備考2021高考語法填空 閱讀理解題源09：科技文-恒星是如何形成的

備考2021高考語法填空09HowStarsForminNearbyGalaxies

恒星是如何在附近星系形成的導(dǎo)讀：Starsarebornindensecloudsofmolecularhydrogengasthatpermeatesinterstellarspaceofmostgalaxies.恒星誕生于氫氣分子稠密云中，而這些氫氣分子彌漫在大多數(shù)星系星際空間中。第一部分

練習(xí)Howstarsformingalaxies1、____________（remain）amajoropenquestion.RobertFeldmannshedsnewlight2、____________thistopicwiththehelpofadata-drivenre-analysisofobservationalmeasurements.Starsarebornindensecloudsofmolecularhydrogengas3、____________permeatesinterstellarspaceofmostgalaxies.Whilethephysicsofstarformationiscomplex,recentyears4、____________(see)substantialprogresstowardsunderstandinghowstarsforminagalacticenvironment.What5、____________(ultimate)determinesthelevelofstarformationingalaxies,however,remainsanopenquestion.Inprinciple,twomainfactorsinfluencethestarformationactivity:theamountofmoleculargasthatispresentingalaxies6、____________thetimescaleover7、____________thegasreservoirisdepletedbyconvertingitintostars.Whilethegasmassofgalaxiesisregulatedby8、____________competitionbetweengasinflows,outflows,andgasconsumption,thephysicsofthegas-to-starconversioniscurrentlynotwellunderstood.Givenitspotentiallycriticalrole,manyefforts9、____________

(undertake)todeterminethegasdepletiontimescaleobservationally.However,theseeffortsresultedinconflictingfindingspartlybecauseofthechallengeinmeasuringgas10、____________(mass)reliablygivencurrentdetectionlimits.參考答案：1、remains2、on3、that4、haveseen5、ultimately6、and7、which8、a9、havebeenundertaken10、masses備考2021高考科技類時政新聞閱讀題源09第二部分雙語閱讀Howstarsformingalaxiesremainsamajoropenquestion.恒星如何在星系中形成仍然是一個主要的未決問題。RobertFeldmannshedsnewlightonthistopicwiththehelpofadata-drivenre-analysisofobservationalmeasurements.羅伯特·費(fèi)爾德曼在數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動的觀測測量再分析的幫助下，對這一主題提出了新的看法。Starsarebornindensecloudsofmolecularhydrogengasthatpermeatesinterstellarspaceofmostgalaxies.恒星誕生于氫氣分子稠密云中，而這些氫氣分子彌漫在大多數(shù)星系星際空間中。Whilethephysicsofstarformationiscomplex,recentyearshaveseensubstantialprogresstowardsunderstandinghowstarsforminagalacticenvironment.雖然恒星形成的物理過程很復(fù)雜，但近年來在理解恒星如何在星系環(huán)境中形成方面已經(jīng)取得了實(shí)質(zhì)性進(jìn)展。Whatultimatelydeterminesthelevelofstarformationingalaxies,however,remainsanopenquestion.然而，最終決定星系恒星形成水平的因素仍然是一個懸而未決的問題。Inprinciple,twomainfactorsinfluencethestarformationactivity:原則上，影響恒星形成活動的兩個主要因素是：theamountofmoleculargasthatispresentingalaxiesandthetimescaleoverwhichthegasreservoirisdepletedbyconvertingitintostars.星系中存在的分子氣體的數(shù)量，以及將氣體儲層轉(zhuǎn)化為恒星而耗盡的時間尺度。Whilethegasmassofgalaxiesisregulatedbyacompetitionbetweengasinflows,outflows,andgasconsumption,thephysicsofthegas-to-starconversioniscurrentlynotwellunderstood.雖然星系的氣體質(zhì)量是由氣體流入、流出和氣體消耗之間的競爭來調(diào)節(jié)的，但氣體到恒星的轉(zhuǎn)換的物理原理目前尚不清楚。Givenitspotentiallycriticalrole,manyeffortshavebeenundertakentodeterminethegasdepletiontimescaleobservationally.鑒于其潛在的關(guān)鍵作用，已經(jīng)作出了許多努力，以確定氣體消耗的時間尺度的觀測。However,theseeffortsresultedinconflictingfindingspartlybecauseofthechallengeinmeasuringgasmassesreliablygivencurrentdetectionlimits.然而，這些努力導(dǎo)致了相互矛盾的發(fā)現(xiàn)，部分原因是在目前的檢測極限下，在可靠地測量氣體質(zhì)量方面存在挑戰(zhàn)。Figure1.VisualizationofgasinandaroundaMilky-Way-likegalaxy(center)intoday’sUniverseaspredictedbyacosmologicalsimulationrunbytheauthor.圖1。在今天的宇宙中，像銀河系一樣的星系（中心）和周圍的氣體的可視化，正如作者所做的宇宙模擬所預(yù)測的那樣。Dense,atomicandmolecularhydrogentypicallyformsanextendeddisk,hereseeninbluish-purpleatthecenteroftheimage.密集、原子和分子氫通常形成一個擴(kuò)展的圓盤，在圖像的中心呈藍(lán)紫色。Stars(white)formthroughoutthegasdisk.恒星（白色）在整個氣盤中形成。Additionalstarformationmaytakeplaceinsatellitegalaxies,hereseenatthetoprightandbottomleftpositions.更多的恒星形成可能發(fā)生在衛(wèi)星星系，在這里看到的右上角和左下角的位置。Hot,lowdensitygas(greenandredhues)canbefoundatlargedistances,outtotheedgeofthedarkmatterhalosurroundingthemaingalaxy(whitecircle).熱的，低密度的氣體（綠色和紅色的色調(diào))可以在很遠(yuǎn)的地方找到，延伸到主星系周圍的暗物質(zhì)暈的邊緣(白色圓圈）。Theimagealsoshowsalargenumberofdarkmattersubstructures(purple)mostofwhicharedevoidofgasandstars.圖像還顯示了大量的暗物質(zhì)子結(jié)構(gòu)（紫色），其中大部分沒有氣體和恒星。學(xué)分：蘇黎世大學(xué)Typicalstarformationislinkedtotheoverallgasreservoir典型的恒星形成與整個氣藏相連ThepresentstudyusesanewstatisticalmethodbasedonBayesianmodelingtoproperlyaccountforgalaxieswithundetectedamountsofmolecularoratomichydrogentominimizeobservationalbias.本研究使用了一種基于貝葉斯建模的新的統(tǒng)計(jì)方法來正確地解釋含有未檢測到的分子或原子氫的星系，以盡量減少觀測偏差。Thisnewanalysisrevealsthat,intypical,starforminggalaxies,molecularandatomichydrogenareconvertedintostarsoverapproximatelyconstanttimescalesof1and10billionyears,respectively.這一新的分析表明，在典型的恒星形成星系中，分子和原子氫分別在大約10億年和100億年的恒定時間尺度上轉(zhuǎn)化為恒星。However,extremelyactivegalaxies(`starbursts’)arefoundtohavemuchshortergasdepletiontimescales.然而，極端活躍的星系（`星暴）被發(fā)現(xiàn)有更短的氣體耗盡時間尺度。Thesefindingssuggestthatstarformationintypicalgalaxiesisindeeddirectlylinkedtotheoverallgasreservoirandthussetbytherateatwhichgasentersorleavesagalaxy.這些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，典型星系中的恒星形成確實(shí)與整個氣藏直接相關(guān)，因此取決于氣體進(jìn)入或離開星系的速率。Incontrast,thedramaticallyhigherstarformationactivityofstarburstshaslikelyadifferentphysicalorigin,suchasgalaxyinteractionsorinstabilitiesingalacticdisks.相反，恒星形成活動明顯較高，可能有不同的物理起源，如星系相互作用或星系盤的不穩(wěn)定性。Thisanalysisisbasedonobservationaldataofnearbygalaxies.這一分析是基于附近星系的觀測數(shù)據(jù)。ObservationswiththeAtacamaLargeMillimeter/submillimeterArray,theSquareKilometerArray,andotherobservatoriespromisetoprobethegascontentoflargenumbersofgalaxiesacrosscosmichistory.用阿塔卡馬大毫米/次毫米陣列、方千米陣列和其他觀測站進(jìn)行的觀測有望探測宇宙歷史上大量星系的氣體含量。Itwillbeparamounttoco