寧夏銀川一中2023屆高三第六次月考英語試題

銀川一中2023屆高三年級第六次月考英語試卷第一卷第一局部：聽力〔共兩節(jié)，總分值30分〕做題時，先將答案標(biāo)在試卷上。錄音內(nèi)容結(jié)束后，你將有兩分鐘的時間將試卷上的答案轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡上。第一節(jié)〔共5小題；每題l.5分，總分值7.5分〕聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最正確選項，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽完每段對話后，你都有10秒鐘的時間來答復(fù)有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。1．Whatisthewomantryingtodo?A.Readabook.B.Watchamovie.C.Workonthecomputer.2．Whenwillthegirllearnhowtosurf?A.In5years.B.In10years.C.In15years.3．WhyisthewomaninTexas?A.Forfun.B.Forbusiness.C.Forstudy.4．Whatarethespeakersmainlydiscussing?A.Careers.B.Healthproblems.C.Typesofhospitals.5．Whatdoesthewomanthinkoftheparrot?A.He’sfunny.B.He’squiet.C.He’sallergictojuice.第二節(jié)〔共5小題；每題l.5分，總分值22.5分〕聽下面5段對話或獨白。每段對話或獨白后有幾個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最正確選項，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽每段對話或獨白前，你將有時間閱讀各個小題，每題5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時間。每段對話或獨白讀兩遍。聽第6段材料，答復(fù)第6、7題。6．Whatisthedog’sname?A.Harry.B.Yoda.C.Luke.7．Whatisthedoglike?A.Youngandfast.B.Oldandloyal.C.Bigandscary.聽第7段材料，答復(fù)第8、9題。8．Whatdoesthewomanshowthemanfirst?A.Jupiter.B.Mars.C.TheNorthStar.9．Whomightthewomanbe?A.Adoctor.B.Ascientist.C.Anartist.聽第8段材料，答復(fù)第10至12題。10．Whendidthemanseethebear?A.Atabout9:15a.m.B.Atabout9:30a.m.C.Atabout9:45a.m.11．Howdidthebearacttowardtheman?A.Itattackedhim.B.Itshoweditsteeth.C.Itranawayquickly.12．Whatdoesthemanthinkofthebear?A.Itisn’tverydangerous.B.Itisabeautifulbrownbear.C.Itoftenattacksrunnersinspring.聽第9段材料，答復(fù)第13至16題。13．Howdoesthewomanfeelaboutrockmusic?A.Itcomesfromtheheart.B.It’ssomethingyouhavetothinkabout.C.Itnevergetsboring.14．Whatdidthewomanlooklike?A.Shehadlongblackhair.B.Sheworeleatherclothes.C.Sheneverworepants.15．Whatwasthenameofthewoman’sband?A.UpYourAlley.B.TheBlackhearts.C.RockandRoll16．Whatdoesthewomansuggestintheend?A.Shedidn’tactuallyhavemuchinfluence.B.Peoplestilldon’tunderstandher.C.Shestillwantstoperform.聽第10段材料，答復(fù)第17至20題。17．Whatisthetopicofthetalk?A.Badbehaviorinschools.B.Neweducationmethods.C.Makingkidshealthier.18.WhoisAshantiBranch?A.Anassistantprincipal.B.ThecompanyfounderofErgotron.C.AparentofastudentatMonteraMiddleSchool.19．Accordingtotheradiointerview,whatisdifficultforstudentstodo?A.Sitstillinclass.B.Adjusttotheneweducationsystem.C.Workindependentlyonassignments.20．Whatwasthesolutiontotheproblem?A.Moreteachers.B.Shorterclasstime.C.Differentfurniture.第二局部閱讀理解〔共兩節(jié)，總分值40分〕第一節(jié)〔共15小題;每題2分，總分值30分〕閱讀以下短文，從每題所給的四個選項(A、B、C和D〕中，選出最正確選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。AThefirstofthe2023NobelPrizeshasbeenannounced.Sweden’sNobelPrizecommitteesaystheNobelPrizeformedicinewillgotoscientistsfromIreland,JapanandChina.WilliamCampbellfromIrelandandSatoshiOmurafromJapansharetheprizefortheirdiscoveryofthedrugavermectin(阿維菌素).TheNobelcommitteepraisedtheirworkonwhatiscalleda“noveltherapy.〞Thetreatmentfightsinfectionscausedbyroundwormparasites.TheprizeformedicineisalsogoingtoChineseresearcherTuYouyou.Shediscoveredartemisinin(青蒿素).Artemisininisadrugthathassharplyloweredthenumberofpeoplewhodiefrommalaria.Thecommitteesaidthediscoverieshadgiventheworldpowerfulnewwaystofighttwopowerfuldiseases.Itissaidthosediseasesaffecthundredsofmillionsofpeopleeveryyear.Thecommitteeaddedthat,“Theconsequencesintermsofimprovedhumanhealthandreducedsufferingareimmeasurable〞Ms.TuisthechiefprofessorattheChinaAcademyofTraditionalMedicine.SheisalsothefirstChinesecitizentobeawardedtheNobelPrizeinmedicine.Mr.CampbellcurrentlyworksasaresearcheratDrewUniversityinNewJersey.Mr.Omurahastwodoctoratedegrees----oneinpharmaceuticalscience,theotherinchemistry.HeisaprofessoratHitasatoUniversityinJapan.Doctorsarenowusingavermectintotreatriverblindnessandlymphaticfilariasis(淋巴絲蟲病).Mr.OmuratoldtheAssociatedPressthatthedrugresultedfromasubstance(物質(zhì))takenfromamicrobe〔微生物〕wasfoundonagolfcoursenearTokyo.Theresearchersaidhealwayscarriedaplasticbagsohecouldcollectsoilsamples.Whenaskedifhelikestoplaygolf,hesmiledandsaid,“Yes〞.AmemberoftheNobelcommittee,alsospokewiththeAPthattheawardforTuYouyouistheresultofamajorchangeinthewayChinaperformsscientificresearch.HesaysChina21．Whereisprobablythepassagetakenfrom?A．AnewspaperB.AnadvertisementC.AradioprogramD.Afashionmagazine22．WhichofthefollowingisNOTRIGHT?A．ScientistsfromIreland,JapanandChinawonthe2023NobelPrizesinmedicineB．TuYouyouisthefirstChinesetobeawardedtheNobelPrizeC．BothWilliamCampbellandSatoshiOmuradiscoverthedrugavermectionD.Ms.TuisaprofessorattheChina23．Whatdoesthecommitteethinkofthesetwodiscoveries?A．Thesetwodiscoveriesareimmeasurableincost.B．Thecommitteebelievethetwodiscoveriescanfightallpowerfuldiseases.C．TheybelieveallthreecountriesneedtoinvestmoneyinmedicalresearchD．Thesetwodiscoveriescanimprovehumanhealthandreducepeople’spain.B BothofShai’sparentswerelawyersandexpectedhertofollowsuit.Soshewenttoalawschool,gotajobatafamousfirminWashington Shaifoundreliefinthesamethingthathadbroughtherjoysincejoiningthechurchchoir(唱詩班)atage12.“Singingalwaysfeltlikecommunicatingsomethingrealonaspiritualandemotionallevel,〞saysShai.Yetsheneverconsidereditacareeroption.“Thatseemedlikesomethingpeopledidinfairytales.〞 Itwasthebraincancerofhermomin2023thatmadeShairealizeshehadtowriteherownhappily-ever-after.“Workwasdrivingmecrazy,mymotherwassickandIwasflyingbackandforthfromWashingtonDCtoHouston Whilecaringforhermom,Shaihatchedaplan:Shewouldtakehersavingsandstudymusicforayear,thenopenapart-timelawpracticesoshecouldpursueherpassion.Beforehermotherpassedawaytwoyearslater,sheencouragedShaitofollowherdream. In2023,ShaimovedtoNashvilletotrysingingandsongwriting.Adecadepresentingcasesincourtgavehertheconfidencetosingforacrowd.“At20,Iwouldnothavebeensoconfidenttoperform,〞saysShai.HersongLiveThisLifeisinspiredbyhermom(youcanhearitatShaiLittlejohn),andherdadcomestohearherperformatclubs.Shealsosingsatweddingsandspecialevents. “Doingmusicissofree,〞Shaisays.“There’snopressuretobeastar.Success,tome,isn’tadollaramountorarecorddeal;itisdoingwhatIlove.Iamtryingsomethingnew,soIdon’texpecttodoitperfectly.I’mlearning,andmistakesareanaturalpartoflearning.24．WhatdoweknowaboutShaiaccordingtothetext?A.Shaifoundherworkinterestingbeforeshequit.B.OneofShai’ssongsgotitsinspirationfromhermother.C.Shaiworkedasalawyernolongeraftershebeganhercareerinmusic.D.Shai’sfatherencouragedhertostudymusicandwenttoseeherperformancesregularly25．Accordingtothetext,what’sthemostimportantreasonforShai’squittingherjob?A.Shefoundworkingasalawyerwasboring.B.Shegotlittlemoneyfromherpreviouswork.C.Hermotherencouragedhertoachieveherdream.D.Theconstantflyingandhermother’sillnessmadehertired.26．WhichofthefollowingsayingscanbeusedtodescribethestoryofShai?A.Agoodbeginningishalfdone.B.Wherethereisawillthereisaway.C.Abirdinthehandisworthtwointhebush.D.Giveyourselfpermissiontofailanddoyourlikes.27．WhatcanwelearnfromwhatShaisaidinthelastparagraph?A.Earningmoneyandrecordingasongmeansgreatsuccess.B.Shelikesmakingmistakesandtriessomethingnewallthetime.C.Shewantstobeastarandbeingastargivesheralargepressure.D.Shedoesn’texpectsomethingperfectanddoeslikewhatshelikes.CWhyisitthatwhendogsdrink,waterseemstogoeverywhere?Whenmydogdrinksfromherbowl,thereisnoquestion,waterwillenduponthefloor.Itlookslikea

sloppy,unorganizedwaytogetagooddrinkofwater.ResearchersatVirginiaItturnsoutthatneitherdogs,norcats,haveafullsetofcheeks.Thismeanstheycannotcreatesuction(吮吸)todrink,likehumansorelephantsandhorses.Dogslap,ortakeup,thewaterwiththeirtonguescurledbackward.Astheylap,theymovetheirtonguesveryquicklytobuildup

momentum〔動量〕.Thatforcesthewaterintoacolumn〔柱〕andupintotheirmouths.TheVirginiaTechresearchersfilmed19dogsofdifferentsizesandbreedsastheydrankwater.Theycreateddifferentlaboratorymodelstomeasuretonguemotion,andtheamountsofwatertakenin.Usingthedatafromtheseexperiments,theresearcherswereabletomakeamodelthatshowshowadogdrinkswater.Theresearcherssaidthatsincethemouthsofdogsandcatsarestructurednearlythesameway,theythoughttheywoulddrinkwaterthesameway,too.Buthereisasurprise.Thestudiesshowedeachfamilyofanimalshasitsownspecialdrinkingmethod.“Weknowcatsanddogsarequitedifferentintermsofbehaviorandcharacter,〞saidSunghwan“Sunny〞Jung,astudyauthorandanassociateprofessorofbiomedicalengineeringandmechanicsatVirginiaTech.“Butbeforewedidfundamentalstudiesofhowtheseanimalsdrinkfluids,ourguesswasthatdogsandcatsdrinkaboutthesameway.Insteadwefoundoutthatdogsdrinkquitedifferentlyfromcats,〞hesaid.Whatisthedifference?Dogsmustquicklymovetheirtonguesdownintothewaterusingmomentumtobringthewaterupandintotheirmouths.Catsdon'tbendtheirtonguestodrinklikedogs.Catsuselessmomentumandamoregentleaction.Theyjustskim,orbarelytouch,thesurfaceofthewatertodrinkit.“Catstendbeviewedasneater,dogsaremessier,butdogsreallyhavetoacceleratetheirtongues〞tomakegooduseofthewaythefluidcolumnworks,〞saidresearcherSeanGart,aVirginiaTechgraduatestudent.28．Whichcanbethebesttitleforthispassage?A．DifferentdrinkingmethodsbetweendogsandcatsB．Dogsaremessierthancats.C．Howdodogsdrinkwater?D．Howdocatsdrinkwater?29．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sloppy〞meaninthefirstparagraph?A．CleanB.SlowC.UnhappyD.Untidy30．Howdodogsdrinkwater?A．Theycandrinkbysuckinglikehumans,elephantsorhostess.B．Theyquicklymovetheirtonguesdownintothewaterusingmomentumtobringthewaterupandintotheirmouths.C．Theybendtheirtonguesanddonotnecessarilyusemuchmomentum.D．Theydrinkinacleanandorganizedway.31．Whichofthefollowingisright?A．Sincethemouthsofdogsandcatsarestructurednearlythesameway,theydrinkwaterthesameway,too.B．Catsusemoremomentumthandogstobringthewaterupandintotheirmouths.C．Theresearchershadthoughtdogsandcatsdrinkinthesameway.Buttheywerewrong.D．Catsneedtoacceleratetheirtongues.DOurcharacter,basically,ismadeupofourhabits."Sowathought,reapanaction;sowanaction,reapahabit;sowahabit,reapacharacter;sowacharacter,reapadestiny(命運),"asthesayinggoes.

Habitsarepowerfulfactorsinourlives.Becausetheyare

oftenunconsciouspatterns,theyconstantlydailyaffectourcharacterandproduceoureffectivenessorineffectiveness.

AsHoraceMann,thegreateducator,oncesaid,"Habitsarelikeacable.Weweavearopeofit

everydayandsoonitcannotbebroken."Ipersonallydonotagreewiththelastpartofhisexpression.Iknowhabitscanbelearnedandunlearned.Butwealsoknow

it

isn'taquickfix.Itinvolvesaprocessandatremendouseffort.

ThoseofuswhowatchedthelunarvoyageofApollo11wereshockedaswesawthefirstmen

walkonthemoonandreturntoearth.Buttogetthere,thoseastronautshadtobreakoutofthetremendousgravitypulloftheearth.Moreenergywasspentinthefirstfewminutesoflift-off,inthefirstfewmilesoftravel,thanwasusedoverthenextseveraldaystotravelhalfmillionmiles.

Habits,too,havetremendousgravitypull.However,mostpeopledon’trealizeoradmitit.Gettingridofbadhabitsreallyrequiresgreatwillpowerandsomechangesinourlives.Lift-offtakestremendouseffort,butoncewebreakoutofthepullofgravity,wecanenjoyunprecedented(空前的)freedom.Likeanynaturalforce,gravitypullcanworkwithusoragainstus.Thegravitypullofsomeofour

habitsmaycurrentlybekeepingusfromgoingwherewewanttogo.Butitisalsogravitypullthatkeeps

ourworldtogetherandkeepstheplanetsintheirorbitsandouruniverseinorder.Itisapowerfulforce,andifweuseiteffectively,wecanusethegravitypullofhabittocreatetheordernecessarytoestablisheffectivenessinourlives.32．Whydidtheauthorquotethesayinginthefirstparagraph?A．Toshowtheauthorwasawiseman.B．Tosupporttheauthor’sopinionaboutthehabit.C．Becauseagreateducatoraskedtheauthortodoit.D．Becausetheauthorlikedtheoldsayingverymuch.33．Whydoestheauthorsayhabitshavepowerfuleffectsonourlives?A．Becausehabitscanconstantlyaffectoutcharacter.B．Becausehabitscanbelearnedandunlearned.C．Becauseyoucanreapacharacterbysowingahabit.D．Becauseahabitislikeacableandusefultoourlife.34．Whatdoesthewritermeanbyreferringtogravitypull?A．Riddingbadhabitsneedsgreatwillpower.B．Breakingthegravitypullmeansenjoyingfreedom.C．Toprovethatthehabitscanworkwithusoragainstus.D．Thegravitypullisveryimportantinourlives35．Whichcanbethebesttitleforthispassage?A．FormingagoodcharacterisimportantB．TheimportanceofthepullofgravityC．Effectivenessdependsonhabits.D．Thepowerfulfactorsofhabits第二節(jié)〔共5小題；每題2分，總分值10分〕HowtoadaptyourselftocollegelifeThereareobviousdifferencesbetweenhighschoolandcollegelife.First,collegestudentswillliveinthedormitorywithclassmateswhocomefromvariousplaces,andwhomayhavedifferentlivinghabits.Second,collegeteachers,insteadofexplainingindetailhowtosolveeveryproblem,mightonlytelldifferentapproachestotheproblem,andleavestudentstostudyandsolveproblemsindependently.36.___________________.37._______________.Firstofall,heshouldlearntobetolerantandconsidermoreforothers,whichisnecessaryforgroupliving.Moreover,heshouldtakeactivepartincollectiveactivitiesandmakemorecommunicationwithclassmatesandteachers.38._____________.Besides,astostudy,heshoulddevelopagoodhabitofself-teachingandlearntoarrangestudyindependently.39._______________.However,theyallhavetoacceptconstantchallengesofnewthingsintheirlife.Toconclude,collegestudentsshouldtrytoadaptthemselvestocollegelifeassoonaspossible.40._______________.A．Finally,incollege,thereismorefreetimeforstudentstospendon.B．Ofcourse,itmaytakeafreshmansomewhiletobecomeaccustomedtothestudyandlifeincollege.C．Third,studentsincollegeorinhighschoolallgetalongwellwiththeirteachers.D．However,howshouldacollegefreshmanadapthimselftothesedifferences?E．Inthatcase,theycantakefulladvantagesoftheirpreciouscollegetime.F．Itwillhelphimbesmoothlyintegratedwithhisnewenvironment.G．Itwillhelpcollegestudentstohaveoveralldevelopment.第三局部：英語知識運用(共兩節(jié)，總分值45分)

第一節(jié)：完形填空(共20小題，每題.1.5分,總分值30分)閱讀下面短文。從短文后各題所給的四個選項〔A、B、C和D〕中，選出可以填入空白處的最正確選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。WhenIwassevenyearsold,welivedinabighousealongtheOhioRiverinNewRichmond,Ohio.AllthatLateinDecembertheheavyrainscame.Whenthewaterbegantorise42_,myparentsmadeplans43__thewatershoulddestroyourpossessions.Mymotherdecidedshewouldstoreourbooksandherfinechinainasmallroomupstairs.Thechinapasseddownfrommymother’smotherhada44design,withagoldrimandabandofroses.Asshepackedthechinawithgreat45,shesaidtome,“Youmusttreasurethethingsthatpeopleyoulovehavecherished.Itkeepsyouintouchwiththem.Ididn'tunderstand,46_I'dneverownedanythingIcaredabout. Our47wastomoveupstairsiftheriverreachedtheseventhofthestepsthatledtothefrontporch(門廊).Theonethingwewouldnotdowasleavethehouse.Myfather,thetown'sonlydoctor,hadtobewhere__48__peoplecouldfindhim.Icheckedontheriver'sriseseveraltimesadayandlivedinastateofhopeful49thatthewaterwouldclimballthewayuptothehouse.Itdidnotdisappoint._50,theseventhstepwasreached.Weworkedfordayscarryingthingsupstairs,until,lateoneafternoon,thewaterrushedintothehouse.Motherwas51,Icouldtell,aboutwhatwouldhappentous. OnenightverylateIwas52byaterriblenoise.Ijumpedoutofbedandsawthefloorofthesmallroomhadfallenthrough,andallthetreasureswehadtriedtosavewerenowonthefirstfloor,53therisingriver. Motherhadbeen54.Butthatnightshesatonthetopofthestairswithherheadonhercrossedarmsandcried.IhadneverseenherlikethatandIwantedtohelpher,butIcouldn'tthinkofwhatIcouldpossiblydo.IjustknewIhadto_55_something. Thenextmorning,afterbreakfast,Irowedaboataroundthedownstairs.Itwasrightthen______56_Igottheidea.Imadeahookandcarefullyfastenedittoaline.ThenIletitsinkandbeganto57itslowlybackandforth.Ispentthenexthourorsomovingtheboatanddraggingmyline--hopingtofindmymother's58treasure.Buttimeaftertimethelinecameupempty.JustasImadethelastturn,Ihookedsomething. __59mybreath,Islowlyraisedmycatchtothesurface.Itwasmymother’schina.WhenIshowedittomymother,shetookitinherhandsandhelditforalongtime.Nowthechinaisatreasurethatconnectsmetothepeopleandtheplacesofmypast.Thatlittleobject,60withage,keepsmeintouch--justasmothersaiditwould--withherlife,herjoyandherlove.41.A.protected B.separatedC.kept D.banned42.A.steadily B.frequentlyC.constantly D.usually43.A.nowthat B.asifC.evenif D.incase44.A.delicate

B.fragileC.slight D.fashionable45.A.concernB.care C.astonishmentD.fear46.A.whenB.if C.thoughD.since47.A.aim

B.plan C.promise D.ambition48.A.considerateB.modest C.desperate D.sick49.A.admissionB.alarmC.awe D.argument50.A.FinallyB.SuddenlyC.FortunatelyD.Surprising51.A.particularB.crazy C.worried D.curious52.A.delightedB.excited C.astonished D.awakened53.A.onB.in C.under

D.along54.A.strictB.cautious C.outgoing D.brave55.A.putupwithB.comeupwith C.lookforwardtoD.lookdownupon56.A.thatB.when C.whereD.how57.A.drop

B.draw C.dragD.drive58.A.hiddenB.huntedC.lostD.buried59.A.HoldingB.CatchingC.LosingD.Taking60.A.brokenB.transformedC.wornD.weakened第II卷考前須知：用0.5毫米黑色筆跡的簽字筆將答案寫在答題卡上。寫在本試卷上無效。第三局部英語知識運用〔共兩節(jié)，總分值45分〕第二節(jié)〔共10小題；每題1.5分，總分值15分〕閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容〔1個單詞或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。Asisknowntousall,peoplewhoareaddictedtosmokingmaybemorelikely61.__________(attack)bylungcancer.Moreover,agreatdeal62._______moneywillbewastedonit.Andduetopeople’sawful63.____________(impress)ofthesmokingpeople,thehabitwilllimitoursocialnetwork,64.________willfinallyleadstoloneliness.Althoughitishard65.________(resist)thetemptationofsmoking,weshouldspare66._________efforttotakemeasures.Firstly,weshould67._______(strong)ourwillpower.Secondly,somesubstitutions(替代品)mayhelpaswell.What’smore,68._______youreallycouldn’tquitsmoking,askingdoctorsformedicalhelpisalso69.________beneficialchoice.AndIthinkwe70._________(defeat)smokingwithourunyieldingstruggleandunwaveringdetermination.第四局部：寫作(共兩節(jié),總分值35分) ：短文改錯(共10分;每題1分,總分值10分)假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請你修改你同桌寫的以下短文。短文中共有10處錯誤，每句中最多有兩處。錯誤涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改。增加：在缺詞處加一個漏字符號(∧),并在此符號下面寫出該加的詞。刪除：把余外的詞用斜線〔＼〕劃掉。修改：在錯的詞下劃一橫線,并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。注意：1、每處錯誤及其修改均僅限一詞；2、只允許修改10處,多者(從第11處起)不計分。Ikeepacatasmypet.Ilikeherverymuchthatitisconsideredpartofmylife.Ioftenfeedherwhensheishunger.Ifeedhertonotonlyfishbutalsomilkandotherdeliciousfoodsareallnutritious.ItakephotoofherandsendthemtoWechatwhenI'mfree.Shelikesclimbingandjumping.Shecanjumpdownfromhighwallwithoutanyinjure.Iwashheronceaweektokeepherfreefromofdiseases.SometimeswhenI'mnothappysheliedownbymetoaccompanyme.Amusedbyhercuteness,Istopfeelingdepressing.Whatainspiringpet!笫二節(jié)書面表達〔總分值25分〕假設(shè)你是學(xué)生會主席李華。你校將舉辦一次英語演講比賽，希望本校外籍教師James來做評委。請參照以下比賽通知給他發(fā)一封電子郵件。英語演講比賽主題：我與高考時間：3月15日下午2：30～6：00地點：學(xué)校圖書館大廳參賽選手：高三年級每班一名代表歡送大家光臨注意：詞數(shù)100左右。DearJames，_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________