbythecarrier,andbywhichthecarrierundertakestodeliverthegoodsagainstsurrenderofthedocument.(HambergRules)“海運(yùn)提單”是指一份用以證明海上運(yùn)輸合同和貨物由承運(yùn)人接管或裝船，以及承運(yùn)人據(jù)以保證交付貨物的文件。8)OCEANBILLOFLADING(B/L)P64-32/70FUNCTIONSOFB/LEvidenceofReceiptofCargo——itisareceiptsignedbythecarrierconfirmingthegoodshavebeenreceivedfromtheshipperingoodorderandconditionapparently.DocumentofTitletoCargo——itisadocumentoftitle,creatingownershipofthegoodsshipped.EvidenceofaContractofCarriage——itisevidencethatavalidcontractofcarriageexistsbetweenthecarrierandtheshipper,anditmayincorporatethefulltermsofthecontractbetweenthem.33/701、它是承運(yùn)人簽發(fā)給托運(yùn)人的貨物收據(jù)表明承運(yùn)人已按提單所列內(nèi)容收到貨物。除提單上訂有有效的“不知條款”外(如：STC)，提單是承運(yùn)人按所載內(nèi)容收到貨物的絕對證據(jù)。2、它是代表貨物所有權(quán)的憑證承運(yùn)人的責(zé)任是把提單項下貨物交給提單持有人。若承運(yùn)人把貨物交給非提單持有人，則要自負(fù)風(fēng)險。承運(yùn)人憑正本提單一份交貨，其他幾份則失效，不能再轉(zhuǎn)讓。3、它是承運(yùn)人與托運(yùn)人訂立的運(yùn)輸合同的證明對提單受讓人來說，現(xiàn)實中，除了提單，少有運(yùn)輸協(xié)議存在。作為提單受讓人的貨物買方與承運(yùn)人之間的權(quán)利和義務(wù)以提單為準(zhǔn)。因此，提單起著運(yùn)輸合同的作用。海運(yùn)提單的作用34/70ContentsofB/LHagueRules-海牙規(guī)則（多數(shù)提單采用）VisbyRules-維斯比規(guī)則HambergRules-

漢堡規(guī)則FrontBackCarrier;B/LNo.;Shipper;Consignee;NotifyParty;Vessel;VoyageNo.;PortofLoading/Discharge;Commodity;Marks&Number;GrossWeight;Measurement;Freight&Charges;Place&DateofIssue;

NumberofOriginalB/L;SignatureofCarrieroritsagents;andetc.P65-Samples:B/L1B/L235/704類共17種情況因不可抗力免責(zé)；因非船方本身過失免責(zé)；因特殊情況免責(zé)；因無過失免責(zé)?！逗Ｑ酪?guī)則》免責(zé)事項P65-36/70TypesOFB/LShipped/OnBoardB/LReceivedforShipmentB/LCleanB/LDirtyB/LStraightB/LOrderB/LBearerB/LDirectB/LTransshipmentB/LCombinedTransportDocumentShortFormB/LLongFormB/LOnDeckB/LStaleB/LGroupageB/L&HouseB/LAnte-datedB/LAdvancedB/LFreightPrepaidB/LFreightCollectB/LMinimumB/LSeparateB/LSwitchB/LP65-37/70ShippedB/LorOnBoardB/L(已裝船提單)——承運(yùn)人在貨物已經(jīng)裝上指定船舶后所簽發(fā)的提單。ReceivedforShipmentB/L(備運(yùn)/收訖待運(yùn)提單)——承運(yùn)人已收到托運(yùn)貨物等待裝運(yùn)期間所簽發(fā)的提單(承運(yùn)人收到貨，還沒裝船）。實際業(yè)務(wù)中，買方一般都要求賣方提交已裝船提單。TypesOFB/LP66-38/70CleanB/L(清潔提單)——貨物在裝運(yùn)時表面狀況良好，承運(yùn)人不加不良批注的提單。Dirty、foulorUncleanB/L(不清潔提單）——貨物在裝運(yùn)時表面有瑕疵，承運(yùn)人在上面加帶不良批注的提單。實際業(yè)務(wù)中，買方一般都要求賣方提交清潔提單。TypesOFB/LP67-39/70StraightB/L(記名提單)——收貨人欄填明特定收貨人的提單。實際業(yè)務(wù)中，使用最多的是指示提單。BearerB/L(不記名提單)——收貨人欄填明“ToBearer”（持有人）的提單。OrderB/L(指示提單)——收貨人欄填寫“Toorder”（需背書）或“ToorderofXXX”（由XXX背書）字樣的提單。TypesOFB/L3.根據(jù)收貨人抬頭（1）記名提單

straightB/L收貨人欄內(nèi)填寫特定收貨人名稱不能流通轉(zhuǎn)讓（2）不記名提單

bearerB/L收貨人欄內(nèi)不填寫收貨人名稱無需背書即可轉(zhuǎn)讓3.根據(jù)收貨人抬頭（3）指示提單

orderB/L收貨人欄內(nèi)填寫：“TOORDER”(即不記名指示，空白抬頭)“TOTHEORDEROF**”（即記名指示）這種提單經(jīng)指示人背書后可以轉(zhuǎn)讓給其他人。theShipper/theConsignee/theBank一般視為Shipper指示，只有當(dāng)Shipper作出背書后才可轉(zhuǎn)讓給其他人關(guān)于背書endorsement背書有空白背書和記名背書兩種空白背書是背書人在提單背面簽名或蓋章；記名背書是除在提單背面簽名外，還列明被背書人名稱。提單經(jīng)過背書可以轉(zhuǎn)讓，實際業(yè)務(wù)中使用最多的是“空白抬頭(即Toorder)，空白背書”提單，因為可以實現(xiàn)多次轉(zhuǎn)讓。P68-40/70TransshipmentB/L（轉(zhuǎn)船提單）——提單項下貨物在運(yùn)輸途中，轉(zhuǎn)卸入另一船，再駛往目的港卸貨。ThroughB/L(聯(lián)運(yùn)提單)——提單項下貨物以海運(yùn)和其他運(yùn)輸方式聯(lián)合運(yùn)輸。DirectB/L（直運(yùn)提單）——提單項下貨物在裝運(yùn)港裝上貨輪后，直接（不轉(zhuǎn)船）駛往目的港卸貨。TypesOFB/LP69-41/70LongformB/L(全式提單/繁式提單)——既在正面列明內(nèi)容，也在背面列明承運(yùn)人何托運(yùn)人權(quán)利和義務(wù)的提單。（班輪提單通常屬此）ShortFormB/L(略式提單／簡式提單)——只提單正面列明必須記載的事項，背面空白的提單。（租船提單往往屬此）CombinedTransportDocument–CTD(多式聯(lián)運(yùn)單據(jù))——指能證明多式聯(lián)運(yùn)合同和多式聯(lián)運(yùn)人接收貨物并負(fù)責(zé)按照合同交付貨物的單據(jù)。TypesOFB/LP70-42/70StaleB/L(過期提單)——簽發(fā)后超過信用證期限才交到銀行的提單。OnDeckB/L

(甲板提單／艙面提單)——表明貨物裝于船舶甲板的提單，銀行一般不接受。GroupageB/L(并裝提單)：貨代將不同貨主的貨物組成一批交船公司運(yùn)輸，由此船方簽發(fā)給貨代的提單。HouseB/L(貨代提單)

：貨代公司簽發(fā)的提單。TypesOFB/LP71-43/70Ante-datedB/L(倒簽提單)——提單顯示的簽發(fā)日非簽發(fā)當(dāng)天，而是已過去的某天（據(jù)托運(yùn)人要求）的提單。AdvancedB/L

(預(yù)借提單)——貨物尚未裝船或尚未裝船完畢的情況下，船方提前簽發(fā)的已裝船清潔提單（即托運(yùn)人為了能及時結(jié)匯而從承運(yùn)人那里借用的已裝船清潔提單）。船方印發(fā)以上2種提單均屬“欺詐”違法行為。TypesOFB/LP72-44/70FreighttobecollectedB/L(運(yùn)費(fèi)到付提單)——注明運(yùn)費(fèi)向收貨人收?。‵reighttobecollected）支付的提單。FOB條件下，賣方提交運(yùn)費(fèi)到付提單。CFR、CIF條件下，賣方提交運(yùn)費(fèi)已付提單。FreightPrepaidB/L

(運(yùn)費(fèi)已付提單)——注明運(yùn)費(fèi)已預(yù)先支付（FreightPrepaid）的提單。TypesOFB/LP72-SeparateB/L(分提單)——一批貨物，即同一裝貨單的貨物，據(jù)托運(yùn)人要求分列2套或2套以上的提單。（一批貨，兩套單）MinimumB/L(最低運(yùn)費(fèi)提單

)——運(yùn)費(fèi)未到運(yùn)價本規(guī)定的最低額，而按規(guī)定的最低運(yùn)費(fèi)計收的提單。SwitchB/L(交換提單)——直達(dá)運(yùn)輸中，憑在啟運(yùn)港簽發(fā)的提單另換發(fā)一套以中途港為啟運(yùn)港的提單。TypesOFB/LDocumentsnotpresentedinfullsetasrequired.Alterationnotauthenticatedbyshippingcompanyoritsagent.UnacceptabletypeofB/L,e.g.,ondeck,dirty,charterparty,andetc.Notendorsed“OnBoard”whensorequired,“OnBoard”notsignedanddatedordatedafterthelatestshipmentdateoncredit.B/Lnotblankendorsed.Commondiscrepancies不符點(diǎn)foundinB/LFailuretoindicateiffreightprepaidorfreightcollected.InconsistencybetweenB/Landotherdocuments(e.g.L/C,invoice,etc)inportofshipment,portofdestination,descriptionofgoods,weight,measurement,shippingmark,andetc.DocumentsdatedlaterthantheshippingdateinL/C.LatepresentationforL/Cnegotiation–beyondtheearlierdateoftheL/CdateofexpiryandtheL/Cdateofpresentation(maximum21daysafterB/Lissuance).Commondiscrepancies不符點(diǎn)foundinB/LP73-47/70TimeofshipmentPortofshipmentPortofdestinationAdviceofshipmentPartialshipmentTransshipment9)Clauseofshipment裝運(yùn)期裝運(yùn)港目的港裝船通知分批裝運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)AbouttimeofshipmentP73-①規(guī)定在某一時期內(nèi)裝運(yùn)，例如：ShipmentduringMay2009②規(guī)定在某一時間點(diǎn)前裝運(yùn)，例如：Shipmentonorbefore(notlaterthan)theendofJuly2009③規(guī)定在收到信用證后若干日內(nèi)裝運(yùn)，例如：Shipmentwithin45daysafterreceipt/issueoftheL/C避免采用如下裝運(yùn)期規(guī)定：Promptshipment/Immediateshipment/ShipmentASAP(模糊日期）Shipmenton8August2009（具體日期）保證貨物到達(dá)目的港（地）時間。48/70Aboutportofshipment①規(guī)定在某一具體港口裝運(yùn)，例如：PortofShipment:Shanghai②規(guī)定在某幾個港口任選一個裝運(yùn)(較靈活)，例如：PortofShipment:Shanghai/Qingdao/Dalian③規(guī)定在我國任何一個港口裝運(yùn)，例如：PortofShipment:Chinaport;ChineseMainPort(CMP)裝運(yùn)港原則上應(yīng)靠近貨源地、交通便捷、費(fèi)用低廉、儲存條件等完備；若由買方租船運(yùn)輸，應(yīng)規(guī)定賣方在裝運(yùn)前一段時間內(nèi)告知具體港口。AboutportofdestinationP74-①規(guī)定某一具體目的港，例如：PortofDestination:London②規(guī)定某幾個目的港口，例如：PortofDestination:London/Liverpool/Manchester③規(guī)定某幾個目的港口任選一個，例如：PortofDestination:London/Liverpool/Manchester,optional配合我國外交政策的實施。港口國家政局的穩(wěn)定性。對客戶的選港要求，原則上港口越少越好（一般不超過3個），并由客戶支付選港費(fèi)，同時考慮以下問題：港口的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施情況。港口的航班情況。AboutpartialshipmentsP75-允許分批裝運(yùn)，但不規(guī)定分批的具體時間、批次和數(shù)量。允許分批裝運(yùn)，并具體訂明每批裝運(yùn)的時間和數(shù)量。按UCP600，若L/C不禁止分批裝運(yùn)，即，賣方可以分批裝運(yùn)。按UCP600，幾張?zhí)釂沃腥裘繌執(zhí)釂物@示同一運(yùn)輸工具、同一航次、同一目的地，即不視作分批裝運(yùn)。（即使裝貨港和裝運(yùn)日期不同）若一分批裝運(yùn)合同訂明每批裝運(yùn)時間和數(shù)量，賣方只要任何一批不按期、按量裝運(yùn)，即可視作合同違約。51/70AbouttransshipmentP75-按UCP600，轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)是指從發(fā)運(yùn)接受監(jiān)管或裝運(yùn)地至最后目的地的運(yùn)輸過程中從一運(yùn)輸工具卸下，再裝上另一運(yùn)輸工具（不論是否為不同運(yùn)輸方式）的行為。按UCP600，即使信用證禁止轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)，只要采用多式聯(lián)運(yùn)提單（含多種方式運(yùn)輸）——注明將發(fā)生或可能發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)，即不視作轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。若進(jìn)口商想禁止任何方式的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)，即在信用證上明確表示禁止轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)，并規(guī)定不接受多式聯(lián)運(yùn)提單。52/7010)Moreorlessclause-溢短裝條款P76-53/70如，5000MT,with5%moreorlessatsellers’option;又如，AboutorApproximately5000MT（“約”數(shù)條款）若貨物數(shù)量非以包裝單位或貨物自身件數(shù)計算的，即，按L/C規(guī)則，貨物數(shù)量允許有5%的增減幅度（只要總支取金額不超過L/C金額）。若貨物的數(shù)量是以包裝單位件數(shù)或貨物自身件數(shù)計算的，即，按L/C規(guī)則，貨物數(shù)量不允許有增減幅度。若在L/C中使用了“約”或“大約”，即解釋為允許有關(guān)金額或數(shù)量或單價有不超過10%的增減幅度。（UCP600極力反對L/C使用“約”或“大約”等不明確的字眼。）P76-54/702.AirTransportScheduledAirline(班機(jī)運(yùn)輸)CharterCarriers(包機(jī)運(yùn)輸)ConsolidatedConsignments(集中托運(yùn))P76-55/702.AirTransportAdvantagesFasterdelivery.Bettersecurity.Lesspackaging.Lowerinsurance.Fastersettlement.Betterservice.Reducedstock.Expandedtrade&newmarkets.DisadvantagesLimitedcapacity,dimension&weightrestrictions.Veryhighoperatingexpenses&hightransportcost.Vulnerabletodisruptionwhenweatherisbad.Expensivehandlingcostbecauseofconsignmentstendnottobeconsolidated.Sparsely稀缺locatedfacilities.Advantages&DisadvantagesP76-56/702.AirTransportAirWaybill(航空貨運(yùn)單)航空貨運(yùn)單（AirWaybill，AWB）是訂立契約、接受貨物和承運(yùn)條件的證明，實際上是雙方當(dāng)事人所訂立的國際貨物航空運(yùn)輸合同。航空貨運(yùn)單的特點(diǎn)/作用航空貨運(yùn)單是承運(yùn)人接受貨物的證明及運(yùn)輸合同，可作為貨物結(jié)算、報關(guān)、保險索賠等憑據(jù)。航空貨運(yùn)單不是物權(quán)憑證，發(fā)貨人可行使“處置權(quán)”（rightofdisposal）,指示承運(yùn)人中途停止運(yùn)輸，或轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)給其他人，甚至要求回運(yùn)貨物。航空貨運(yùn)單也不是提貨憑證，收貨人只需憑身份證明文件提貨。所以賣方必須注意買方的信用，確保安全收款。實際業(yè)務(wù)中，航空貨運(yùn)單一般不可轉(zhuǎn)讓。P79-57/703.RailTransportAdvantagesHighcapacityformoftransport.Relativelyhighspeed.Lesspronetointerruptionbypoorweather.RatherEconomical.TypeoffreightcarsShedcar–棚車Opencar–敞篷車Flatcar–平板車Tankcar–油罐車Ventilationcar–換氣車P80-58/703.RailTransportRailWaybill/RailConsignmentNote(國際鐵路聯(lián)運(yùn)運(yùn)單)發(fā)貨人提交貨物和付清運(yùn)費(fèi)后，發(fā)站在運(yùn)單正本和副本上蓋發(fā)站日期戳記（證明貨物已承運(yùn)），則成為運(yùn)輸合同的憑證。運(yùn)單隨同貨物從發(fā)站至到站接運(yùn)送全程附送，最后送收貨人。運(yùn)單既是鐵路承運(yùn)貨物的憑證，也是鐵路在終點(diǎn)站向收貨人核收運(yùn)雜費(fèi)和點(diǎn)交貨物的依據(jù)。運(yùn)單不是物權(quán)憑證，不能轉(zhuǎn)讓；運(yùn)單副本不具有運(yùn)單的效力，由發(fā)站加蓋戳記后退給發(fā)貨人，可貿(mào)易結(jié)算的文件。（以上根據(jù)《國際貨協(xié)》規(guī)定）

P81-59/704.RoadTransportAdvantagesDistributiveabilityofroadvehicles.Flexibleinoperation.Competitiveinshortdistancetransport.DisadvantagesLimitedcapacity.HighoperatingcostRiskofpilferageanddamage.Legallimitations5.Containerization集裝箱種類(常用２種)20英尺：1C型8’*8’*20’）40英尺：1A型8’*8’*40’;1AA型8’*8.6’*40’5.Containerization運(yùn)輸貨物交接整箱貨(Fullcontainerload-FCL)

裝箱后運(yùn)交集裝箱堆場(Containeryard-CY)；拼箱貨(Lessthancontainerload-LCL)

由承運(yùn)人在集裝箱貨運(yùn)站(Containerfreightstation-CFS)拼箱后發(fā)運(yùn)。集裝箱運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用內(nèi)陸運(yùn)輸費(fèi)（Inlandtransportcharge）拼箱服務(wù)費(fèi)（LCLservicecharge）堆場服務(wù)費(fèi)（Terminalhandlingcharge-THC）集裝箱及其他設(shè)備使用費(fèi)用（Feeforusingcontainer&otherequipment）P69FAK（freightforallkinds）包箱費(fèi)率——不分貨物種類，也不計貨量，只規(guī)定統(tǒng)一的每個集裝箱收取的費(fèi)率。FCS（freightforclass）包箱費(fèi)率——按不同貨物等級的包箱費(fèi)率。FCB（freightforclass&basis）包箱費(fèi)率——按不同貨物等級貨貨物類別以及計算標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制