過程作文課系列一詞的運用（過渡詞等）

高三“過程作文課”系列一-------詞匯基礎(chǔ)知識第二部分詞的運用-----過渡詞教學(xué)內(nèi)容：

英語寫作專題訓(xùn)練——過渡詞

眾所周知，要寫出清晰流暢的文章，需要把文章中各部分巧妙地連接在一起。這樣可使文章自然而別致，并能層層展開主題句，完整地表達中心思想。而過渡詞（TransitionalWords）是連接這些部分的紐帶。

過渡詞是一種關(guān)系指引詞，一般由副詞或起副詞作用的短語承擔(dān)。此外，代詞、連詞、上下文的近義詞等也可作過渡詞。過渡詞能使文章啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合，融會貫通，連成一體。

一、過渡詞的分類

1.根據(jù)意思和作用的不同，過渡詞可以分為以下十五類：

（1）表并列關(guān)系的過渡詞:

and,also，aswell,aswellas，or,too,notonly…butalso,both…and,either…or,neither…nor

（2）表遞進關(guān)系的過渡詞:

besides,inaddition（加之，除……之外）,moreover(此外，而且),what’smore，what’sworse

（3）表轉(zhuǎn)折對比的過渡詞：

but,however,yet,instead,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,although,differentfrom,despite,inpiteof,whereas,unlike,nevertheless,notonly…butalso,here…there,yearsago…today,this…that,theformer…thelatter,then…now,thefirst…whereasthesecond,once…now,ontheonehand…ontheotherhand,some…others

（4）表原因的過渡詞:

because,becauseof,since,as,for,nowthat,thanksto,dueto（由于）

（5）表結(jié)果的過渡詞:

so,thus,therefore,asaresult,sothat,then,thereby,hence,so…that,such…that

（6）表條件的過渡詞:

if,unless,onconditionthat,as/solongas

（7）表時間的過渡詞:

when,while,after,before,until,assoonas,later,afterwards,soon,lately,recently,since,fromthenon,

eventually,inthemeantime,then,suddenly,atthesametime,next,earlythismorning/year/century,afterawhile,inafewdays,now,presently,finally,atlast,allofasudden,formnowon,atpresent,immediately,themoment

（8）表特定的順序關(guān)系的過渡詞:

first,firstly,second,secondly,third,thirdly,aboveall,firstofall,then,next,finally,intheend,atlast,afterward(s)（后來）,meanwhile（幾乎同時）,thereafter（在那以后）,last,finally,eventually（終于）

（9）表換一種方式表達的過渡詞:

inotherwords,thatistosay,toputitanotherway

（10）表進行舉例說明的過渡詞:

forinstance,forexample,like,suchas

（11）表陳述事實的過渡詞:

infact,actually,asamatteroffact,totellyouthetruth

（12）表強調(diào)的過渡詞:

certainly,indeed,aboveall,surely,mostimportant,infact,nodoubt,withoutanydoubt,truly,obviously

（13）表比較的過渡詞：

like,unlike,inthesameway,similarly,similarto

（14）表目的的過渡詞：

forthisreason,forthispurpose,sothat,inorderto,soasto

（15）表總結(jié)的過渡詞:

inaword(總之，簡言之),ingeneral,inshort(總之),aboveall,afterall,generallyspeaking,tosumup,finally,inconclusion,atlast,insummary

2.文章段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系主要由過渡詞來完成，在修辭中稱為啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合?！皢ⅰ本褪情_頭,“承”是承接，“轉(zhuǎn)”是轉(zhuǎn)折，“合”是綜合或總結(jié)。

（1）用于“啟”的過渡詞語

用于表示“啟”的過渡詞或過渡性的語句通常用在段落或文章的開頭：

first,firstofall,atfirst,inthefirstplace,firstly,tobeingwith,tostartwith,recently,now,atpresent,inrecentyears,ingeneral,generallyspeaking,atpresent,lately,currently,

Itisoftensaidthat…,

Astheproverbsays…,

Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…,

Itisclear/obviousthat…,

Manypeopleoftenask…

（2）用于“承”的過渡詞語

表示“承”的過渡詞或過渡性的語句通常用在段落中的第一個擴展句中：

second,similarly,inaddition,besides,then,furthermore,moreover,whatismore,whatisworse,forexample,forinstance,certainly,surely,obviously,inotherwords,especially,particularly,inparticular,indeed,still,third,truly,infact,atthesametime,nodoubt，

Itistruethat…,

Everybodyknowsthat…,

Itcanbeeasilyprovedthat…,

Noonecandenythat…

Thereasonwhy…isthat…,

Thereisnodoubtthat…,

Totake…foranexample(instance)…,

Weknowthat…,

Whatismoreseriousisthat…

（3）用于“轉(zhuǎn)”的過渡詞語

用于“轉(zhuǎn)”的過渡詞或過渡性的語句通常用在段落中的第二個擴展句中：

but,however,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,incontrast,inanycase,atanyrate(無論如何),nevertheless(雖然如此),otherwise,or,orelse,while,whereas,but,despite,inspiteof...,yet,instead,

Idonotbelievethat…,

Perhapsyou’llaskwhy…

Thismaybetrue,butwestillhaveaproblemwithregardto…,

Thoughweareinbasicagreementwith…,yetdifferenceswillbefound,

That’swhyIfeelthat…

（4）用于“合”的過渡詞語

用于“合”的過渡詞或過渡性的語句通常用在段落的結(jié)論句或文章的結(jié)論段中：

inaword,ingeneral,inshort,aboveall,afterall,generallyspeaking，tosumup,finally,inconclusion,atlast,insummary,therefore,asaresult,aboveall,thus，afterall(畢竟),eventually,hence,inshort,inconclusion,inaword,insum(總之),onthewhole(就整體而言),tosumup

Fromthispointofview…

Onaccountofthiswecanfindthat…

Theresultisdependenton…

Thus,thisisthereasonwhywemust…

二、過渡詞的應(yīng)用

有的學(xué)生在作文中使用過多簡單句，成了簡單句堆砌；有的寫復(fù)雜句時，動輒用so，and，then，but，or，however，yet等非但達不到豐富表達方式的目的，反而使句子結(jié)構(gòu)松散、呆板。為了避免這種現(xiàn)象，可以通過使用不同的過渡詞,不僅能夠豐富句型，而且還能夠把思想表達得更清楚，意義更連貫。例如：

1.學(xué)生習(xí)作

TVandwebsite

TVandwebsitearepopularmedia.Theyhavesomethingincommon.Bothofthemmakemoneyfromads.Websitesalsohavedifferentsections.Youmaychoosetheoneyouaremostinterestedin.

Theyaredifferentinmanyways.MovingpicturesareshownonTVwithsoundandinterpretation.Itmakesyoufeelthatyouarejustonthespot.Theprogramschangeeveryday.ProfessionalTVreportersdothereportforTV.

Someinformationonwebsiteschangeallthetime.Notallofitissoupdated.Everybodycanwritearticlesforwebsitesratherthanprofessionalreporter.

Everymediumhasitsownfeatures.Itishardtosaywhichisbetter.

這段文字用簡單句表達，它們之間內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系含糊不清，意思支離破碎。如果使用過渡詞，將單句與其前后合并，形成主次關(guān)系，就把一個比較復(fù)雜的內(nèi)容和關(guān)系表達得層次清楚、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹。

修改后的文章：

TVandwebsite

BothTVandwebsitearepopularmedia.Theyhavesomethingincommon.Bothofthemmakemoneyfromads.SimilartoTV,websitesalsohavedifferentsections,sothatyoumaychoosetheoneyouaremostinterestedin.

However,theyaredifferentinmanyways.Aboveall,movingpicturesareshownonTVwithsoundandinterpretation,whichmakesyoufeelasifyouarejustonthespot.Then,theprogramschangeeverydayandprofessionalTVreportersdothereportforTV.UnlikeTV,someinformationonwebsiteschangeallthetime,butnotallofitissoupdated.Inaddition,everybodycanwritearticlesforwebsitesratherthanprofessionalreporter.

Inaword,everymediumhasitsownfeatures,soitishardtosaywhichisbetter.

修改后的文章用過渡詞來銜接上下段

第一段第一句為：BothTVandwebsitearepopularmedia.Theyhavesomethingincommon.

第二段第一句為：However,theyaredifferentinmanyways.

第三段第一句為：Inaword,everymediumhasitsownfeatures…

這篇短文每一段的第一句都是主題句，在每個主題句前使用Both…and,However,Inaword使全文有序地銜接起來。

如果在文章中再恰當(dāng)使用其他的過渡詞，會使文章增色很多。（見上文）

我們常常遇到這樣的作文題目，如：發(fā)展私人轎車的利與弊、科學(xué)發(fā)明的利與弊、網(wǎng)上購物的利與弊。這些題目常常是談?wù)撘粋€事物的兩個方面，這時只要使用表示轉(zhuǎn)折的過渡詞就能很好地連接上下段。

Asanewwayofshopping,onlineshoppingisbecomingmoreandmorepopularinourdailylife.

Onlineshoppinghasmanydisadvantages.First,onlineshoppingmakesiteasierforustobuythings.Insteadofsearchingacrowdedstore,wejustneedtowatchthecomputerscreenandchoosethethingswelike.Second,itismuchfasterforustodoshopping.Wedon’thavetospendalotoftimegoingtoshops.Third,wecanseeagreatdealofgoodsshownonthecomputerscreenatthesametime.

However,onlineshoppingisnotsoperfect.Thepicturesofgoodsshownonthecomputerscreenarenotalwayswhattheyare.Asaresult,wecanbecheatedeasily.What’sworse,wecannotseethethingsindetail.

Despitethedisadvantagesofonlineshopping,Ithinkitisanadvancedwaytodoshopping.Soweshoulddevelopit.

2.高考作文題

我們主要看一下今年的高考作文題中過渡詞的使用:

第二節(jié)

書面表達（滿分25分）

假定你是李華，正在英國牛津參加短期語言培訓(xùn)，計劃星期天去倫敦旅游?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)上一則廣告引起了你的注意，但一些具體信息不明確（箭頭所指內(nèi)容）。請給該旅行社發(fā)一封電子郵件，詢問有關(guān)情況。

注意：

1.詞數(shù)100左右，信的格式已為你寫好。

2.可根據(jù)內(nèi)容要點適當(dāng)增加細節(jié)，以使行文連貫。

3.參考詞匯：牛津——Oxford

費用——fee

DearSir/Madame,

I’mwritingformoreinformationaboutthedaytourtoLondon.

AsastudentatOxfordUniversity,I’dliketoknowifyouhaveanyspecialpriceforstudents.Asforthemoneyyoucharge,doesitcovertheentrancefeesforvisitingtheplaceslisted?Whataboutlunch?Isitincluded?OrdoIneedtobringalongmyownfood?

Howlongwillthetourlast?SinceIneedtopreparemylessonsforthenextday,I’dliketoknowthetimetoreturn.Besides,isthereanytimeforshopping?IreallywanttohavealookatthebigstoresinLondon.

Yours,

LiHua

情景作文（20分）

美國中學(xué)生Jeff將要來你所在的紅星中學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)中文，經(jīng)協(xié)商安排住在你家。假設(shè)你是李華，請給Jeff寫一封信，按照下圖順序介紹他來中國后的生活安排。

注意：1.信的開頭已為你寫好。2.詞數(shù)不少于60。

DearJeff,

I’mLiHuafromBeijingHongxingMiddleSchool.I’mveryhappytolearnthatyou’regoingtostaywithmyfamilywhileyou’reinBeijing.

Whileyouarehere,we’llprovideyouwitharoomofyourownwithabed,adesk,acoupleofchairsandaTV.You’llalsohaveyourownbathroom.Ourschoolisquiteclosetoourhome,sowecouldgotoschooltogetherbybike.Atnoonwe’lleatattheschooldininghall.I’msureyou’lllikethedeliciousChinesefoodthere,andenjoytalkingwithfriendsoverlunch.Classesinourschoolusuallyfinishat4:00intheafternoon.Youcanthenjoinotherstudentsinplayingballgamesorswimming.It’llbealotoffun.

Ifyouhaveanyquestionsorrequests,pleaseletmeknow.We’lltryourbesttomakeyourstayhereinBeijingapleasantexperience.

Bestwishes,

LiHua

假設(shè)你是李華，最近國內(nèi)一家英文報紙正在討論北京動物園是否應(yīng)遷出市區(qū)。以下是你所在班級討論的情況。請你給該報寫一封信，反映討論結(jié)果。

贊成遷出：

1.游客多，交通堵塞2.郊區(qū)環(huán)境好

反對遷出：

1.建于1906年，中外聞名2.搬遷易造成動物死亡注意：1.詞數(shù)100字左右，信的開頭已為你寫好。2.可根據(jù)內(nèi)容要點適當(dāng)增加細節(jié)，以使行文連貫。3.參考詞匯：郊區(qū)—suburb

June3,2022

DearEditor,

Recently,ourclasshashadaheateddiscussionaboutwhethertheBeijingZooshouldbemovedoutofthecity.Someofmyclassmatesareinfavorofthemove.Theysaylargecrowdsoftouriststothezoowillresultintrafficjams.Theyalsosaythatoncemovedanimalswillhavemorespaceandbetterlivingconditionsinthesuburbs.However,otherstudentsareagainsttheidea,sayingthattheBeijingZoo,builtin1906,hasahistoryof100years,andiswell–knownathomeandabroad.Soitshouldremainwhereitis.What’smore,movingmaycausethedeathofsomeanimals.Tomoveornot,thisisabigdecisionwhichhastobemadebypeopleinBeijing.

Yourstruly,

LiHua書面表達常用詞匯強化訓(xùn)練表列舉：________________________________________________________________________表補充：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________表對比：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________表原因：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________表結(jié)果：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________表結(jié)論：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________表轉(zhuǎn)折：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________表順序：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________表觀點：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________表解釋：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________表同時：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________時間狀語從句連詞：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________原因狀語從句連詞：_____________________________________________________讓步狀語從句連詞：______________________________________________________________條件狀語從句連詞_________________________________________________________________目的狀語從句連詞:___________________________________________________________________________比較狀語從句連詞:_______________________________________________________________高三“過程作文課”系列一-------詞匯基礎(chǔ)知識第二部分答案：表列舉：forexample;forinstance;suchas;takesthforexample表補充：besides;inaddition;moreover;