專升本英語講義-語法講解

-專升本語法結(jié)構(gòu)部分（一）動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)注意：時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)常連考，被動(dòng)考的相對(duì)多！常考點(diǎn)：各種完成時(shí)（by+時(shí)間狀語最常考）做題關(guān)鍵：看相關(guān)時(shí)間狀語與固定句型現(xiàn)在時(shí)過去時(shí)將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)一般ask/asksaskedshall/willaskshould/wouldask進(jìn)行am/is/areaskingwas/wereaskingshall/willbeaskingshould/wouldbeasking完成have/hasaskedhadaskedshall/willhaveaskedshould/wouldhaveasked完成進(jìn)行have/hasbeenaskinghadbeenaskingshall/willhavebeenaskingshould/wouldhavebeenasking1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(1)表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作、客觀存在及普遍真理等。例：Shevisitsherparentseveryday.Summerfollowsspring.(2)表示一種嚴(yán)格按照計(jì)劃進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：上課、飛機(jī)起飛、火車離站等。例：Don’thurry.Themeetingstartsataquarterpasteight.2.一般過去時(shí)表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)間所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，或表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。常與yesterday,lastweek,twodaysago,in1983,justnow,when等表示具體的過去時(shí)間的狀語連用。例：Itwasintheyear1972thattheNewYorkStockExchangewasfounded.（2005專英24）Weoftenplayedtogetherwhenwewerechildren.Halfofhisgoodswerestolentheotherday.（201327）3.一般將來時(shí)(1)表示在現(xiàn)在看來即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常接時(shí)間狀語tomorrow,soon或短語nextyear/week/month,inafewdays,inthefuture,sometime。(2)beto+動(dòng)詞原形。表示一種常規(guī)性的活動(dòng)或注定要做的事情?；蛴?jì)劃中約定的、按要求必須要做的事。例：Whoistocleantheclassroomtoday?Thebridgeistobecompletedbytheendofthisyear.(3)beaboutto+動(dòng)詞原形。表示就要做或正好要做的事情。例：Bequiet.Theconcertisabouttostart.(4)在時(shí)間、條件或讓步狀語從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)?？谠E：主將/祈從現(xiàn)。例：Pleasetellhertocometomyofficeassoonasshecomesback.We’llbeginourmeetingwhetherhecomesornot.(5)makesure,makecertain,check,see(toit)：（確保、務(wù)必）+that從句,從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。例：Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn’tknowtheanswertolasttime.4.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(1)表示到現(xiàn)在為止已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在依然存在?；蛘弑硎緩倪^去某一時(shí)刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。(2)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的短語和句型：短語：already,yet,just,ever,before；thismonth/week/year；now/recently/lately/thesedays；in/for/duringthepastyears;twice,threetimes,（ever）since+時(shí)間點(diǎn),for+時(shí)間段，sofar,bynow,uptonow,tillnow。句型：It/This/Thatis\[willbe\]thefirsttimethat+主語+has/have+過去分詞(……第一次……)；This/That/Itis+the+形容詞最高級(jí)+名詞+that+主語+has/have+過去分詞…例：Ithasbeenexactly30yearssinceIgraduatedfromcollege.（20019）IhavebeentotheWestLakethreetimessince1970.（200729）Anewanalysisindicatesthattheoutputofcottonhasgoneupby20%bynow.（20051）ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedyourbeautifulcity.That’sthemostinterestingbookI’veeverread.注：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞leave,arrive,come,go,return,join,die,buy,borrow等的完成時(shí)，在肯定句中不能與for或since等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間段連用，在否定式中則可。例：Ihaven’tmethimfortwoyears.5.過去完成時(shí)(1)表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作(“過去的過去”)，或從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到另一過去時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例：HeboughtanewmobilephonelastSunday,becausehisoldonehadbeenstolen.（200650）JohnandIhavebeenfriendsforeightyears.WefirstgottoknoweachotherataChristmasparty.Butwehadseeneachotheracoupleoftimesbeforethat.（20081）(2)表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望或打算，用于hope,want,expect,think,suppose,plan,mean,intend等。例：Ihadmeanttocome,butsomethinghappened.(3)特殊句型：This/Itwasthefirsttimehehadeverbeenlate.Itwasthreeyearssincewehadleftthecity.Wehadnosoonersetoutthanathunderstormbroke.Hehadhardlyarrivedwhenitbegantosnow.(4)參照時(shí)間：①介詞短語：by1996,bytheendoflastyear,untilthen,bythen,uptothattime例：Untilthen,hisfamilyhadn’theardfromhimforsixmonths.②用before+動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語從句例：Beforethefirstnonstopflightwasmadein1949,ithadbeennecessaryforallplanestolandforrefueling.6.將來完成時(shí)表示到將來某個(gè)時(shí)間為止勢(shì)必會(huì)完成或預(yù)計(jì)要完成的動(dòng)作。例：Wewillhavefinishedbuildingthebridgebytheendofnextmonth.（20133）BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.（200641）7.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某動(dòng)作從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且還有可能持續(xù)下去。(1)多用持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如live,learn,lie,stay,sit,wait,stand,study,rain,rest(2)與allthetime,thisweek/month,allnight,allthemorning,recently,或since,for引導(dǎo)的短語或從句連用。例：ShehasbeenlearningEnglishsinceshewasachild.（20033）Hehasbeendoingthisworkforthreeyears.注：現(xiàn)在、過去、將來完成時(shí)區(qū)別：分別以現(xiàn)在、過去、將來時(shí)間為參照點(diǎn)，比較：(1)Hehasfinishedwritinghisnovelbynow.(2)Hehadfinishedwritinghisnovelbytheendoflastyear.(3)Hewillhavefinishedwritinghisnovelbytheendofnextyear.8.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(1)表示說話人在說話時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，或目前這個(gè)階段(不一定是說話時(shí)刻)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例：We’rehavingameeting.We’relearningNewConceptEnglishthismonth.(2)be+現(xiàn)在分詞。表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。此句型中動(dòng)詞主要是瞬間動(dòng)詞：come,go,leave,arrive,begin,start,stop,close,open,die,join,borrow,buy等。例：I’mleavingtomorrow.(3)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與always，continually，constantly連用表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，帶有某種感情色彩，如“責(zé)備”、“贊許”。例：HowcanIeverconcentrateifyouarecontinuallyinterruptingmewithsillyquestions？9.將來進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，或按計(jì)劃在將來將要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常與thistimetomorrow,at10o’clock,nextMonday連用。例：Don’tphonemebetween5and6.We’llbehavingdinnerthen.10.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)(1)表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或某一階段正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。常與then,atthatmoment,atthattime,atthat/thistimeyesterday連用。例：Tomgotveryangrywhenherealizedhewasbeingmadefunof.（200418）(2)表示某個(gè)短暫性動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景。例：ThestudentswerewritingbusilywhenMissBrownwenttogetabookshehadleftintheoffice.（2010專英40）(3)與always,continually,constantly,perpetually,usually,forever等詞連用表“厭惡”或“贊許”等情感。例：ShewasalwaysringingmeupwhenIwasinLondon.11.過去將來時(shí)表示從過去某一時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。常與aweeklater,thenextmonth,thefollowingday,aftertwoweeks等連用。例：Hesmiledandassuredherthathewouldsaywhatevershewantedhimtosay.12.過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)表示就過去某一時(shí)間而言，將來某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。主要用于賓語從句中。例：IneverdreamedIwouldbesittinghereanddiscussingstateaffairswiththeotherdeputies.（2013專英9）13.過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例：Atlasttheygotthetelegramtheyhadbeenexpecting.（二）虛擬語氣?？键c(diǎn)：1.常規(guī)句式時(shí)間If條件句謂語形式主句謂語形式現(xiàn)在動(dòng)詞過去式(be用were)would/should/might/could+動(dòng)詞原形過去had+動(dòng)詞過去分詞(常考)would/should/might/could+have+動(dòng)詞過去分詞將來wereto+動(dòng)詞原形（?？迹?，should+動(dòng)詞原形，動(dòng)詞過去式would/should/might/could+動(dòng)詞原形(1)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反例：Werehemyson,Iwouldsuggesthimpracticingmedicineaftergraduation.（2005專英7）Whatdoyousupposewouldhappenifthedirectorknewyoufeltthatway.（2008專英11）(2)與過去事實(shí)相反例：Youdidn’ttakehisadvice.Hadyoutakenhisadvice,youwouldn’thavemadesuchamistake.（201326）Ifhehadbeeninbetterhealth,hecouldhavewrittenmorebooks.（200713）Hadhebeenhere,everythingwouldhavebeenallright.（200930）(3)與將來事實(shí)相反例：WereItodothework,Ishoulddoitsomeotherway.（2008專英17）注：連接詞if被省略時(shí)，把were,had,should移到主語之前。若從句沒有were,had,should時(shí)，則不能省略if,也不能倒裝。2.主語從句中虛擬語氣表達(dá)驚異、惋惜、遺憾、不滿、理應(yīng)如此等意義的主語從句中用虛擬語氣，結(jié)構(gòu)為:(1)Itisnecessary/important/vital/essential/proper/natural/advisable/imperative/appropriate/preferable/admirable/extraordinary/remarkable/desirable/odd/curious/strange/surprising/peculiar/incredible/sad/upsetting/annoying/disappointing/frightening/dreadful/crucial/compulsory/obligatory/insistent/fitting/keen/eager/urgent/anxious/right/wrong/good/better/best+that…（should）+（not）+動(dòng)詞原形或…+that…（should）+（not）+bedone；(2)Itisapity/ashame/nowonderthat…例：Itisashamethatheshoulddeceivethatpoorlittlegirl!(3)Itissuggested/requested/desired/proposed/ordered/recommendedthat…例：Itisnecessarythathefulfillthetaskbytheendofthenextweek.（201020）Itisimperativethatyouarrivehereintime.（2010專英18）Itisrequestedthattherentforthehouseshouldbepaidinadvance.（200220）3.賓語從句中虛擬語氣(1)advise/ask/demand/desire/prefer/decide/require/insist（堅(jiān)決要求）/plead/recommend/urge/consent/maintain/propose/move(提議)/suggest(建議）/request/command/order/direct/instruct等動(dòng)詞所接的賓語從句用虛擬，結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語+上述動(dòng)詞+that…(should)+（not）+動(dòng)詞原形或+that…(should)+（not）+bedone例：Heasksthathebegivenanopportunitytoexplainwhyhe’srefusedtogothere.（201328）Experimentsdemandthataccuratemeasurementsbemade.（200311）Wedesirethatthetourleaderinformusimmediatelyofanychangeinplans.（2007專英2）注:insist意為：堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，堅(jiān)持說；suggest意為：表明，暗示時(shí)，賓語從句不用虛擬語氣。比較：Theteacherinsistedthatwe(should)finishourhomeworkbefore9o’clock.（20096）Tominsistedthathehadn’tstolenthewatch.Jacksuggeststhatthemeeting(should)beputoff.Hissmilesuggestedthathehadsucceededintheexam.(2)wish后的賓語從句，表示沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)或不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，常用虛擬。從句所發(fā)生的時(shí)間虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)過去had+過去分詞現(xiàn)在過去時(shí)(be用were)將來would/could/might/should+動(dòng)詞原形例：Iwishyouhadcomeherelastnight.Allofuswerewaitingforyourarrival.（200640）(3)wouldrather(寧愿),hadrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon，wouldprefer后的賓語從句用虛擬。所發(fā)生的時(shí)間從句虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)過去had+過去分詞現(xiàn)在過去時(shí)(be用were)將來過去時(shí)(be用were)例：I’dratheryoudidn’tmakeanycommentontheissueforthetimebeing.（2005專英16;2010專英34）4.表語從句及同位語從句中虛擬語氣表示請(qǐng)求、要求、命令、建議等名詞如advice,demand,order,request(requirement),necessity,desire,decision,preference,idea,instruction,plan,proposal,recommendation,resolution,suggestion,wish,pray后面的表語、同位語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用虛擬，結(jié)構(gòu)為：上述名詞+that…(should)+（not）+動(dòng)詞原形或+that…(should)+（not）+bedone例：Myadviceisthatshegotoapologizetohim.（201311）Weareallforyourproposalthatthediscussionbeputoff.（200512）Oneoftherequirementsforafireisthatthematerialbeheatedtoitsburningtemperature.（20071）5.狀語從句中虛擬語氣(1)forfearthat（生怕,以免）,incase（萬一）,lest（唯恐）引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，若用虛擬時(shí)，形式為：“…lest(incase,forfearthat)+主語+should+動(dòng)詞原形”。注：lest、forfearthat從句中should可省略，incase(that)從句中should不可省。incase,lest,forfearthat從句也可用陳述語氣。例：Hestartedoutearlierlesthe(should)belate.Hetookhiscoatwithhimincaseitshouldrain.Incasehecomes,pleasetellme.（200426）（2）amazed,astonished,surprised,angry,annoyed,disappointed,upset，sorry,frightened,happy,pleased,proud等詞后的狀語從句中常虛擬：①should+原形動(dòng)詞（指現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚?例：Iamsorrythatheshouldbeinsuchpoorhealth.（201329）Hewasangrythatyoushouldcallhimbyname.②should+完成式（指過去）:例：I’mverysorrythatyoushouldhavefailedtheexam.6.其他情況(1)Itis(high/about)timethat+主語+動(dòng)詞的過去式或should（should不可省）+動(dòng)詞原形，意為“（現(xiàn)在）該做某事了”。例：It’shightimeyoustartedtowork.（2013專英13）It’shightimethedoglearnedhowtobehaveproperly.（20027）(2)介詞（短語）+虛擬，without，butfor，intheabsenceof，incaseof，under…circumstances.例：Butfortheirhelp,wecouldnothavefinishedtheworkontime.（2013專英15）Butforthefavorableweather,wecouldn’thavegotinsuchagoodharvest.（2008專英1）連詞+虛擬：butthat（若非），wereitnotfor，or,orelse,otherwise，but.例:Butthatshewasafraid,shewouldhavesaidno.Ididn’tknowthathewasacheat,orelseIwouldn’thavebelievedhim.Hewouldhavegivenyoumorehelp,buthewastoobusythen.(3)“ifonly”后用虛擬：“但愿”，“要是……就好了”(用法同wish)。用過去時(shí)或“would/could+動(dòng)詞原形”分別表示與現(xiàn)在或未來事實(shí)相反的愿望。例：IfonlyIwouldpassthefinalexam.過去完成時(shí)表示與過去事實(shí)相反。例：IfonlyIhadnotbeenbusylastweek.（4）混合時(shí)間虛擬語氣(難點(diǎn))①從句的動(dòng)作與過去事實(shí)相反，主句的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事實(shí)不符。例：IfIhadworkedhardatschool,Iwouldbeanengineer,too.IfIhadworkedharderatschool,Iwouldbesittinginacomfortableofficenow.Ifithadrainedlastnight,thegroundwouldbewetnow.②從句的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，主句的動(dòng)作與過去事實(shí)不符。例：Ifhewerefreetoday,wewouldhavesenthimtoBeijing.Ifheknewher,hewouldhavegreetedher.③從句的動(dòng)作與過去發(fā)生的情況相反，主句的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的情況相反。例：Ifhehadbeenworkinghard,hewouldbeworkingintheofficenow.（三）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞?？键c(diǎn)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（must,can,could,may,might,should/oughtto,need）+havedone注意：各個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞適用的句式；有的表示推測(cè)，有的表示責(zé)備、惋惜。（1）must+havedone：用于肯定句，表推測(cè)：“一定(已經(jīng))……”。例：YoumusthavemisunderstoodmebecauseIdidn’tsaythat.（200229，200727）（2）can+havedone：用于否定句、疑問句，表推測(cè)：“（不）可能(已經(jīng))……”。例：Ididn’tseehimatthemeetingyesterdayafternoon.Hecan’thaveattendedit.（200642）（3）could+havedone：用于否定句、疑問句,表推測(cè)：“（不）可能……”；用于肯定句,表遺憾或責(zé)備：“本可（應(yīng)該）……，結(jié)果卻沒”。例：Youcouldnothaveseenheryesterday,forshewasabroad.（200912）“Yourealizethatyouweredrivingat100mph,don’tyou?”“No,officer.Icouldn’thavebeen.Thiscarcan’tdomorethan80.”（20136）Withoutcomputers,wecouldn’thavemadethetremendousmedicaladvancementinthelastfewdecades.（2009專英31）Thedrivercouldhaveavoidedtheaccident.（4）should\[oughtto\]+havedone：用于肯定句、否定句、疑問句，表責(zé)備、遺憾：“本（不）應(yīng)該……，(結(jié)果卻……)”。例：I’mnotsurprisedyoufailedtheexam.Youshouldhaveworkedharder.（200821）Theyhavedonethingsthattheyoughtnottohavedone.（200429）（5）need+havedone：用于否定句：“本不必”；用于疑問句：“有必要……嗎”。例：Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,weneedn’thavedressedupsoformally.（2012專英1）Sheneedn’thavecomeinperson—acallwouldhavebeenenough.Needyouhavepaidsomuch?（6）may+havedone：用于肯定句、否定句，表推測(cè)：“可能/或許已經(jīng)……”、“不可能已經(jīng)……”例：Researchfindingsshowwespendabouttwohoursdreamingeverynight,nomatterwhatwemayhavedoneduringtheday.（2007專英12，2010專英33）（7）might+havedone：用于肯定句、否定句，表推測(cè)：“可能/或許已經(jīng)……”、“不可能已經(jīng)……”(might可換為may)；表責(zé)備：“本可……的（實(shí)際未發(fā)生）”(might不能換為may)。例：Hemighthavefinishedhishomework.Alotofmendiedwhomighthavebeensaved.（四）動(dòng)詞語態(tài)常考點(diǎn)：常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/areasked過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/werebeingasked一般過去時(shí)was/wereasked現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/hasbeenasked一般將來時(shí)shall/willbeasked過去完成時(shí)hadbeenasked過去將來時(shí)should/wouldbeasked將來完成時(shí)will/wouldhavebeenasked現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/arebeingasked含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的can/must/maybeasked1.主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義(1)系動(dòng)詞feel,look,seem,appear,taste,sound,smell,prove,remain等，主語常是物，且表示該事物本身具有某一固有特征。例：Thematerialfeelsverysoft.(2)表示主語有某種內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，使得主語得以實(shí)現(xiàn)或不能實(shí)現(xiàn)，這類動(dòng)詞有：write,read,clean,sell,wash,wear,open,close,lock。①同well,badly,easily等副詞連用。例：Theclothwasheseasily.Thepoemreadssmoothly.②謂語動(dòng)詞用否定式。例：Thedoorwon’tlock.(3)不定式在下列情況下用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義：①不定式位于形容詞cheap,comfortable,safe,dangerous,difficult,easy,exciting,expensive,fit,good,pleasant,funny,heavy,light,important,interesting,nice,dull,convenient后，且和句子中主語構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)式。例：Thequestionis（too）difficulttoanswer.②在做補(bǔ)語的形容詞后的不定式。例：Theyfoundthelecturehardtounderstand.（200916；200415）③在This/That/These/Those+be后的名詞后的不定式。例：Thisisadifficultproblemtosolve.④在“疑問代詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中。例：Thequestioniswhattodonext.⑤在“betoblame/seek/let（出租）”結(jié)構(gòu)中。例：Heistoblameforthis.(4)表“需要”的need,want,require，demand，deserve(應(yīng)受到，值得)，merit(值得)后，用動(dòng)詞ing，或用不定式被動(dòng)式；表被動(dòng)含義，beworth后只接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)式。例：Mymobilephoneisn’tworking.Itneedsrepairing.（201035）Thatpictureisworthlookingat.注：worthy用法例：Thisbookisworthytoberead/ofbeingread.2.下列動(dòng)詞不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)（1）不及物動(dòng)詞takeplace，happen，comeabout(發(fā)生)，breakout，appear，disappear，last(持續(xù))，arise(出現(xiàn)，發(fā)生)，remain等。例：Afterthefire,nothingremained.（2）靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞lack,fit,suit,resemble等。例：Myshoesdon’tfitme.3.注意下列句型的相互轉(zhuǎn)換例：Peoplebelievethatsheishonest.It’sbelievedthatsheishonest.Sheisbelievedtobehonest.注：可用于上述兩類被動(dòng)句型的動(dòng)詞有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,think,understand。例：Manyofhisnovelsarereportedtohavebeentranslatedintoseveralforeignlanguageslastyear.（200644）ADreamoftheRedChamberissaidtohavebeentranslatedintodozensoflanguagesinthelastdecade.（2007專英17）Heissaidtohavebeenanexcellentoperasingerinhisyouth.（2008專英18）（五）非謂語動(dòng)詞1（動(dòng)詞不定式與動(dòng)名詞）本部分重點(diǎn)在記憶！重要考點(diǎn)：1.動(dòng)名詞或不定式的平衡原則以下結(jié)構(gòu)，應(yīng)選用同種類的非謂語動(dòng)詞：(1)主—系—表結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語和表語：例：Toseeistobelieve.(Seeingisbelieving.)(2)比較句中相比較的兩項(xiàng)：例：Keepingisharderthanwinning.Hewentontosaythatitwasasimportanttorespectothersastoberespectedbyothers.（200733）IlikewatchingTVmorethangoingtothecinema.(201226)Itisbettertodieonone’sfeetthantoliveonone’sknees.(2012專英4）（3）并列的各項(xiàng)：例：Peterdecidedtogetajobratherthantogototheuniversity.Thenewinventionistomakeourdailylifeeasier,nottomakeitmoredifficult.（200621）2.不定式做后置定語不定式作定語，必須后置，表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；例：Ifthebuildingprojecttobecompletedbytheendofthismonthisdelayed,theconstructioncompanywillbefined.（200723）TheconferencetobeheldinBeijingnextweekisboundtobeagreatsuccess.（2009專英19）注：作后置定語時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)形式表主動(dòng)關(guān)系、動(dòng)作正進(jìn)行，其被動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系、動(dòng)作正進(jìn)行；過去分詞短語表被動(dòng)關(guān)系、動(dòng)作已完成。比較：themeetingbeingheldnow；themeetingheldyesterday；themeetingtobeheldtomorrowThefirsttextbookwrittenforteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.(201335)3.后接不定式、動(dòng)名詞的詞(1)下列動(dòng)詞一般接不定式做賓語Attempt/afford/arrange/appear/ask/agree/bother/bear（承受）/beg/choose/care/claim/consent/contrive/decide/demand/destine/determine/desire/enable/endeavor/expect/fail/happen/hesitate/hope/incline/intend/long(渴望)/mean(意欲,打算)/manage/neglect/omit/offer/plan/prepare/profess/promise/propose(打算)/pretend/refuse/resolve/seek/swear/threaten/undertake/vow/volunteer/wish注：不帶to的不定式①表示生理感覺的動(dòng)詞后feel/observe/find/overhear/listento/lookat/smell/watch/perceive/notice/see/hear②使役動(dòng)詞make、let、have注：上述動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，其后不定式帶to。例：Ioftenhearhimsinginhisroom.變?yōu)椋篐eisoftenheardtosinginhisroom.Theboywasmadetogotobedearly.(2)下列動(dòng)詞后一般接動(dòng)名詞做賓語admit/advise/advocate/anticipate/appreciate/avoid/acknowledge/confess(to)/consider/contemplate(細(xì)想)/delay/deny/dislike/defer(拖延)/detest(嫌惡)/enjoy/escape/endure/envy/fancy/favor/finish/forgive/imagine/involve/mind/miss/mention/permit/postpone/practise/pardon/prevent/quit/repent(悔悟)/risk/resume(恢復(fù))/recall(回想)/resist/resent(怨恨)/suggest例：HeenjoyslisteningtopopmusicwhileIpreferclassicalmusic.（20105）Noonecanavoidbeinginfluencedbyadvertisements.（200829）Idon’tmindgoingoutforawalkinsuchbadweather.（200619）Ireallyappreciateyourofferingtohelpme,butIwillsurelybeabletomanagebymyself.（2006專英17）(3)以下短語to后接動(dòng)名詞admitto承認(rèn)amountto總計(jì)applyoneselfto致力于beaccustomedto習(xí)慣于 bedevotedto致力于beequalto等于，勝任 beequivalentto等于begivento沉溺于beopposedto反對(duì)bepreferableto比……更好bereducedto陷于beusedto習(xí)慣于confessto坦白contributeto為……做貢獻(xiàn)comenearto近似dedicate/devoteoneselfto致力于don’tfeelupto不能勝任getaroundto找時(shí)間做getdownto開始，著手 lookforwardto展望(期待)objectto反對(duì)ownto承認(rèn) payattentionto注意resortto訴諸taketo喜歡Whenitcomesto當(dāng)談到例：Finallytheaccusedconfessedtohavingkilledthegirl.（200416）Whenitcomestoevaluatingschoolwork，theprofessorwilltreathisstudentsequally.（200317）(4)動(dòng)詞+sb.+todosth.結(jié)構(gòu)，相關(guān)動(dòng)詞有：ask(要求)/allow/assist/advise/authorize(授權(quán))/announce/bribe(收買)/bear(容忍)/beg/compel/command/cause/condemn/counton(依靠，指望)/callon(號(hào)召)/drive(驅(qū)趕)/direct(指導(dǎo))/dependon/exhort/entitle/encourage/entreat/enable/force/forbid/get(請(qǐng))/hate/help/inspire/implore/induce/invite/intend/instruct/lead/longfor/need/order/prompt/prefer/press(迫使)/pronounce/pray(請(qǐng)求，委托)/permit/persuade/request/recommend/remind/report/require/relyon(依靠,信賴)/summon/show/train(訓(xùn)練)/tell/tempt/teach/urge/warn/want/wish/waitfor(5)有些動(dòng)詞后使用動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語的差別①forgettodo忘記要去做某事（未做）forgetdoing忘記做過某事（已做過或已發(fā)生）②stoptodo停止、中斷（某件事），目的是去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事例：IforgottotakeanumbrellawithmewhenIlefthomeforwork.（20016）I’llneverforgetwaitingforbombstofall.③remembertodo記住去做某事（未做）rememberdoing（或havingdone）記得做過某事(已做)例：I’llalwaysrememberwaitingforbombstofall.Remembertobuysomestamps,won’tyou?Ivaguelyrememberhissayingsomethinglikethat.（200419）④regrettodo對(duì)要做的事遺憾regretdoing（或havingdone）對(duì)做過的事后悔⑤trytodo努力、企圖做某事trydoing試著做某事⑥meantodo打算，有意要……meandoing意味著⑦goontodo繼而（去做另外一件事情）goondoing繼續(xù)（原先沒做完的事情）⑧proposetodo打算（要做某事）proposedoing建議（做某事）⑨like/love/hate/prefer這些動(dòng)詞前有should一詞，其后賓語只跟不定式，不能跟動(dòng)名詞。例：Ishouldliketoseehimtomorrow.⑩beafraidtodo不敢去做……(是主觀上的原因不去做，意為“怕”)；beafraidofdoing擔(dān)心出現(xiàn)……狀況、結(jié)果。(doing是客觀上造成的，意為“生怕”)。例：Shewasafraidtowakeherhusband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。Shewasafraidofwakingherhusband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。(6)不定式否定形式（注意to的位置）例：Icouldn’tunderstandwhyhepretendednottoseemeinthegarden.（200612）MyEnglishteacherwarnedmenottospeakChineseintheclassroom.（20011）(7)重要句式歸納①Itis+nouse,nogood,nopoint,nosense,worth(agreatfun,agreatpleasure,awasteoftime),useless,nice,interesting,expensive+（in）doingsth.例：It’snouseyourtellingmenottoworryabouthisinjury.（200917）②Thereisnopoint（nogood,nouse,nosense）+（in）doingsth.做某事無意義例：Thereisnopointarguingaboutit.Justdoasyouaretold.（200530;2007專英18）③主語+be+said/reported/known/believed/supposed+to…(常接完成時(shí)或其被動(dòng)式）主語+be+likely/certain/sure/unlikely/destined/about/due+to…(常接動(dòng)詞原形）例：HeissaidtohavemadetwotripstoChinainthelasttwoyears.（200224）I’mhardlylikelytofinishitwithinaweek.④donothing／anything／everythingbut／except/otherthan+動(dòng)詞原形havenochoicebut／otherthantodosth.例：Thedeparturetimeoftheplanehasbeenpostponed,sowehavenothingtodonowbutwait.（200611）Missingthelastbus,Icoulddonothingbutstayinthevillageforthenight.（2006專英12）ThatwassoseriousamatterthatIhadnochoicebuttocallinthepolice.（201036）注：謂語動(dòng)詞不是“donothing，anything，everything”but(except)，所跟的不定式仍帶to。例：Thedoctortoldhimnothingbuttostopsmoking.⑤can’t(help)but+動(dòng)詞原形“不得不”can’thelptodo(不能幫助做)can’thelpdoing(情不自禁做)⑥hadbetter（not）,hadbest（not）+動(dòng)詞原形“最好（不要）”例：I’dbetterleavenow,orI’llbelate.⑦mayaswell,mightaswell+動(dòng)詞原形“不妨”例：Wemightaswellwalktothestation.⑧Whynot+動(dòng)詞原形，“為什么不……呢”例：Whynotlethimdothisjobbyhimself?（200329;200747）⑨wouldrather（not）“寧愿（不）做某事”三句式Ⅰ.wouldrather+動(dòng)詞原形例：Iwouldrathernottellhim.我寧愿不告訴他。Ⅱ.wouldrather+動(dòng)詞原形+than+動(dòng)詞原形例：Hewouldratherdealwithamanthanwithawoman.Ⅲ.would+動(dòng)詞原形+ratherthan+動(dòng)詞原形例：I’dtaketheslowesttrainratherthangotherebyair.⑩prefer+不定式+ratherthan+動(dòng)詞原形；prefer+動(dòng)名詞+to+動(dòng)名詞“寧愿……而不愿……”。例：Hepreferstoreadratherthanwatchtelevision.Heprefersswimmingtoridingasasport.onlyto+動(dòng)詞原形，表結(jié)果。例：Hehurriedtothestationonlytofindthatthetrainhadleft.動(dòng)名詞作主語例：Beingexposedtosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoone’sskin.（201340）動(dòng)名詞前加邏輯主語構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。邏輯主語可以是所有格人稱代詞、名詞所有格、賓格代詞。例：It’snouseyourtellingmenottoworry.Ireallyappreciateyourofferingtohelpme,butIwillsurelybeabletomanagebymyself.（06專英17，201339）Thegirl’sbeingeducatedinanatmosphereofsimplelivingwaswhatherparentswishedfor.Irememberhimonceofferingtohelpusifweevergotintotrouble.動(dòng)詞不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)Itisdifficult、necessary、important、common（表事物特征形容詞）+forsb.todosth.例：Itisimpossibleforhertolearnaforeignlanguageinsuchashorttime.Itiskind、foolish、careless（表人物特征形容詞）+ofsb.todosth.例：Itwasverycruelofthemtoeatrarewildanimals.（六）非謂語動(dòng)詞2（現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞）常考點(diǎn)：1.現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞做狀語做題關(guān)鍵：理解分詞與其邏輯主語之間的關(guān)系。具體：（1）做狀語的分詞動(dòng)作與邏輯主語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，且表示動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式：例：Sallywaslyinginbed,crying.Jimwascaughtsmugglingdrugsintothecountry.（201321）（2）分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前，且分詞與句子主語為主謂關(guān)系，分詞用havingdone形式：例：Nothavingfinishedhiswork,hehadtostayathomeattheweekend.（200920）（3）分詞動(dòng)作與邏輯主語之間有被動(dòng)關(guān)系，用過去分詞：例：Givenmoretime,thescientistswillbeabletoworkoutagoodsolutiontotheproblem.（200614）Viewedfromthetopofthemountain,thebuildinglookslikeabirdnest.（201324）（4）分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前，且與句子主語是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，分詞用havingbeendone形式。例：Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,heplannedtolearnmore.（5）注意垂懸分詞（在句子中無邏輯主語）considering…，或given（that）…等：“考慮到……”2.現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語例：HisEnglishwassopoorthathefounditdifficulttomakehimselfunderstood.（200630）Henry’sremarksleftmewonderingabouthisrealpurpose.（200836）Don’tlethimcatchyoudoingthatagain.（2013專英7）ThereissomethingwrongwithSteven’scar,sohemusthaveitchecked.（2013專英19）3.過去分詞做后置定語Davidsenthisgirlfriendaringkeptbyhisgrandmotherforallherlife.（201323）4.固定句型leave/keepsb.doingsth.使某人處于某種狀態(tài)catch/discover/set/start/get/have（使某人一直……）/excusesb.doingsth.（七）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)?？键c(diǎn)：1.句型(1)名（代）詞+現(xiàn)在/過去分詞：例：Sheheardacontinualstrangenoisecomingfromthenextroom,herheartbeatingfast.（201221）Maggieranbacktothekitchen,eggsheldcarefullyinherhands.（2007專英4）(2)名（代）詞+不定式：例：Nobodytocometomorrow,wewillhavetoputoffthemeetingtillnextweek.Heisleavingfortheconferencenextweek,allexpensestobepaidbyhiscompany.Thelittlegirlwasleftalone,withnoonetolookafterher.（2013專英3）(3)Therebeing+名（代）詞：例：Therebeingnothingtotalkabout,hesaidgoodbyeandwentoutoftheroom.（200516）(4)Itbeing+名（代）詞：例：Itbeingprettylate,wedecidedtoleaveatonceinordertocatchthelastbus.（2006專英4）Itbeingahotday,wedecidedtogoswimming.(5)名詞(代詞)+名詞例：Twohundredpeoplediedintheaccident,manyofthemchildren.2.時(shí)態(tài)問題獨(dú)立主格中動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語之前時(shí)，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中可用完成時(shí)。例：Tomhavingbeenlateoverandover,hisbosswasverydisappointed.(八)形容詞性從句（定語從句）?？键c(diǎn)：關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的選擇；相關(guān)搭配中介詞的選擇；非限制性定語從句最?？肌Ｗ鲱}關(guān)鍵：(1)看關(guān)系詞在句中做什么成分。關(guān)系代詞(that，which，as，who，whom等)用作主語或賓語；關(guān)系副詞(when，where，why)用作狀語；whose用作定語，后加名詞。(2)先行詞是指人(who，whom，that)還是指物(that，which，as)。注意特殊情況：(1)指人時(shí)宜用who的情況：先行詞是one,ones,anyone，those時(shí)；例：Anyonewhogoestherewillbepunished.非限制性定語從句中。例：Mr.Zhang,whocametoseemeyesterday,isanoldfriendofmyfather’s.（200617）(2)宜用that的情況①先行詞為all,much,little,any,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing等。例：Allthatisneededisacontinuoussupplyoffuel.（200837）②先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)。例：Hespokeofthemenandthething(that)hehadseenabroad.Wearetalkingaboutthepianoandthepianistthatwereintheconcertweattendedlastnight.（201333）③先行詞被序數(shù)詞first,last,next，形容詞最高級(jí)，或thevery,theonly,any,every,no等詞修飾。例：ThisisoneofthebestfilmsthatIhaveeverseen.ThisisoneoftheverybooksthatIamlookingfor.(3)只能用which不能用that的情況①引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句修飾某物或整個(gè)句子。例：Brucewenttowardsthefire,whichwasstillsmoking.Tomcamebacklate,whichmadehisparentsveryangry.②關(guān)系代詞做介詞的賓語。例：Thespeakercouldhardlyfindsafegroundonwhichtobasehisarguments.（201015）Don’ttalkaboutsuchthingsofwhichyouarenotsure.（201317）(4)as多用于固定搭配中：asisoftenthecase，asoftenhappens，asisknowntoall，asmightbeexpected，ashasbeensaidbefore，asismentionedabove(正如上面所提到的)。(5)主句中有as,such,thesame,so時(shí)，后面常選as。例：Itwasn’tsuchagooddinnerasshehadpromisedus.（2009專英4）Canmachinesperformthesametasksasmandoes?（201029）（九）副詞性從句（狀語從句）1.時(shí)間狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞：①before,after,when,while,as,since,till,until,whenever例：Earthwormsoccurwheneveradequatemoistureandfoodandthenecessarysoilconditionsarefound.（2009專英33）②“一……就”：assoonas,theminute,thesecond,theinstant,immediately,directly,instantly,nosooner…than,hardly…when…例：Nosoonerhadhesatdownthanthephonerang.（201040）ThemomentIhavefinishedI’llgiveyouacall.③以time結(jié)尾的詞語：everytime,eachtime,(the)nexttime,(the)lasttime,bythetime,thefirsttime,anytime例：Johnputsuphishandeverytimetheteacherasksaquestion.（200638）2.條件狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞：if,unless,as\[so\]longas,incase(如果，萬一)例：Somecompaniesmightnotletyourentacarunlessyouhaveacreditcard.