小作文(開(kāi)頭段+基本句型)

(圖表作文/流程/地圖)2020/12/191Agenda小作文的基本要求小作文完成步驟審題5要素開(kāi)頭段：基本句式、替換詞主體部分：必備句式、補(bǔ)充詞匯圖表作文（線/條/表/餅）--動(dòng)態(tài)圖/靜態(tài)圖流程圖地圖2020/12/192WritingTask1基本要求summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonwhererelevant.總結(jié)信息（概括特征，數(shù)據(jù)支持）選擇和匯報(bào)主要的特點(diǎn)如果合適的話，進(jìn)行比較2020/12/1932014年小作文題型分布2014年小作文題型分布Times柱狀圖13表格10曲線圖8餅圖23、流程圖64、地圖7混合圖2柱狀圖27%餅圖4%流程圖12%地圖15%曲線圖17%表格21%混合圖4%2014年小作文題型分布1、動(dòng)態(tài)圖2、靜態(tài)圖2020/12/194小作文完成步驟--圖表（線/柱/表/餅圖）第一步：審題第二步：開(kāi)頭段（改寫題目）第三步：完成主體部分第四步：結(jié)尾段2020/12/195第1步：審題首先，確定圖形類別動(dòng)態(tài)圖（時(shí)間段）靜態(tài)圖（時(shí)間點(diǎn)）然后，確定描述對(duì)象動(dòng)態(tài)圖：有幾根線靜態(tài)圖：幾個(gè)對(duì)象其次，確定時(shí)態(tài)第四，確定圖中重要的信息第五，確定文章結(jié)構(gòu)（分段）2020/12/196區(qū)別動(dòng)態(tài)圖和靜態(tài)圖動(dòng)態(tài)圖：強(qiáng)調(diào)變化趨勢(shì)靜態(tài)圖：強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)比時(shí)間動(dòng)態(tài)圖靜態(tài)圖時(shí)間段時(shí)間點(diǎn)/無(wú)2020/12/197練習(xí)：判斷動(dòng)態(tài)圖還是靜態(tài)圖動(dòng)態(tài)圖2020/12/198練習(xí)：判斷動(dòng)態(tài)圖還是靜態(tài)圖動(dòng)態(tài)圖25%20%15%10%5%2020/12/199練習(xí)：判斷動(dòng)態(tài)圖還是靜態(tài)圖動(dòng)態(tài)圖USpopulationbyraceandethnicity2020/12/1910練習(xí)：判斷動(dòng)態(tài)圖還是靜態(tài)圖靜態(tài)圖2020/12/1911練習(xí)：判斷動(dòng)態(tài)圖還是靜態(tài)圖動(dòng)態(tài)圖Thepiechartscomparethesourcesofpollutantsinaparticularareaofocean.2020/12/1912commuterrailheavyraillightrailbusDemandresponse練習(xí)：判斷動(dòng)態(tài)圖還是靜態(tài)圖靜態(tài)圖2020/12/1913練習(xí)：判斷動(dòng)態(tài)圖還是靜態(tài)圖靜態(tài)圖2020/12/1914第1步：審題首先，確定圖形類別動(dòng)態(tài)圖（時(shí)間段）靜態(tài)圖（時(shí)間點(diǎn)）然后，確定描述對(duì)象動(dòng)態(tài)圖：有幾根線靜態(tài)圖：幾個(gè)對(duì)象其次，確定時(shí)態(tài)第四，確定圖中重要的信息第五，確定文章結(jié)構(gòu)（分段）2020/12/1915練習(xí)：確定描述對(duì)象4根線2020/12/1916練習(xí)：確定描述對(duì)象4根線25%20%15%10%5%2020/12/1917練習(xí)：確定描述對(duì)象10根線USpopulationbyraceandethnicity2020/12/1918練習(xí)：確定描述對(duì)象7根線Thepiechartscomparethesourcesofpollutantsinaparticularareaofocean.2020/12/1919練習(xí)：確定描述對(duì)象5個(gè)對(duì)象2020/12/1920第1步：審題首先，確定圖形類別動(dòng)態(tài)圖（時(shí)間段）靜態(tài)圖（時(shí)間點(diǎn)）然后，確定描述對(duì)象動(dòng)態(tài)圖：有幾根線靜態(tài)圖：幾個(gè)對(duì)象其次，確定時(shí)態(tài)：第四，確定圖中重要的信息第五，確定文章結(jié)構(gòu)（分段）通過(guò)給定的時(shí)間確定2020/12/1921練習(xí)：確定時(shí)態(tài)過(guò)去時(shí)2020/12/1922練習(xí)：確定時(shí)態(tài)25%20%15%10%5%過(guò)去時(shí)將來(lái)時(shí)2020/12/1923第1步：審題首先，確定圖形類別動(dòng)態(tài)圖（時(shí)間段）靜態(tài)圖（時(shí)間點(diǎn)）然后，確定描述對(duì)象動(dòng)態(tài)圖：有幾根線靜態(tài)圖：幾個(gè)對(duì)象其次，確定時(shí)態(tài)第四，確定圖中重要的信息（最高值、第二高值、起始結(jié)束值、反轉(zhuǎn)的數(shù)據(jù)、總體趨勢(shì)）第五，確定文章結(jié)構(gòu)（分段）2020/12/1924動(dòng)態(tài)圖什么數(shù)值比較重要一般來(lái)說(shuō)：（針對(duì)一條線來(lái)說(shuō)）1、最高值2、最后一年的數(shù)據(jù)3、第一年的數(shù)據(jù)4、中間的數(shù)據(jù)2020/12/1925練習(xí)：確定重要信息最高值：road第二高值：water最低值：pipeline總體趨勢(shì)：road，water，pipeline上升，rail平穩(wěn)2020/12/1926第1步：審題1.確定圖形類別：2.確定描述對(duì)象：3.確定時(shí)態(tài)：4.確定重要信息5.分段：動(dòng)態(tài)圖（1974-2002）有4根線分兩段過(guò)去時(shí)最高值：road貨運(yùn)量最大最低值：pipeline貨運(yùn)量最少趨勢(shì)：road，water，pipeline貨運(yùn)量上升，rail貨運(yùn)量平穩(wěn)2020/12/1927小作文完成步驟--圖表（線/柱/表/餅圖）第一步：審題第二步：開(kāi)頭段（改寫題目）第三步：完成主體部分第四步：結(jié)尾段2020/12/1928第2步：開(kāi)頭段基本句式1.informatione.g.Thechart/graphprovides/presentstheinformation/pare+名詞e.g.Thechartcompares......3.show/illustrate+名詞e.g.Thechartshowsthechangesin......4.how+賓語(yǔ)從句e.g.Thechart/graphshows/illustrateshow......changed/varied......（How引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句后面一定要加完整的句子)5.that+賓語(yǔ)從句：粗略的描述總體趨勢(shì)e.g.Thechart/graphshows/reveals/indicates/suggeststhat......2020/12/1929開(kāi)頭段簡(jiǎn)單換詞graph（圖表、曲線圖）chart(圖表)=diagram=shows(v.)=information=thenumberof=theproportionof=poepleintheUSA=howtoproduce=inthreecountries=表達(dá)（一段時(shí)間)例如：從1999到2009年=linegraphbarchart，piechart，flowchartFrom1999to2009=between1999and2009=overaperiodof10years=overtheperiodfrom1999to2009=duringtheperiodbetween1999and2009intheUK,FranceandSpaintheprocessofproducingAmericansthepercentageof=

thefigureforthefigurefordataillustratesfigure（流程圖）=flowchart2020/12/1930練習(xí):開(kāi)頭段改寫2020/12/1931練習(xí):開(kāi)頭段改寫ThegraphprovidestheinformationabouttheamountsofgoodstransportedintheUnitedKindombyfourmeansoftransport

overtheperiodfrom1974to2000.

ThelinegraphcomparesthequantitiesofgoodstransportedintheUnitedKindombyfourtypesoftransportfrom1974to2000.ThegraphillustratesthequantitiesofgoodstransportedintheUnitedKingdombyfourmeansoftransportfrom1974to2002.Thegraphillustrates(howthequantitiesofgoodstransportedbyfourmeansoftransporthadchanged)intheUnitedKingdomoveraperiodofnearly30years.注意:從句的完整性2020/12/1932練習(xí):開(kāi)頭段改寫Thefollowingtablepresentssomeinformationaboutconsumerspendingonthreeitemsinfivedifferentcountriesin2002.Thetableshowspercentagesofconsumerexpenditureforthreecategoriesofproductsandservicesinfivecountriesin2002.2020/12/1933練習(xí):開(kāi)頭段改寫Thebarchartcomparesdifferentagegroupsintermsofinternetusagebetween2003and2006.2020/12/1934USA40%Others20%UK10%Japan30%Above50yearsold50%Below30yearsold15%40-49yearsold20%練習(xí):開(kāi)頭段改寫法一：ThetwopiechartsdemonstratethesituationofoverseastravelbyIndiansintermsoffourdestinationsandagegroupsrespectively.法二：ThefirstpiechartdepictstheinformationaboutthenumberofIndianstravellingtodifferentcountries,andthesecondoneillustratesthefigureforIndiatravellersbydifferentagegroups.2020/12/1935練習(xí):開(kāi)頭段改寫-流程圖Thediagrambelowshowstheprocessbywhichbricksaremanufacturedforthebuildingindustry.brickmanufacturingdiggerbrickswirecuttersand+watermetalgridrollerclaydeliverypackagingcoolingchamberkilndryingovenmould法二：Thediagramshowshowthebricksareproduced

insevenstepsforthebuildingpurposes.法一：Thediagramshowstheprocessofbrickmanufacturinginsevenstepsforthebuildingpurposes.2020/12/1936ChorleywoodisavillagenearLondonwhosepopulationhasincreasedsteadilysincethemiddleofthenineteenthcentury.Themapbelowshowsthedevelopmentofthevillage.1868–18831883–19221922–19701970–1994built1970built1909練習(xí):開(kāi)頭段改寫-地圖方法一：ThemapshowsthechangesanddevelopmentofChorleywoodvillageinGreatBritainoveraperiodof126yearsfrom1868to1994.方法二：ThemapillustratesthechangesinanareacalledChorleywoodduringtheperiodfrom1868to1994.2020/12/1937小作文完成步驟--圖表（線/柱/表/餅圖）第一步：審題第二步：開(kāi)頭段（改寫題目）第三步：完成主體部分第四步：結(jié)尾段2020/12/1938第3步主體部分

動(dòng)態(tài)圖必備8個(gè)句型1.Thefigureof...increased/decreased......2.Therebe句型3.see/witness4.分詞結(jié)構(gòu)5.用afterwhich,duringwhichtime,bywhichtime,when,where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句6.用while/whereas/although引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句，或者but引導(dǎo)的并列句7.倍數(shù)8.比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)2020/12/1939（圖表類）必備句式基本句型1：Thefigureof...increasedrapidlyfrom…to…duringtheperiodfrom…to….主語(yǔ)(...的數(shù)值)描述趨勢(shì)的V.描述變化幅度的adv.描述變化幅度的prep.時(shí)間范圍Thefigureof...Theamountof...Thequantityof..Thenumberof...Thepercentageof..Theproportionof...上升下降大幅度地顯著地穩(wěn)定地平穩(wěn)地小幅度地微弱地by...to...from..toduring/overtheperiodfrom..to..;inthefollowing...years;intheearly/lateperiodbetween..and..increase;rise;grow;climb;soar;rocket;surge;ascend;goup;decrease;decline;drop;deminish;descend;plunge;plummet;winddown;fall;godown;markedly；remarkably；significantly;considerably;dramatically;sharply;rapidly;substantially;drastically;exponentially;stably;steadily;constantly;gradually;continuously;moderately;gently;slightly;modestly;marginally；slowly;fractionally;insignificantly;注意：表示"上升"和"下降"的單詞一般都是不及物動(dòng)詞，沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。2020/12/1940M-city人口變化圖20002005201020155201015millionyear基本句型1：Thenumberofpopulationincreasedconsiderablyto15millionduringtheperiodbetween2000to2010.2020/12/1941（圖表類）必備句式基本句型2：Therebe句型S.+V.冠詞描述變化幅度的adj.描述趨勢(shì)的n.時(shí)間范圍Thereis...;

Thereemerges...;Theperiodfrom..to...witnesses...;

Theearly/late/subsequent/following..yearssee...;Thisisfollowedby...;

Itundergoes/experiences...;aan大幅度的明顯的穩(wěn)定的平穩(wěn)的小幅度的微弱的上升下降in…between…and…from…to…….marked;rapid;sharp;significant;dramatic;drastic;considerable;substantial;exponential;stable;steady;constant;gradual;continuous;moderate;gentle;slow;slight;modest;fractional;insignificant;increase;rise;growth;leap;soar;boom;surge;decrease;fall;decline;slide;plunge;2020/12/1942M-city人口變化圖20002005201020155201015millionyear基本句型2：Therewasamarkedincreaseinthepopulationfrom2000to2010.Therewasadownward/anoppositetrendin

thepopulationinthefollowingfiveyears.2020/12/1943（圖表類）必備句式基本句型3：see/witnessS.+V.冠詞描述變化幅度的adj.描述趨勢(shì)的n.時(shí)間范圍Thereis...;

Thereemerges...;Theperiodfrom..to...witnesses...;

Theearly/late/subsequent/following..yearssee...;Thisisfollowedby...;

Itundergoes/experiences...;aan大幅度的明顯的穩(wěn)定的平穩(wěn)的小幅度的微弱的上升下降in…between…and…from…to…….marked;rapid;sharp;significant;dramatic;drastic;considerable;substantial;exponential;stable;steady;constant;gradual;continuous;moderate;gentle;slow;slight;modest;fractional;insignificant;increase;rise;growth;leap;soar;boom;surge;decrease;fall;decline;slide;plunge;2020/12/1944M-city人口變化圖20002005201020155201015millionyear基本句型3：IntermsofthepopulationofM-city,

theperiodfrom2000to2010

witnessed/saw

asignificantincreasewiththefigurerisingfrom5millionattheverystartto15eventually.2020/12/1945補(bǔ)充知識(shí)--"see"的使用21世紀(jì)初中國(guó)房?jī)r(jià)大幅上升。China：Chinasawadramticincreaseinhousepricesinthe2000s.The2000sThe2000ssawadramaticincreaseinhousepricesinChina.TherealestateindustryofChinaTherealestateindustryofChinasawhousepricesincreasedramticallyinthe2000s.2020/12/1946（圖表類）必備句式基本句型4：分詞結(jié)構(gòu)e.g.Thenumberofpopulationnearlydoubled,rising

fromtwomilliontofourmillionin2010.

注意：double不及物V，無(wú)被動(dòng)wasdoubled；

5million/billion/thousand/hundred,不加Se.g.Thepopulationrosetofourmillionin2010,beforedecliningtothreemillionin2012.=Thepopulationrosetofourmillionin2010,afterwhichitdeclinedtothreemillionin2012.注意：rise不及物V，無(wú)被動(dòng)；2020/12/1947M-city人口變化圖20002005201020155201015millionyear基本句型4：Thenumberofpopulationnearlytripled,rising

fromfivemilliontofifteenmillionin2010.Thepopulationrosetofifteenmillionin2010,beforedecliningtotenmillionin2015.2020/12/1948（圖表類）必備句式

--定語(yǔ)從句基本句型5：afterwhich，duringwhichtime，bywhichtime，when，where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句e.g.Thepopulationrosetofourmillionin2010,afterwhichitdeclinedtothreemillionin2012.e.g.Thevolumeoffruitsalesremainedconstantuntil2010,whenthefigurerosemarkedly.水果銷售額一致保持到2010。在那一年，銷售額急速上升。2020/12/1949M-city人口變化圖20002005201020155201015millionyear基本句型5：Thepopulationrosetofifteenmillionin2010,afterwhichitdeclinedtotenmillionin2015.2020/12/1950（圖表類）必備句式

--狀語(yǔ)從句基本句型6：whereas/while/although引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句e.g.ThevolumeoffruitsalesamountedtothepeakinAugustwhereasithitthetroughinNovember.水果的銷量在8月份達(dá)到高峰，然而在11月觸到最低值。注意：用while和whereas時(shí)，注意兩個(gè)單句的結(jié)構(gòu)一致。e.g.Althoughmenoutnumberedwomeninscience,thisnumberwasdeclined.雖然讀科學(xué)的男生比女生多，（但是）這個(gè)數(shù)字在下降2020/12/1951M-city人口變化圖20002005201020155201015millionyear基本句型6：Thenumberofpopulationamountedtothepeakin2010

whereasitdeclined

to10millionin2015.2020/12/1952（圖表類）必備句式

--倍數(shù)基本句型7：times

twice/xxtimesasmuchas...;

twice/xxtimesthefigurefor…;

twice/xxtimeshigherthan…;

e.g.2010年，娛樂(lè)的花費(fèi)是書的花費(fèi)的三倍。Thespendingonentertainmentwasthreetimesasmuchasthatonbooksin2010.Thespendingonentertainmentwas5000dollars,threetimesthefigureforbooks.Thespendingonentertainmentwasthreetimeshigherthanthatonbooks.注意比較對(duì)象要一致folde.g.芬蘭老齡化人口增長(zhǎng)了近三倍?；揪湫?ThenumberofagingpopulationofFinlandincreasednearlythreefold.基本句型3ThenumberofagingpopulationofFinlandsawathree-foldincrease.2020/12/1953M-city人口變化圖20002005201020155201015millionyear基本句型7：Thenumberofpopulationin2010wasthreetimesasmuchas

thefigurein2000.ThenumberofpopulationofM-city

increasednearlythreefoldin2010.2020/12/1954（圖表類）必備句式

--比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)基本句型8：比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)e.g.同芬蘭的老齡化人口相比，日本的老齡化人口數(shù)量高出很多。ComparedwiththenumberofagingpopulationofFinland,thatofJapanwasconsiderablyhigher.e.g.日本的老齡化人口數(shù)量是最多的。ThenumberofagingpopulationofJapanwashighest.注意：比較級(jí)易犯錯(cuò)誤是“比較對(duì)象不一致”錯(cuò)誤句子：Thevolumeoffruitsaleswasapproachingfivetonnesin2014,muchhigherthan2013.正確句子：Thevolumeoffruitsaleswasapproachingfivetonnesin2014,muchhigherthanthefigurein2013.2020/12/1955M-city人口變化圖20002005201020155201015millionyear基本句型8：ThenumberofpopulationofM-cityin2010washighest.2020/12/1956圖表類小作文最常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤例：TheunemploymentrateintheUKroseby2%between2008and2009,whereasCanadadecreasedbyabout1%.TheUSAwasthehighest,atjustover4%.錯(cuò)誤1：Canadadecreased錯(cuò)誤2：TheUSAwasthehighest改正：TheunemploymentrateintheUKroseby2%between2008and2009,whereasinCanadaitdecreasedbyabout1%.TheUSAsawthehighestriseinemployment,withanincreaseofjustover4%.2020/12/1957靜態(tài)圖注重對(duì)比注意句式的變換：基本句式6：while引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)候也可以用b