《現(xiàn)代英語詞匯學(xué)》復(fù)習(xí)

英語詞學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)的內(nèi)：.、考試題形式分為：Ⅰ.選擇題(20：完全是考書中的理論與例子的結(jié)合,即知識點等。Ⅱ.填空（：考定義概念。Ⅲ.（）習(xí)語英漢：教材中漢語部分idioms:習(xí)語的特點Ⅳ分論述題第三章為主Ⅴ.樹形圖（據(jù)上下關(guān)系圖）分)：第二、六章二、教材內(nèi)容簡介陸國強編著現(xiàn)代英語詞匯學(xué)版上海外語教育出版社，7第一章詞的述；第二章詞的構(gòu)和詞構(gòu)成方式；第三章詞的據(jù)；第四章詞的義特征第五章詞義變化；第六章詞的義分類第七章詞的想與搭；第八章英語語；第九章美國語；第十章詞的使用和理解；第十一章詞匯銜接；第十二章詞匯銜接和語篇連貫。教學(xué)內(nèi)容是:詞形結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)詞法,詞法特點及分類,詞義轉(zhuǎn)換英文習(xí)語,美式英語,詞匯及文學(xué)風(fēng),英語詞匯,詞匯學(xué)研究方法及其新的發(fā)展方向等方面的理論與研究動態(tài)。《現(xiàn)代英語詞匯學(xué)教材以現(xiàn)代語言理論為指導(dǎo)以英語詞匯為研究對象主要內(nèi)容有單詞的結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)詞法、單詞的意義及詞義關(guān)系、英語詞匯的構(gòu)成、詞義的歷史演變語及詞典知識程可以使學(xué)生比較系統(tǒng)地掌握英語詞匯的知識，比較深入地了解英語詞匯的現(xiàn)狀及歷史演變過程能對現(xiàn)代英語詞匯發(fā)展的趨勢和所出現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)象作出分析和解釋提高運用英語的能力本課程特別強調(diào)和重視研究生廣泛閱讀英語詞匯學(xué)、語言學(xué)、語義學(xué)、詞源學(xué)方面的書籍，以教師精講、學(xué)生寬學(xué)為目的。本課程的教學(xué)目的,在于指導(dǎo)學(xué)生用現(xiàn)代語義學(xué)和語法學(xué)的有關(guān)理論分析研究現(xiàn)代英語詞匯現(xiàn)揭示現(xiàn)代英語詞匯規(guī)律。要求學(xué)生通過英漢詞匯的對比研究,探討英語詞匯教學(xué)規(guī),指導(dǎo)英語語言實不斷提高對現(xiàn)代英語詞匯的理解,應(yīng)用和研究能力。汪榕培英語詞匯學(xué)研究海外語教育出版社，年月第一版

王文斌英語詞匯語義學(xué)江教育出版社，年月第一版汪榕培、盧曉娟編著語詞匯學(xué)教程海外語教育出版社，199710第1.汪榕培主編英語詞匯學(xué)高級教程海外語教育出版社，11張韻斐:《英語詞匯學(xué)》北京師范大學(xué)出版社汪榕培《英語詞匯學(xué)教程讀本》上海外語教育出版社1.R.VLinguisticPerspectives.London:&Unwin.2.R.&M.McCarthy,(1988),VTeaching.Longman.教學(xué)手段：采用多媒體教學(xué)本課程要求學(xué)生能夠比較全面較系統(tǒng)地了解現(xiàn)代英語詞匯學(xué)這一領(lǐng)域的一些最主要最有影響的語言學(xué)理論能夠運用詞匯學(xué)理論去分析和解決詞匯學(xué)習(xí)中的一些問題。通過學(xué)習(xí)，學(xué)生應(yīng)該掌握以下具體方面的知識。三、復(fù)習(xí)內(nèi)容Introduction部分這門課算哪一種學(xué)科的分支isabranchoflinguistics.和那些重要的學(xué)科建立了聯(lián)系1)MorphologySemantics4)Etymology5)研究lexicology的兩大方法1)approach:歷時語言學(xué)2)approach:共時語言學(xué)e.g.wife縱觀歷時語言學(xué)的方法論，woman詞義的變化算是詞義變化的哪一種模式？Woman的詞義的變化是Narrowingorspecialization第一章詞的概；1．識記：詞的定義2．聲音與意義識記：聲音與意義的關(guān)系3．聲音與拼寫識記：讀音與拼寫不一致的原因4．詞匯識記詞匯的含義5．詞匯的分類識記：詞匯的分類原則；基本詞匯的特點；四類外來語詞的特點。領(lǐng)會：基本詞匯及本族語詞在英語中的地位和重要性What?詞具有哪些特點？詞的特點也就是對詞的名詞解釋。1)Awordaminimalfreeformoflanguage;2)Asoundunityagivensound3)aunitofmeaning;4)aformthatcanaloneinasentence.以上詞的四個特點也就是詞的名詞解釋詞的分類（classificationa）

詞根據(jù)發(fā)音可以分為哪兩種詞？或者說詞根據(jù)拼寫可以分為哪兩類詞？1)wordscomplexwords單音節(jié)詞例子：e.g.aresimple多音節(jié)詞例子：e.g.misfortune,blackmailmanagement可以次劃分為manage和可以次劃分為mis-和fortune次劃分為black和mailWhatbetweensoundandmeaning?1)Thereis‘nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandactualthing.e.g.dog.cat2)Thebetweenconventional.3)Inlanguagesthesamecanberepresenteddifferentsounds.Whatbetweensoundandform?1)ThewrittenformofanaturallanguageiswrittenoforalthewrittenformshouldagreetheoralasEnglish2)Thisisfairlytrueofinitsearliesti.e.Old3)Withofthelanguage,moredifferencesbetweentheWhatarechangescausesillogicalirregularitybetweensoundandform?1)reasonforthisisthatEnglishalphabetwasfromwhichdoesnothavealettertosoundthelanguagesothatsomelettersmustdoubledutyworkincombination.2)reasonisthathaschangedrapidlyoveryears,andsomecasesthetwohavedrawnapart.3)Athirdreasonthatsomeofthedifferencesbytheearlyscribes.4)FinallytheisanimportantofenrichingEnglish要記住以上四句話中的關(guān)鍵詞：1)influenced2)3)scribes4)borrowing你能不能舉出外來語對英語發(fā)音,拼寫造成不一的例子有哪些？e.g.(L),fiesta,eureka(Gr),外來語對英語造成的最大的影響就是‘a(chǎn)ndform’不一致。WhatVocabularyreferstototalofinalanguage,itcanstandforallwordsinperiod.Vocabularytoallofgivenbook,agivenandthewordsbyanofWords本課的一個重點)Whatclassificationofwords?Howtoclassifyinlinguistics?

criteria:1)Byoffrequency2)Bynotion3)ByoriginByuseof可劃分為：1)ThestockBynotion可劃分為：）2)wordContentarenotional(Contentwords的別稱)wordsarealsoknownwords,formwords.(words的別稱)wordscharacteristicofstock,stabilityRobertson,etal(1957),*theninebe,have,it,ofthe,will,youWhatareofstock?1)Allnationalcharacter2)3)Productivity4)Polysemy5)要把握住All’的,就是和我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钕⑾⑾嚓P(guān)的，最普通的詞穩(wěn)定性是基本詞的一個很大特點，請你舉例說明？e.g.man,woman,fire,water…e.g.machine,o,telephone…e.g.bow,,Stabilityisrelative,not根據(jù)詞的usefrequency劃分出的基本詞之外，還有一類詞叫作Nonevocabulary,非基本詞有幾大特點？或者是幾大分類？1)Terminologye.g.algebra2)e.g.line()3)Slangsmoky,()4)Argote.g.persuader5)Dialectalwordse.g.(AusE=)(6)Archaismse.g.wilt(will)7)Neologisms()beaver是girl的slang表達方式，但是二者之間存在著StylisticdifferenceWhichlargeramongEnglishwordswords?AnswerwordsWhatnativewords?Answer(1)Byorigin,Englishcanbeclassifiedintowords(2)wordswordstoBritaininthefifthbytheGermanthetheJutes,Anglo-Saxon(3)WordsofAnglo-Saxonin,amountingtoroughlyto60,000,buttheyformtheofstockatcore

of什么叫borrowed(1)wordsoverforeignlanguagesareaswordswordsinsimple(2)ItestimatedthatEnglishconstitute80percentoftheEnglishvocabulary(3)TheEnglishlanguagehasdebts.Insomeofborrowed.什么叫Denizens?wordsborrowedinthepastnowareintoEnglishInothertheyhavetotheEnglishwayofandportfrom(L).‘Denizens’的例子都要記：Portfrom(L),cupfromfromskiptafromskyrta(ON),changefromfromporc(F).什么叫Translation-loansTranslation-loansarewordsformmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutonpatternstakenfromanotherlanguage,‘longtimenoseefromhaojiumeijian(Ch)什么叫Semantic-loans?wordsofthisarenotborrowedwithreferencetoform,But,inotherEnglishborrowedanewforanexistingwordinthelanguage,suchastheworddream,whichoriginallymeant’joy’‘music’,anditsmodernmeaningwasborrowedlaterfromNorse.6．英語詞的形成與發(fā)展1)印歐語系的譜系關(guān)系識記：印歐語系的主要分支以及分支的主要現(xiàn)代語言。2)英語詞匯發(fā)展的歷史回顧識記：英語詞匯發(fā)展的三個歷史階段：古英語詞匯、中古英語詞匯和現(xiàn)代英語詞匯及其特點。3)當(dāng)代英語詞匯發(fā)展的狀況識記：當(dāng)代英語詞匯發(fā)展的現(xiàn)狀。b)領(lǐng)會：詞匯發(fā)展的主要原因。4)詞匯發(fā)展的方式識記：英語詞匯發(fā)展的三個主要方式：創(chuàng)造新詞、舊詞新義、借用外來語詞。領(lǐng)會：各種方式在現(xiàn)代英語詞匯發(fā)展中的地位和作用TheofthevocabularyTheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyItassumedthathasapproximatelyit5,000)languagescanbegroupedroughly300ontheofintheirstockgrammar.(重點系劃分標準）WhatcriteriatodivideThe:1.basisofsimilaritiesinstock2.重點)Thecomprises選擇題內(nèi)容：)

Prussian,Lithuanian,,Czech,Bulgarian,Slovenian‘Indo-European’兩大分支：1.Easternset2.WesternsetBalto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,Albanianset:Celtic,ItalicHellenic,InwesternGreekisthefromCeltic：Scottish,Irish,Welsh,ThefiveSpanish,French,ItalianbelongtoItalic.TheGermanicfamilyconsiststhefourLanguages:DanishSwedish,whicharegenerallyScandinavianthereDutch,FlemishWithVikings’invasion,manyScandinavianwordscameItthatwordsoforiginhaveinEnglish.Englishhasvocabularyof50,000towords.ItwasahighlylanguagelikeGerman.重點句:ModernEnglishestablishmentofin古英語最大的模糊性的概念來自于(scripts古英語正因為出現(xiàn)印刷術(shù)才打破了(scripts)Soundform真正達到統(tǒng)一是在什么時期？formreachedtheirin(Modernperiod)如果從詞匯變化的角度而言，ModernEnglish又可以細劃分為earlyperiod,period.*代英語早期階段屬于哪一種文化現(xiàn)象的發(fā)展時期（重要的選擇或填空內(nèi)容）EarlyEnglishinModernEnglish有什么樣的外來語的進入？ThewordsEnglishinearlymodernEnglishperiod現(xiàn)代英語時期，英語詞匯大量豐富還有另外一個原因是TheofModerninvocabularyalsoarisesfrom(Colonization)TheEnglishlanguagehasevolvedfromatolanguage(重要選擇或填空內(nèi)容)GrowthofEnglishVocabularysourcesof:1)Theoftechnology2)Social,changes;3)TheofculturesModesof2)semantic3)（還包括外來詞的Semantic）Elevation,extension,narrowing,外來詞可以被稱作borrowedwords,因此又可以被稱作.

重點句：borrowedare.恢復(fù)古英語的用詞是美國英語的一大特色RevivingcontributesgrowthofEnglishvocabularyquiteThisofEnglish.英語發(fā)展present是在英語的哪一個階段完成的？答案：ModernEnglishperiod文藝復(fù)興時期，恰逢英語發(fā)展的哪個階段答案：EarlyModernEnglish在英語發(fā)展過程在哪個階段出現(xiàn)三語鼎立的現(xiàn)象？French,EnglishMiddleEnglish出現(xiàn)于英語發(fā)展的哪個階段，屬于哪一種外來詞的引入？答案：MiddleDutch在英語發(fā)展的某一個階段，有一種語言進入英語，它一共帶來了個詞匯，這種語言是什么？答案：Dutch據(jù)現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)家的統(tǒng)計，英語中目前所占本族詞的數(shù)量有多少答案：to們的來源是(tongue)第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以后量外來詞進入英語中jackets,,這些詞屬于英語詞匯發(fā)展的PresentdayEnglishVocabulary注意：第二章出大題的內(nèi)容無非就是請簡述印歐語系的發(fā)展與組成。English和Middle最大的distinction存在于哪一個方面?答案：OldEnglishalanguageoffullendings,MiddleEnglishofleveledendings.文藝復(fù)興時期兩種文化得到了復(fù)興英語詞匯的豐富具有什么樣的影響答案：Greek某些希臘詞被引入到了英語是在什么階段答案：ModernEnglish十六世紀，有一種新工業(yè)出現(xiàn)對詞匯的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生重要的影響，這是哪一種答案：這導(dǎo)致soundand出現(xiàn),出現(xiàn)第二章詞的結(jié)和詞的構(gòu)成式；詞的結(jié)1．詞素識記：詞素的概念2．詞素變識記：詞素變體的概念3．詞素的類領(lǐng)會：詞素、自由詞素、自由詞根、黏附詞素、黏附詞根、詞綴、派生詞綴、屈折詞綴、前綴和后綴之間的相互關(guān)系。4．詞根和干領(lǐng)會：詞根和詞干的區(qū)別運用：運用本章所學(xué)的知識分析英語詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。

Theunitinto(morphemes)TheminimalformtheEnglishto(word)Inpluralformsomeofwordswillinternalthisinternalvowelis(allomorphs)Deer復(fù)數(shù)沒有變還是deer,復(fù)數(shù)沒有變還sheep,因此這種變化被稱作derivation)名詞解釋::TheminimalinaareknownasInotherwords,themorphemesis’thesmallestfunctioningunitincompositionofwordsAllomorphs:Thealternativeasallomorphs,morphemeofplurality{-s}hasofallomorphsindifferentsounde.g.inbags,matchesItcanberealizedbyaninternalvowelasinman-men,orasindeer-deer,fish-fish簡答題：whatof?(答簡答題時名詞解釋)答案：Freebound:1)Freemorphemesofmorphemesareconsideredbefree.2)haveincanusedgrammaticalin3)withrootasofthemofsinglewords,asofofsingle4)roots.bound1)whichcannotoccurasseparatebound..2)boundformwords.3)Boundincludetwoboundaffixaffix分為兩類:inflectionalderivationalInflectionalaffixes:Affixestotheofgrammaticalareinflectional,inflectionalmorphemes.Derivationalaffixes:1)derivationalaffixesaffixesaddedtowords.2)affixesbedividedsuffixes.root:arootformofwhichcannotfurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.2)whetherfreeorgenerallythemainofinaword3)a’rootisthatpartofwordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalderivationalaffixeshavebeenremovedstem:1)stemmayofsinglerootinironorofrootinalikehandcuff.2)Itcanberootmorphemeplusormoreaffixationalmorphemesasinmouthful,

3)Therefore,stemcanbeasformtowhichaffixesofanycanbeadded.問題和有一個最大的區(qū)別在哪里?(答案：abeaformtoaffixesanykindbe問題：請加以區(qū)別下面兩個詞的特征:,dict請加以理論的分析?Bothtonationroot,whichfunctionaloneasentence,Nationaroot,hascompleteattachedtoitareasaroot,stillDictisaboundroot,whichcannotalonegrammaticallyfundamentalofhastocombinewiththenewwords,forexample,,contradiction.問題：分析下面一句話:Heismuchclevererthananyinthetooheadsone.請從構(gòu)詞角度分析以上的例子,,(-er:inflectional)(goodwell的特殊變化)Itallomorphofwell.segmentEnglishlanguagegrammaticallybeintofiveranks:a.sentenceb.clausethephrased.e.morphemeTheminimumgrammaticalunit,meaningfulelementofFallintotwocategories:1)Free2)BoundAhasastanditselfasaword.ItcansometimesautteranceinEg:man,earth,wind,car,anger,noonrootsBoundMostlyCannotbyas:1)Inflectionalaffixes2)affixes1.InflectionalaffixesAttachedtheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalNumbersmallandstableto

2.Derivationalnewwords1)prefixestheword)2)theword)詞的構(gòu)方式1．詞綴法識記：詞綴法、前綴法、后綴法的概念。前后綴的特點。運用：能用前綴和后綴構(gòu)詞2．復(fù)合法識記：復(fù)合法的概念領(lǐng)會：復(fù)合詞與自由詞組的區(qū)別。運用：能用該構(gòu)詞方法構(gòu)詞3．轉(zhuǎn)類法識記：轉(zhuǎn)類法的概念。短語動詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞的兩種方法。形容詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞中的完全轉(zhuǎn)類和部分轉(zhuǎn)類。領(lǐng)會：名詞、動詞、形容詞三類詞互相轉(zhuǎn)類后的語義特色運用：能用該構(gòu)詞方法構(gòu)詞4．拼綴法識記：拼綴法的概念以及構(gòu)成模式運用：能在閱讀中辨認和理解拼綴詞。5．截短法識記：截短法的概念和構(gòu)成模式運用：能辨認和正確使用截短詞6．首字母略法識記：首字母縮略法的概念和構(gòu)成方法。領(lǐng)會：兩種首字母縮略詞的區(qū)別。運用：能辨認和正確運用縮略詞。7．逆生法識記：逆生法的概念。逆生法的構(gòu)成方法和文體特色。運用：能正確運用逆生詞。8．專用名詞普通化識記：轉(zhuǎn)化為普通詞的主要集中專用名詞，以及轉(zhuǎn)化的主要方式。領(lǐng)會：由專用名詞轉(zhuǎn)化的普通詞的形式與意義之間的聯(lián)系。它們的修辭特色問題：在英語中,主要的構(gòu)詞法分為哪幾種?答案：有七種:1)AffixationCompounding3)conversion5)clipping6)7)blending有三種最常用:affixationcompounding問題：由專有名詞變?yōu)槠胀~是詞義變化的哪一種?答案：Extension問題：由普通名詞變?yōu)閷Ｓ忻~是詞義變化的哪一種模式答案：問題：又被稱為什么它分為哪兩類？答案：isas

fallsintotwosubclasses:and要點:有哪些前綴屬于什么樣的類別ir:,(既屬于negative,也屬于reversative)pseudo-,mis-:：prefixessizeanti-,contra-,counter-,:prefixesoftrans-,:prefixesfore-,:ofbi-,uni-,semi-:-::1.Nounsuffixes1)Denominal2)Deverbal3)De-adjective-ness,4)adjective注意acoronymyblending,的名詞解釋要點:復(fù)合詞分為哪三類2)hyphenated3)open簡答題:whattheof?Whataredifferencebetweenphrases答案：1)phoneticfeatures2)3)Grammaticalfeatures性:NounAdjectivecompounds問：在名詞性復(fù)合詞中有哪幾種有多產(chǎn)性,哪兩種不具有多產(chǎn)性在形容性復(fù)合詞當(dāng)中,哪三類有多產(chǎn)?動詞性復(fù)合詞是靠哪兩種方法復(fù)合在一起的?*詞解釋:ConversionistheformationofwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoshiftconversionZero-derivation選擇或填空要點Adjectiveto:fullconversion(2)partial問題：形容詞轉(zhuǎn)為動詞分為哪兩類？答案：由Adjective:(1)TransitiveIntransitive簡答題:形容詞變動詞的三種類別問題：請你舉出由conjunction變?yōu)閚oun的一個例子答案：Ifsandblendingarealsoportmanteau(選擇或填空要點)問題’分為哪四類合成詞？1.+tail

2.+3.+word4.wordtail問題:絕大多數(shù)blending都是什么詞性?答案：nounsTheoverwhelmingofnouns;veryareverbseven問題：截短法分為哪四類？答案：Therearefourcommontypes:1)Front2)3)Front4)要注意的例子有一個特殊變化：(refrigerator截短之后在i,中間加一個),還有拼寫發(fā)生變化，比如說：coke(coca問題：什么是？istheofformingwordsbyjoininginitialofofsocialandpoliticalorspecialterms包含兩類:1)initialisms(發(fā)音)BBC,VOA,TB2)形成新的發(fā)音)CORE,TEFL`Wordsfrompropernames有四大類:1.ofpeoplee.g.:Namesofpeople2.ofe.g.rugby3.ofe.g.utopia4.Tradenamese.g.cabal問題：以下的詞采用哪種構(gòu)詞法？e.g.:(有診斷的名詞后有了診斷的動詞這種構(gòu)詞被稱作)(它的構(gòu)詞法滿足哪一種詞法):屬于fromproper中的ofpeopleVJ-day:(這種構(gòu)詞法是由哪一種構(gòu)成的屬于Initialisms中的Pop:(用哪一種構(gòu)詞法構(gòu)成的)::blending:head+head名詞)-----(動詞)和bathe存在一種什么關(guān)系()重點句：isalsoshift.問題：v-ing,這類詞構(gòu)成的詞是什么詞？答案：compounding問題：,它是屬于復(fù)合法中的哪一種？答案：Adjectives問題：請說出Adjectives中多產(chǎn)性強的有幾類？

答案：有三類1)n+v-ing2)n+a3)n+v-ed問題：是屬于哪一類構(gòu)詞法構(gòu)成的詞？答案：nouncompoundsv-ing)問題：復(fù)合詞與自由短語的最大的區(qū)別是什么答案：區(qū)別也就是復(fù)合詞的特點:1)features2)3)Grammaticalfeatures問題：redhorn,它們是復(fù)合詞的哪一個特點構(gòu)成的詞答案：(也就是從構(gòu)詞上推不出它的涵義）問題：Compounding被稱作什么法？答案：問題：由compounding或構(gòu)成的詞被稱作什么？答案：問題：復(fù)合詞分為幾類？分別舉例加以說明？答案：分為三類：hyphenated,open:blackail,opengreenhorn,hand問題：當(dāng)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)為動詞時分為幾類：Adjectivesto答案：有三類：1)transitiveand2)transitive3)intransitive問題：由人的行為所造成的結(jié)果進行轉(zhuǎn)類之后，轉(zhuǎn)成了什么詞性答案：noune.g.問題：形容詞可不可以轉(zhuǎn)類，轉(zhuǎn)成名詞分為幾個類別?答案：分為兩類：1)fullblack,2)rich,poor問題：名詞再變成名詞分為幾類？分別舉例說明？答案：2)e.g.:（可加-ess變成具體名詞）加-ship可變成抽象名詞）問題：(只作了解)Aisunitysoundand(true)答案：true(可從的四個特點看出）問題wordsfromforeignlanguagesanychangeinsoundand（答案：true外來詞分為四類：1)Denizens

e.g.fromportform2)Aliense.g.garage,decor3)-loanse.g.longnosee4)e.g.dream判斷對錯題：1．ofawordfromonetoanther.orfalse答案：true2．betweenaword(true).答案：true3.ausedindifferentmaywithantonyms.(trueor答案：true4.anallomorphisanyofvariantformsofmorphemes.)答題：重點句：Awordwhichhavethanantonym.（fast在不同的語境中對應(yīng)著不同的概念）選擇題：Chineseisnativecannotsaytheour?.b)firstmotherd)official答案：C）(不存在的一種說法)問題：以下的哪一個詞isnotexpressionAmerican?A)B)MailboxD)Congress答案：(只有英國人把地鐵叫美國人把它叫作subway,underground)問題’它是smoke,合在一起形成的詞，它是采用了下面哪一種構(gòu)詞法？A)B)compoundingC)D)backformation答案：C)問題：以下的詞哪些屬于：B)C)derivedD)shortenedform.e.g.goldmine)bike(shortenedform)process:是一個不可分割的bound，它是一個前綴)()(simple)driver)()modernize)blackboard(compoundbus(shortenedform(omnibus)

Whatthebetweencontentwordsandwords,illustratepointwith?注意：答題時先答名詞解釋，再加以例子說明。(復(fù)習(xí)考慮的題)Whatthebetweenmeaning?論述題)arefundamentalfeaturesofthestockofEnglishvocabulary?答題時先答名詞解釋basicwordstock再答五大特點并配以例子加以說明。關(guān)鍵答好第一個特點:Allnationalcharacter，它又分為五個特點)ofword-building1)affixation30-40%28-30%3)conversion4)shorteningTwosubclasses:1)prefixation2)1.Prefixation(9)prefixes:in-,il,ir,non-,Disloyal,injustice,illegal,irresistible,non-smoker,unwilling2)reversativede-,dis,un,Decompose,disunite,unwrap3)pejorative4)degreeunderdeveloped5)orientationandattitude:anti-,contra-,counter-,pro-contraflow,inter-,intra-,tele-,Eg.extraordinary,forehead,inter-city,intra-party,telecommunicate,trans-world7)timeex-,fore-,post-,pre-,8)number:bi-,multi-(poly-),semi-(hemi-),tri-,uni-(mono-)Eg.automobile,pan-European,vice-chairman4)1.Noun1)Denominal

a.Concrete:-eer,-er,-ess,-ette,-let,-sterEg.engineer,teenager,hostess,cigarette,booklet,gangster2)Deverbala.Denotingpeople:-ant,-ee,-ent,-er(or)b.Denotingaction,result,process,state:2.Adjectivesuffixes1)Denominalsuffixes:-ed,-ish,-like,-ly,-yky,bloody2)Deverbalsuffixes:-able(-ible),Eg.originate,darken,heighten,strengthen,solidify,beautify,modernize詞素構(gòu)詞綜合練習(xí)：問題：WhichthefollowingwordsisnotformedthroughA)B)MotelD)zoo答案：Motel:問題：Oldhasofmanywords?答案：to問題：詞素分為自由詞素和粘著詞素，自由詞素又被稱作自由詞根，粘著詞素分為哪兩類？答案：粘著詞素分為：Bound和affixes選擇題或填空：BesidesFrenchwords,EnglishabsorbedasasinMiddleEnglishPeriod.)AathatB.A)issamecommunityB)inbothsimpleandinD)ShowdifferentindifferentsoundsPronounsnumeralsenjoynationwideusehaslimitedProductivity問題：以下的這些詞是粘著詞素嗎，以下的這些詞是什么樣的構(gòu)詞法？1)heartandsoul(Adverbialinnature)2)fathermaleparent()

3)City-bred(noun+)4)Lip-reading-lip(backformation)5)(compoundn+v)6)(下劃線的這一部分是什么：bound)7)preview:前綴8)receive(bound)9)(inflectional)第三章詞的理據(jù)；識記：擬聲理據(jù)、形態(tài)理據(jù)、語義理據(jù)、詞源理據(jù)。領(lǐng)會：詞義的理據(jù)與“約定俗成”的關(guān)系。第四章詞的語義特；1)componential(p318)2)Onwhatsemantic3)arethedifferencebetweendynamicstativeverbs?(320-321)4)arethebetweendynamicstative第五章詞義的變化1．詞義變的種類識記：詞義的擴大、詞義的縮小、詞義的升華、詞義的降格的基本概念。領(lǐng)會：四種變化方式在英語詞匯發(fā)展中的作用。2．詞義變的原因領(lǐng)會：詞義演變的語言外部原因：歷史原因、階級原因、心理原因。語言內(nèi)部原因：縮略、借用和類推。MeaningI.PolysemyTheordifferentisknownas“polesemysuchword“polesemic”.1.ofpolysemyPolesemycanariseinShiftsinWordsdifferentaspectstocontextsinwhichtheyofthesearepurelyephemeral;othersdevelopintoshadesthegapbetweenwidens,comethemasdifferentsensesofsameterm.ShiftsinparticularlynoticeableinofareaptB.inasocialmilieuPolesemyarisesthroughkindofshorthand.Fora“actionwillnaturallymean“l(fā)egalaction”;forthesoldieritwillmeanamilitaryoperation,withoutanyneedforqualifyingInthisthesamemayacquireaofspecializedsenses,ofwhichwillbeinmilieu.C.Figurative

Acanbeorfigurativesenseswithoutlosingitsmeaning:newwillliveonsidebylongasthereisnopossibilityofbetweenthem.Polesemythatbasedmetaphorscanexemplifiedbyfollowingofariver,ofgun,inthemountains,asheetofpaper,ironwater,etc.2.Primaryandderivative(derived)meaningTheprimaryreferstowhatoriginallymeantderivativereferstospringingfromtheoriginalmeaning3.secondarymeaningAnprocessbywhichwordscalled.Theprimaryortheformofhubandoutfromitlikeofwheel.Eachofsecondaryisofallmaybetracedbacktosignification.Taketheword“power”forexample.Itscentralmeaningis“abilitytoact”.Itmayreferto(1)controloverone’ssubordinates;(2)delegatedauthority;(3)physicalstrength;(4)(5)adevicebymeansofwhichenergybe(6)force;(7)apersonof(8)ofofworld;anortroopofsoldiers;(11)qualityofinwritingortheofmagnificationofetc.Anotherprocess,asopposedtoradiation,iscalled“”.Itthatawordmovesgraduallyfromitsoriginalsensearesultofsemanticchangesuntil,inmayofconnectionbetweenthatisdevelopedtheprimarysense.Agoodexampleis“candidateThewordderivedfromtheLatincandidateswhichoriginallymeant“apersondressedinwhite”,then,“awhiteseekerforofficer”,fromtheRomancustomofwearing’sfreshestrobeswhenaskingthesuffragesofthepeople.Inthecurrentuseof“candidate”,theideaof“whiteattire”hascompletelydisappeared,leavingonlythesenseof“anapplicantforoffice”,whichhasnoconnectionwiththeprimarytheword.II.TypesofareavarietyofsemanticchangesintheEnglishillustratedonebythefollowing.1.GeneralizationExtensionThe“generalization,orextension”referstheofmeaningwordsasspecificnamesforthings.oftime,thisprecisedenotationislostandword’smeaningisextended,generalized,orblurred.Bribery,morselofbreadtobeggarsEconomy,ofstate,publicrevenueOrientation<orientate,east

Influence,flowingofanetherealfluidorpowerfromthestars,astrologerstoofHolidays,religiousfestivalnotclergySanctuary,holySlogan,cryScottishHighlandandIrishinanassemblysignalplace,broad2.“Specialization”means“shrinkingofmeaningWhenawordisequallyapplicabletoanumberofobjectswhichinsometoaorgeneralofideas,itmayatmomentbecomebybeingusedtoofobjectsortoof1)Theoldmeaningof“artillery”was“munitionsofwar”.Todayitmeans“mounted”.2)“Pillwhichoncemeantageneralcategoryofsmallmedicinalhasnownarrowedtospecificofbirthcontrolpill.3)“Fowl”originallymeant“anyofbird”.Later,itcametomeanonlybirds,andnowthewordisitisbirdsashen.4)“Fission”,ifstandingalone,wouldnowprobablybetakenbymostreaderstorefernottoanykindof“splitting”,tonuclearfission.5)“Nucleuswouldsimilarlybetakenthenucleusofanatom,thoughbeforeHiroshimaitwasspecializedformostreadersasa“cellnucleus”.6)“Radiationisnowlikelytomakethinknotofthe“generalofspreadingoflightwheel-like,acenterbutof“thediffusionofradioactiveparticlesoremanationsfollowinganatomicbombexplosion”.3.ElevationorWhenthenarrowsafavorablemeaning,itiselevation1)“naughtyoncemeantwickedanddepraved.Today,itmeansonlymildmischief.2)“mischiefitselfoncemeantwickedbehavior.Todayitcanapplyamerelynaughty3)Atonetime,“shrewdmeantdepravedorwicked.Today,itissomewhatcomplimentary.Somewordsthatimpliedneutraljudgment,thennarrowedinthedirectionof“favorable”.1)“Praise”oncemeant“setavalueonsomethinggoodorbad”now2)“Fame”whichoriginallymeant“reportnowmeans“goodreputation”.

3)“Success”whichoncemeant“result,outcomenowreferstoafavorableorAprocesstohasoccurredwithwordsthatsocialthatelevatedthroughhistory:1)“knightoriginallynamedonlyboyoryouth;2)“constable”,thehead3)“queen”,awoman;4)“minister,aservant;5)“marshal”,aservant;6)“l(fā)ady”,kneaderbread;7)“steward”,possiblyoverseerofthesky;8)“ambassadoramessenger.4.DegenerationWhentheofitorSomewordsrespectablemaybecomelesssoothersonceinacquireA“villainwasoriginallyamanwhoworkedonafarmorvilla.Suchawasnaturallyfeltbysocialtohavealowsenseofmorality,theword“villain”,atfirstatermimplyingnocontempt.,betermofreproach.Theprocessofpejorativechangehaswithotherchurla)（粗野的人）(oncefarmer)knavea（賤婦）a(onceanysmirk（傻笑）asmile)(oncerepayforpredicamentanysituation)(oncenotcustomary)ingeneral).5.TheofabstracttheviceversaTheuseoffortheapplicationoftheofaqualitytoperson.Itthereverseofpersonification.Inpersonification,qualityofasawhereasintheoftheabstractforconcreteaisdesignatedifhewerequalityincarnate,in“Sheisvirtueitself.TheElizabethanabstracttopersons.“admirationfor“wonderfulcreature(“BringtheadmirationPoaddressesPeradita“enchantmentmeaningthatshehasbewitchedhisbybeauty.Julietgoesfarinherexcitementastocallheroldnurse“ancientdamnation”.ofthesewouldoccurinEnglish,canstill

manycasesofofabstractnounstopersons.Apersonofwhomhisareproudtheofhisfamily;bedescribedan“inspirationorone’s“ruin”or“salvation”.1)TheWallofistheadmirationofworld.2)DantewasformyItaly.3)loanshavebeentheofshakybusinesscompanies.Theofacanalsoanobjectexhibiting“Falsehood”meansfalsitytheabstractandalsoaparticularalie;athingadmirebeautyacanbetoabeautifulDifferentfromtheaboveofsemanticchangeofconcretefortheabstract.TheintheandmaninismixtureoftigerintheofaFrenchman.6.CommonwordsfrompropernamesTheuseofpropernounageneralknownasantonomasia（換稱）.InEnglish,efromhistoryorfromdifferently.“Solon（賢人）”fromtheAthenianstatesmanandlawgiver“ssage”,oftenusedjocoselyofahasofJudas,thedisciplewhobetrayedJesus,“atraitor”orinparticular,“afalsefriend”;Sherlock,acharacterinShakespeare’sVenice“amercilessusurer”,oringeneral,amoney-”;BraggadociofromacharacterSpencer’s,“acowardlybooster”.SomefromproperhaveintheincourseofManytermscoinedinhonorofnounsvoltfromA.VItalianphysicist;wattfromJamesinventor;ampereA.M.Frenchphysicist;ohmfromS.Germanofplacesarerecognizableinthenounsfrom（葡萄干）fromCorinth;damask（緞子）fromDamascus;（女帽）fromMilan,Italy;sherryfrom赫雷茲）Spain;（瘋?cè)嗽海ゝromofofBethlehem,

7.Transferenceoftwo(1)ofthepersonorthingthatexercisesit;(2)ofthepersonthingisaffectedbybetweenactivetheeffectproduced,betweencausethatwhichitbetweenthesubjectiveisgreat.Theprocessbythedifferencehasoccurredintheofalanguageiscalledtransferencemeaning.Herewewillconfinetodistinctionbetweenthesubjectivethe