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-1-高中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn):非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞詳解總結(jié)1、作主語(yǔ)不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。往往用it作形式主語(yǔ),把不定式放在謂語(yǔ)后面。如:Ittookustwohourstofinishthejob.Itisimpossibleforustogetthereontime.Itisverykindofyoutohelpus.注意:(1)其他系動(dòng)詞如look,appear等也可用于此句型。(2)當(dāng)不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí),不能用Itisto的句型。試比較:Itistonegatemyownideatobelievehim.(錯(cuò))Tobelievehimistonegatemyownidea.(對(duì))(3)Itis+adj.of/forsb.todosth.結(jié)構(gòu)中,當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)和前面的形容詞可以構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),用of,否則用for.2、作賓語(yǔ)(1)動(dòng)詞+不定式。如:Hemanagedtoescapefromthefire.Ifindithardtogetalongwithhim.(it作形式賓語(yǔ))注:下列動(dòng)詞通常用不定式作賓語(yǔ):want,try,hope,wish,need,forget,know,promise,refuse,help,decide,begin,start,learn,agree,choose,get等(2)動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+to,特殊疑問(wèn)句+不定式相當(dāng)于名詞,作賓語(yǔ)。如:Idontknowwhattodonext/howtodoitnext.Icantdecidewhentogothere.注意:不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),如果還帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),往往把不定式短語(yǔ)放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之后,用it作形式賓語(yǔ)。如:Ifinditnecessarytolearnaforeignlanguage.3、作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(1)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式(todo)。如:Hewarnedmetobecareful.IwantyoutospeaktoTom.Whatmakesyouthinkso?(不帶to的不定式)注:可以用動(dòng)詞不定式做賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:ask,tell,order,want,get,wouldlike,like,advise,invite,allow,help,wish,warn,expect,prefer,encourage(2)表見(jiàn)解、看法的動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)可為:動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+tobe的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。如:WeconsiderTomtobeoneofthebeststudentsinourclass.Thebookisbelievedtobeuseful.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))(3)There+不定式。如:Wedidntexpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere.我們沒(méi)料到會(huì)有那么多人在那里。注意:(1)有些動(dòng)詞需用as短語(yǔ)作補(bǔ)語(yǔ),像regard,think,believe,take,consider。如:WeregardTomasourbestteacher.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Marytookhimasherfather.瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。(2)在動(dòng)詞feel(一感),hear,listento(二聽(tīng)),have,let,make(三讓),notice,see,watch,observe,lookat(五看)(即:吾看三室兩廳一感覺(jué))等后面的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)中,不定式不帶to,但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后,必須帶to。如:Theysawtheboyfalloffthetree.Theboywasseentofalloffthetree.(3)help后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式可以帶to,也可以不帶to.Ioftenhelphim(to)cleantheroom.Ihelpedhim(to)findhisthings.4、作定語(yǔ)不定式作定語(yǔ),修飾名詞或代詞,不定式和它所修飾的名詞之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系、動(dòng)狀關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。不定式通常要放在這些被修飾的詞后。如:Ihavealotofworktodo.(動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)Heislookingforaroomtolivein.(動(dòng)狀關(guān)系)Heisthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.(主謂關(guān)系)Hehasgotachancetogoabroad.(同位關(guān)系)注意:1.不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。如:Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?2.如果作定語(yǔ)的不定式是一個(gè)短語(yǔ),則要保留不定時(shí)短語(yǔ)中的副詞或介詞。如:Ineedapentowritewith.(Iwillwirtewiththepen)(我需要一直鋼筆寫字)Ihavealittlebabytolookafter.(Imustlookafterthelittlebaby)(我有一個(gè)嬰兒要照看)作狀語(yǔ),表示目的、結(jié)果、原因等,有時(shí)還有一些固定搭配的不定式短語(yǔ),如inorderto,soasto,soasto,suchasto,.enoughto,tooto等。(1)做目的狀語(yǔ),to,onlyto(僅僅為了),inorderto,soasto,so(such).asto(如此以便)如:Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。Hecametotheschooltoseehisson.(2)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),表事先沒(méi)有預(yù)料到的,要放在句子后面。如:Hehurriedtothepostofficeonlytofinditwasclosed.Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.(3)做原因狀語(yǔ)。如:Wewereveryexcitedtohearthenews.Imgladtoseeyou.(4)做條件狀語(yǔ)。如:Toturntotheleft,youcouldfindapostoffice.5、作表語(yǔ)不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面,構(gòu)成表語(yǔ)。如:Thequestionishowtoputitintopractice.Myquestioniswhentoleave.Hisdreamistobeadoctor.Herworkistolookafterthebabies.注意:1.不定式在句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí),對(duì)應(yīng)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。2.當(dāng)助于是不定式時(shí),表語(yǔ)不能用Ving形式,可用不定式。如:Toseeistobelieve.(眼見(jiàn)為實(shí))6、獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。如:Totellyouthetruth,Idontagreewithyou.Tomakemattersworse,itbegantorain.二、不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)1、不定式的時(shí)態(tài)(1)現(xiàn)在時(shí):有時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。如:Heseemstoknowthis.Ihopetoseeyouagain.(2)完成時(shí):表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。如:Imsorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.Heseemstohavecaughtacold.(3)進(jìn)行時(shí):表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如:Heseemstobeeatingsomething.(4)完成進(jìn)行時(shí):表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并有可能持續(xù)下去。如:Sheisknowntohavebeenworkingontheproblemformanyyears.2、不定式的語(yǔ)態(tài)當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是其動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),就用被動(dòng)式。如:Hewasseentoenterthehall.HeaskedtobesenttoworkinTibet.三、省to的動(dòng)詞不定式1、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(除ought外,oughtto)2、Wouldrather,hadbetter.3、感官動(dòng)詞see,watch,lookat,notice,observe,hear,listento,smell,feel等后作賓補(bǔ),省略to.注意:在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中to不能省略掉。如:Isawhimdance.Hewasseentodance.Thebossmadethemworkthewholenight.Theyweremadetoworkthewholenight.4、使役動(dòng)詞let,have,make.5、由and,or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式,第二個(gè)to可以省去。如:HewantstomovetoFranceandmarrythegirl.6、Help可帶to,也可不帶to,helpsb.(to)dosth.7、Why/Whynot8、But和except前是動(dòng)詞do時(shí),后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。試比較:Hewantstodonothingbutgoout.Hewantstobelieveanythingbuttotakethemedicine.9、通常在discover,imagine,suppose,think,understand等詞后,可以省去tobe.如:Heissupposed(tobe)nice.他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。--Iusuallygotherebytrain.--Whynot______byboatforachange?AtotrygoingBtryingtogoCtotryandgoDtrygoingPauldoesnthavetobemade______.Healwaysworkshard.AlearnBtolearnClearnedDlearning四、動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式。如:Tellhimnottoshutthewindow.ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby.Mrs.Smithwarnedherdaughter______afterdrinking.AnevertodriveBtoneverdriveCneverdrivingDneverdriveTheboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim______.AnottoBnottodoCnotdoitDdonotdoThepatientwaswarned______foodbeforetheoperation.AtoeatnoBeatingnotCnottoeatDnoteating動(dòng)名詞(動(dòng)名詞具有動(dòng)詞和名詞的特征,在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ))一、動(dòng)名詞的作用1、作主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。It代替動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ),常用于如下結(jié)構(gòu):Itsnogood/usedoing如:Seeingisbelieving.Playingwithfireisdangerous.Itsnogoodwaitinghere.2、作賓語(yǔ)Ienjoylisteningtomusic.Heoftenpracticesplayingthepianointheevening.Heisfondofplayingbasketball.Hehasgivenupsmoking.Wouldyoumindturningdownyourradioalittle,please?(1)只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞:admit,advise建議,risk,appreciate,envy嫉妒,avoid避免,consider考慮,delay延遲,deny否認(rèn),dislike不喜歡,enjoy,escape逃避,excuse原諒、寬恕,finish完成,forgive原諒,understand理解,giveup放棄,imagine想象,keep保持,mind介意、在乎,miss未達(dá)到,practise訓(xùn)練,putoff推遲,resist抵抗,suggest建議、暗示canthelp禁不住,cantstand無(wú)法忍受,devoteto(to為介詞)致力于,lookforwardto期望、盼望,stickto堅(jiān)持,beusedto習(xí)慣于,objectto反對(duì),bebusy忙于,feelike想要besurprisedat對(duì)感到驚訝beproudof以為驕傲succeedin在某方面成功beafraidof害怕giveup放棄(2)只能接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞:happen碰巧,offer主動(dòng)提出,promise答應(yīng),agree同意,refuse拒絕,decide決定,determine決定、決心,pretend假裝,fail未能夠,learn,wish希望,hope,expect,afford負(fù)擔(dān)得起。(3)接動(dòng)名詞、不定式均可,意義相同的動(dòng)詞:like,love,dislike,hate,begin,star,continue,prefer,cantbear/endure無(wú)法忍受,cease停止(4)下列詞接動(dòng)名詞和不定式均可,但意義不同的動(dòng)詞:forget,goon,mean,regret,remember,stop,try等Stoptodo停下來(lái)去做stopdoing停止做Forgettodo忘記要做forgetdoing忘記做過(guò)Remembertodo記得要做rememberdoing記得做過(guò)Regrettodo遺憾要做regretdoing后悔做過(guò)Trytodo企圖做,盡力做trydoing試著做Goontodo繼續(xù)做(另一件事)goondoing繼續(xù)做(同一件事)Meantodo打算做meandoing意味做InsomepartsofLondon,missingabusmeans_______foranotherhour.AwaitingBtowaitingCwaitDtobewaiting答案:A(5)Need,require,want作需要講,其后用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義,beworth也有類似用法。如:Theflowersneedwatering/tobewatered.Theproblemisworthdiscussing.3、作表語(yǔ)此時(shí)的動(dòng)名詞可以和主語(yǔ)調(diào)換位置。如:Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.Herjobiswashing,cleaningandtakingcareofthechild.4、作定語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ),一般表示用途。如:awaitingroom,adivingboard,areadingroom,adininghalltherearealotofswimmingpoolsinthecity.注:(1)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)表動(dòng)作,它與所修飾的名詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,可改寫成一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。如果為單詞,放在被修飾n之前,為短語(yǔ),放在被修飾n之后。如:asleepingboy=aboywhoissleepingadevelopingcountry=acountrywhichisdeveloping(2)動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)通常表示它所修飾的名詞的用途或性質(zhì),可改寫成一個(gè)for的短語(yǔ),兩者不存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如:awashingmachine=amashineforwashingaswimmingpool=apoolforswimming二、動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前,通常要用完成式,否則都用一般式。如:Weareinterestedinplayingchess.Hewaspraisedforhavingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime.Imsorryfornothavingkeptmypromise.若主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作的對(duì)象,動(dòng)名詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如:Wemustdosomethingtopreventwaterfrombeingpolluted.Irememberhavingbeentoldastory.Hewasafraidofbeingscoldedbytheteacher.在時(shí)間上,現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作往往正在進(jìn)行或者與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生,過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成或沒(méi)有一定的時(shí)間性。如:fallingleaves正在下落的樹(shù)葉fallenleaves已經(jīng)落在地上的樹(shù)葉一、分詞的作用1、作定語(yǔ)(1)單個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ),分詞前置。如:Thesleepingboyismyson.Theexcitedpeoplerushedintothebuilding.Alostopportunityneverreturns.Heisaretiredworker.(2)分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),分詞后置;分詞修飾不定代詞something等要后置;個(gè)別分詞如give,left等作定語(yǔ)也后置。如:Thegirlstandingunderthetreeismyniece.Thebuildingbuiltlastyearisourlibrary.Thisisthequestiongiven.Thereisnothinginteresting.(3)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)與其修飾的詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。如:MostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientistsThefirsttextbook______forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.AhavewrittenBtobewrittenCbeingwrittenDwritten答案:DWhatsthelanguage______inGermany?AspeakingBspokenCbespokenDtospeak答案:BPricesofdailygoods______throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.AareboughtBboughtCbeenboughtDbuying.答案:BWhenIgotbackhomeIsawamessagepinnedtothedoor______Sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.AreadBreadsCtoreadDreading答案:D解析:reading與pinnedtothedoor一樣作message的后置定語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于whichread,pinned和reading的邏輯主語(yǔ)都是message,它與pin是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,用-ed形式,與read是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,用-ing形式2、作狀語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞在句中可以作時(shí)間、原因、方式、伴隨、條件、結(jié)果等狀語(yǔ)。Notreceivinganyletterfromhim,Igavehimacall.AsIdidntreceiveanyletterfromhim,Igavehimacall.Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.Ifmoreattentionwasgiven,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.(條件)Walkingalongthestreet,Iranacrossmyoldfriend.Bittenbyasnake,hewastakentohospital(原因).Thoughdefeated,hedidntloseheart.(讓步)Helayonthegrass,lookingintothesky.(伴隨)Hecamerunningtotellmethegoodnews.(方式)______someofficials,Napoleoninspectedhisarmy.AFollowedBFollowedbyCBeingfollowedDHavingbeenfollowed答案:BTherewasaterriblenoise______thesuddenburstoflight.AfollowedBfollowingCtobefollowedDbeingfollowed答案:B______,liquidscanbechangedintogases.AHeatingBTobeheatedCHeatedDHeat答案:C注意:(1)選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過(guò)去分詞,關(guān)鍵看主句的主語(yǔ)。如分詞的動(dòng)作是由主句的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出,分詞就用現(xiàn)在分詞,反之就用過(guò)去分詞。試比較:(Being)Usedforalongtime,thebooklooksold.由于用了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,這本書看上去很舊。Usingthebook,Ifindituseful.在使用的過(guò)程中,我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書很有用。(2)分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須和主句的主語(yǔ)一致,如果不一致,就用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),即在分詞前加上它的邏輯主語(yǔ)。現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用于作狀語(yǔ),一般不用作定語(yǔ)。When______,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.AcompletedBcompletingCbeingcompletedDtobecompleted答案:A______suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.AHavingsufferedBSufferingCTosufferDSuffered答案:A3、作表語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)多表示主語(yǔ)具有的特征,過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)多指主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)。如:Thefilmistouching.Theglassisbroken.Shelookedtiredwithcooking.Heremainedstandingbesidethetable.-Imvery______withmyowncooking.Itlooksniceandsmellsdelicious.-Mm,itdoeshavea______smell.Apleasant;pleasedBpleased;pleasedCpleasant;pleasantDpleased;pleasant答案:D4、作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)分詞和不定式一樣,在一些感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如:Ismellsomethingburning.Iheardhimsingingthesong.Iheardmynamecalled.IcantmakemyselfunderstoodinEnglish.Ifoundmycarmissing.Illhavemywatchrepaired.我想把我的手表修一下。Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee______the

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