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第一講:對文章的處理:

一.句子

1.順序:先主干,后分支

考研常見主干架構:主謂賓、主系表、主謂

主干中動詞最難找:復合句中,多個謂語動詞,有n個動詞,至少有n+1個動詞

尋找句子主干的方法:

(1)主+that/who+vlv2+賓語

V2是主句動詞,引導詞后第一個動詞一定是從句動詞

引導詞也許被省略:n+n+vl+v2:n+vl是-一個句子,所以省略了that

(2)主語+who+vl+v2+v3+賓語

VI一定不是主句動詞

總結:主句動詞為引導詞后第二個動詞開始,前面不帶連詞的那個謂語動詞

從句從引導詞開始到主句動詞結束

2.節(jié)奏:

(1)可以忽略的

專有名詞:一ist/phy/iogy/ism

小定語:the……n,……的位置是形容詞,不重要(語感就是對下文有所期待,看到the

就要期待一個名詞,再期待一個動詞)

副詞:常規(guī)副詞不重要,但是否定副詞:hardly、seldom,rarely,scarcely都要看成not

(2)真題演練

Theway(peopleholdtothebeliefthatafun-filled,pain-freelifeequalshappinessactually)

reduceswherechancesofeverattainingrealhappiness.

1有hold、equals,reduces三個謂語動詞,由于引導詞后面第個動詞不是主句動詞,所

以hold和equal不是主句動詞,reduces是主句動詞。

2(fun-filled,pain-free)小定語可以省略

3從句從引導詞開始到主句動詞之前結束,()部分看成從句

Itisaninteractivefeaturethat①letsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,titleandsalary,

then②E-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.

1主句謂語動詞是let和e-mail

2關注強調句型

3關注邏輯架構:交互式特點有兩個功能①②,如果題目問interactivefeature的功能是什么,

選項中必須同時出現(xiàn)land2

(3)六大語法現(xiàn)象(用||劈開句子,重新劃分結構)

①并列句:句子1……|land句子2……(先看連詞,再找出動詞,找動詞的目的是為了確

定并列的成分是句子)

②定語從句……||that……

③賓語從句...v||that

④分詞結構:前面劃||

⑤Of:前面劃11

?插入語……B,I……C,I……或者……一I……—I……或者……(……)

(C的部分是插入語,選B不選C)

補充:2006年第二篇第四題

,(RHC94%)

D選項是括號里面的內容,但是()是在一個句子結束后,用于解釋說明,重要信息

正是因為重要,才需要加括號解釋

()的作用類似于whichmeans/inotherword/putinotherway

用六大語法砍開句子后,用設問句,如

Hesaid11n||that

自己問自己:“他說什么呢”“這個n是什么樣子的呢”

(4)句子的處理習慣

①看到并列則標號

②特殊符號要看成整體“”

③讀懂句子的功能而非意思:化繁為簡、方向判斷

真題演練:

Hesays11ourcountry'seducationalsystemisinthegrips||ofpeople||who"joyfully”and

“militantly"proclaimtheir?hostilitytointellectand||②theireagernesstoidentifywith

children||whoshowtheleastintellectualpromise.

1用六大語法砍開句子,并變成設問句:“他說,說什么”“他說我們的教育被掌控,被什么

掌控”“被人掌控,被什么人掌控”

2并列成分標號

3副詞可以省略不看

4方向判斷:showtheleastintellectualpromise”顯示出最少的智力承諾”,雖然不知道是什

么意思,但是知道這些孩子智力低下,是?個負向概念,①和②并列,①是一個負向概念,

②就是一個負向概念,而showtheleastintellectualpromise是一個負向概念,可以推出

identifywith是正向概念

Theseleadersarelivingproof11?thatpreventionworksand②thatwecanmanagethehealth

problems||thatcomenaturallywithage.

Leaders證明了兩件事:①②

翻譯為:這些領導是活生生的證據(jù),這些證據(jù)證明了預防的奏效以及我們可以掌控隨著年齡

的增長而出現(xiàn)的健康問題。

小結:讀句子的重點是邏輯架構(功能)

注意:代詞向前指代,而且符合就近原則

句子中的讓步——轉折結構,后面的轉折部分是重點

Though/despite/inspire(but)(but后面是重點)

Althoughitruledthat||thereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,thecourtin

effectsupportedthemedicalprinciple||of"doubleeffect",acenturies-oldmoralprinciple

holding11thatanactionhaving2effects|—agoedone-tha-t-i&intendedand-a-harfnfalonethatis

foreseen—|ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.

acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingl|thatanactionhaving2effects—agoodonathatis

intendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—|ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegood

effect不僅在but后,而且是同位語,重點

二,全文處理(讀文章結構)

1.重點讀各段主旨句(一般在首或者尾,也可能在轉折詞后面)

區(qū)別主旨和例子:例子有專有名詞、數(shù)字、引號、suchas等

2.多數(shù)人少數(shù)人觀點并存,少數(shù)人正確;新老觀點并存,新觀點正確

整篇閱讀演練

Text2

Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedor

madeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyet

unawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbegin

withaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.

IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccars

whencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.Lesswellknownistheadvantagethat

AdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthe

halvesofthealphabet.Yetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginning

withlettersbetweenAandK.

ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandC

respectively;and26ofGeorgeBush'spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirst

halfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheads

ofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,

Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).Theworld'sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,Duisenbergand

Hayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanese

characters.Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).

Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythe

alphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfant

school,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheir

names.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedthe

improvingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabetically

disadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,

becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.

Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheir

awardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlists

forjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendto

bedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.

第一段

Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormade

illegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,yetunaware-ef

suchadisadvantage,|referstodiscriminationagainstthose)|whosesurnamesbeginwitha

letterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.

首段首句必須仔細看,但是本文的第一句不是重點:Overthepastcentury是老觀點,不重要。

unfairnessanddiscrimination是由and連接的兩個并列成分,看懂一個即可,unfairness前面

有否定前綴,判斷出其負向即可。But后面是重點,“:”后面是解釋說明,所以alphabetism

是重點。This,……,refert。中間部分是插入語,可以省略。最后壓縮信息:字母表主義的

內容。

第二段:Ithaslongbeenknown11thatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageover

Zodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.Lesswellknownisthe

advantagethat11AdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenly

spreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.Yetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehave

surnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.

第一句ithaslongbeenknown不重要,因為是老觀點。第二句Lesswellknown重要,是少數(shù)

人觀點。最后一句yet后面是重點,其中suspiciously不重要,副詞中只有四個詞重要。

壓縮信息為:1名字的重要性鮮為人知2牛人的名字開頭都在字母表前排。

第三段:ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandC

respectively;and26ofGeorgeBush'spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirst

halfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheads

ofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair;Bush,

Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).Theworld'sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,Duisenbergand

Hayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanese

characters.Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).

第三段的內容是第二段最后一句的例子,所以要重組文章結構,在第二段yet前面劃大的雙

豎線,yet后面的句子是第三段的主旨句,因為第三段都是例子(大寫字母)。

第四段:Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,|dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedby

thealphabeticallydisadvantaged,|isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearin

infantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremember

theirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedthe

improvingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabetically

disadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,

becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.

第一句this要關注,句首代詞是重點,向前指代符合就近原則,指代上一段。第一句是問句,

有問必有答,答案通常是重點,而且回答不是肯定就是否定。。netheory,|dreamtupinallthe

sparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,|isthattherotsetsinearly.匚口間的插入

語不用看,化簡為繁:這句話二no。yet后面是重點Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,

becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.如看不

懂qualifications是什么意思,可以通過because后面的解釋來猜測。通過worse有,個負向

的判斷。壓縮信息為:為什么牛人的名字首字母靠前。

第五段:Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlyget

theirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.①

Shortlistsforjobinterviews,@electionballotpapers,③listsofconferencespeakersand

attendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyplough

throughthem.

Humiliation可以判斷為負向:用邏輯聯(lián)系來判斷,上一段是負向,這句話是承繼關系。后面

都是例子,看到大寫字母花圈(用圓圈表示例子)。最后一句中“:”是重點(解釋說明),

而且all用于總結三個編號的內容。

46.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?

[A]Akindofoverlookedinequality.

[B]Atypeofconspicuousbias.

[C]Atypeofpersonalprejudice.

[D]Akindofbranddiscrimination.

關鍵詞是AAAAcarsandZodiaccars,定位到第二段,后面少數(shù)人的觀點是重點Lesswell

knownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman.,選A

47.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?

[A]InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess.

[B]ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoeZysman.

[C]Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies'names.

[D]Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize.

通過infer轉化為細節(jié)題,由firstthreeparagraphs,可以判斷是前三段的主旨大意題,B涉

及細節(jié)所以排除,A只在第三段提到,C無中生有,選擇D

48.The4thparagraphsuggeststhat.

[A]questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents

[B]alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclass

[C]teachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudents

[D]studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight

座位、逃課和排座都是細節(jié)內容,非文章重點,而C選項是與文章反向相關,文章說有歧視,

C選項說不應該有歧視。

50.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

[A]PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated.

[B]VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism.

[C]Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytogo.

[D]Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalbias.

B中VIP利C中的campaign文章沒提,AD中能判斷出D肯定正確。

第二講:對題目的處理

一.態(tài)度題

1.識別:題干有attitude,towards…tone,選項比較短

2.分類:

題干:主體和客體

主體:發(fā)出態(tài)度的人

客體:對……的態(tài)度

第一類全文態(tài)度題主體:author客體:文章主題

第二類局部態(tài)度題主體:author客體:非主題

第三類局部態(tài)度題主體:其他人客體:非主題

第四類局部態(tài)度題主體:其他人客體:文章主題

3.做法

全文態(tài)度題:

(1)可以排除選項的詞匯

①冷漠類詞匯出現(xiàn)必錯:indifferent(漠不關心)如果作者對主題無所謂的態(tài)度,就沒有寫

文章的必要。除此之外還有careless,disinterestedin等

②萬能類選項出現(xiàn)也錯:concerned、interestedin等:關注?件事情對于任何文章都對,,

跟沒考一樣,所以是錯的。

③迷惑類詞匯:confused、puzzled、questionable、gloomy

④主觀類詞匯:subjective、scare,fear>partial、biased等:不了解就帶有一個先天的情感

盲目的情感。

⑤妥協(xié)類詞匯:compromise>tolerate:作者不會對主題妥協(xié)

⑥中立類詞匯:neutral出現(xiàn)就錯

(2)可能正確的詞匯:正面負面或者中立的評價,中立是傾向于正面的中立。

中立:objectiveAimpartial、neutral

正面:approvespositive

(3)解題步驟

①排除選項:第一輪排除必錯選項,第二輪排除相近選項(方向選項)

②尋找態(tài)度的指向對象(主題),并判斷其性質

a.如果該性質和倫理道德一致,則優(yōu)先選擇正面評價

b.如果該性質和倫理道德相反,則優(yōu)先選擇負面評價

c.如果該性質和倫理道德無關或者關系尚未形成,則優(yōu)先選擇中立評價

“無關”指技術或者專業(yè)類話題

“尚未形成”指前沿話題,正在被討論

③Opt:由于此題一般放于最后一題做,所以可以根據(jù)文章來選擇

正確選項出現(xiàn)的概率:中性〉正面》負面

真題演練:

1997年passagel:Theauthor'sattitudetowardseuthanasiaseemstobethatof

A.appositionB.suspicionC.approvalD.indifference

排除B(迷惑類)D(冷漠類)選擇C(正面評價)

1997年passage4:Thepassageshowsthattheauthoristhepresentsituation.

[A]criticalof

[B]puzzledby

[C]disappointedat

[D]amazedat

B為迷惑類詞匯,排除;ACD都是主觀類,所以無法判斷,AC是相近選項可以排除。

1998年passage3:Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheissueof“sciencevs.anti-sciencewis

[A]impartial

[B]subjective

[C]biased

[D]puzzling

排除B(主觀類)C(主觀類)D(迷惑類)

1999年passagel:Theauthor'sattitudetowardstheissueseemstobe.

[A]biased

[B]indifferent

[C]puzzling

[D]objective

排除A(主觀類)B(冷漠類)C(迷惑類)

2001年passage4:Towardthenewbusinesswave,thewriter'sattitudecanbesaidtobe

[A]optimistic

[B]objective

[C]pessimistic

[D]biased

D是主觀類排除,第二步由newbusinesswave可以判斷為專'1/類話題,選B

2002年passages:Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems.

[A]optimistic

[B]sensitive

[C]gloomy

[D]scared

C(迷惑類)D(主觀類)排除,A屬于可能正確的類別而B不屬于,所以選A,而且B屬于

萬能類選項

局部態(tài)度題(新趨勢,高難度):

步驟:

(1)定位找到出題句,定位詞不要用主題和作者本人

(2)細讀出題句及其上下句,尋找?guī)в懈星樯实脑~或者短語。感情色彩的詞:主體的動

詞和形容詞

(3)選擇最接近的選項

真題演練

2003年passage3:Whatismanycaptiveshippers'attitudetowardstheconsolidationinthe

railindustry?

[A]Indifferent.

[B]Supportive.

[C]Indignant.

[D]Apprehensive.

captiveshippers非作者,可以判斷為局部態(tài)度題,而consolidationintherailindustry是主題,

所以用非作者定位,定位到第五段:Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbe

hitwitharoundofhugerateincreases,worry是captiveshippers發(fā)生的動作,選

擇D

2003年passage4:Theauthor'sattitudetowardRichardLamm'sremarkisoneof.

[A]strongdisapproval

[B]reservedconsent

[C]slightcontempt

[D]enthusiasticsupport

作者對非主題的態(tài)度,定位到第三段FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquoted

assayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway,“sothatyounger,

healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential._h——句和這——句者B沒有作者,下——句Iwouldnotgo

thatfar有作者,動詞是go,形容詞是notthatfar,即同意了但是程度小。選擇B

2004年passages:Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation?

[A]Optimistic.

[B]Confused.

[C]Carefree.

[D]Panicked.

非作者對主題:川非作者作為定位詞。定位到第二段最后一句Consumersseemonlymildly

concerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy'slong-term

prospects,evenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.可以選擇A

2004今三passage4:TheviewsofRavitchandEmersononschoolingare.

[A]identical

[B]similar

[C]complementary

[D]opposite

定位到第二段:"Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthan

intellectual/sayseducationwriterDianeRavitch."'Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance/'Ravitch's

latestbook,LeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-intellectualism

inourschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistastefor

intellectualpursuits.

以及第五段RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschooling

andrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:"\Neareshutupinschoolsand

collegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddo

notknowathing/MarkTwain'sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Its

heroavoidsbeingcivilized-goingtoschoolandlearningtoread-sohecanpreservehisinnate

goodness.

R認為學校不應該anti-intellectualism,而E認為schoolingandrigorousbooklearningput

unnaturalrestraintsonchildren,即anti-intellectualism,所以選擇D

二.主旨題

1.識別:

(1)"中心思想"what'sthepassagemainlyabout?

(2)標題:title/topic/subject

(3)目的:purpose

其中(1)(2)為主旨題第?類,(3)為主旨題第二類

2.做法

第一類做法:

(1)簡單方法:如果文章開頭以?個問題開頭(第一段的首位),則問題的回答就是主旨,

這種回答指的是邏輯上的對應

(2)常規(guī)方法

a.處理文章:①讀全文②各段主旨句

b.處理選項:①“中心詞”必須出現(xiàn)②細節(jié)內容不出現(xiàn)③無關內容不出現(xiàn)

中心詞:在各段首位頻繁重復的部分,可能有多個,用三角形來畫出來。

做題符號總結

用雙豎線來跟蹤六大語法

用大雙豎線來重組文章結構

用五角星來劃出重點詞語

用圓圈劃出來非重點(例子)

用三角形劃出中心詞

無關內容:例子:文章三大段,第一段說空氣污染,第二段說空氣污染的來源,第三段說空

氣污染的整治。如果一個主旨題的某一選項是:一氧化碳在空氣污染中的作用。

只要在主旨句中不曾提到,要么是細節(jié),要么是無關內容。(②細節(jié)內容不出現(xiàn)③無關內容

不出現(xiàn),這兩個原則往往同時應用)

(3)終極方案:去同存異,比較強調重點

迷惑選項:兩個選項同時出現(xiàn)了讓你接受的內容

B選項:口△O

C選項:▽。口

去同:把口。去掉

如果△在文中提過,而▽沒提過或者

△在文中提過五次,而▽提過兩次,則選擇B

真題演練:

1998年passages

70.Thepassageismainlyabout.

[A]thefeaturesofvolcanicactivities

[B]theimportanceofthetheoryaboutdriftingplates

[C]thesignificanceofhotspotsingeophysicalstudies

[D]theprocessoftheformationofvolcanoes

方法一:hotspots是中心詞,只能選擇C

方法二:讀各段首尾句

第一段首句:為hotspots卜,定義。尾句:milestones=important

第二段:例子

第三段:首句:尾句:能解釋一個東西

significanceofhotspotsohotspot

綜上推出兩個中心詞:hotspot和significant,選擇C

1998年passagel

54.Whattheauthortriestosuggestmaybestbeinterpretedas.

[A]"It'snousecryingoverspiltmilk"

[B]"Morehaste,lessspeed”

[C]"Lookbeforeyouleap”

[D]"Hewholaughslastlaughsbest"

第一段首句:dam是中心詞。尾句:dam和harm是中心詞

最后一段首句:dam和theseconflicts是中心詞,其中these指代前文內容

選擇C(三四而后行)

1996年passage4

66.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe.

[A]InventiveMind

[B]EffectiveSchooling

[C]WaysofThinking

[D]OutpouringofInventions

D第一句是問句,則回答就是主旨,選項D是問題而不是回答,所以排除。BC選項都是細

節(jié),所以排除

1997年passage4

66.Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe.

[A]ACompanyunderFire

[B]ADebateonMoralDecline

[C]ALawfulOutletofStreetCulture

[D]AFormofCreativeFreedom

第一段最后involvedissuesof?responsibility,?creativefreedomandthe③corporate

bottomline.是三個并列細節(jié),所以排除D。B選項中的MoralDecline是細節(jié)內容,所以排除。

C選擇要么是細節(jié),要么是無關內容,排除。Company在文中反復出現(xiàn),所以選擇A

2000年passage2

58.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

[A]SexRatioChangesinHumanEvolution

[B]WaysofContinuingMan'sEvolution

[C]TheEvolutionaryFutureofNature

[D]HumanEvolutionGoingNowhere

第一段最后Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenes,one

moreagentofevolutionhasgone.中心詞是evolution和gone

最后一段第——句Forus,thismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.中/心

詞是evolution和over,選擇D

主旨題第二類:目的題

(1)分類:

全文寫作目的題:第一類主旨題的做法

局部寫作目的題比細節(jié)題

(2)局部寫作目的題的做法

第一步:定位找到出題句,定位見細節(jié)題

第二步:細讀出題句及其輔助句

若出題句為段落首句,則輔助句是該段其他句子

若出題句為中間句,則輔助句為上下各一句

若出題句為段尾句,則輔助句為上一句

第三步:選擇最接近選項

(3)真題演練

1999年passages

67.TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewtonthat.

[A]inquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificexperiments

[B]scienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesareconducted

[C]scientistsseldomforgettheessentialnatureofresearch

[D]unpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientificresearch

IsaacNewton在第——段第二句出現(xiàn)Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsit

preparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaac

Newtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.讀其上下句,上句就是答案,

選擇A

1998年passage2

57.Theauthorraisesthequestion“whataboutpainwithoutgain?”because.

[A]hequestionsthetruthof〃nogainwithoutpain”

[B]hedoesnotthinktheproductivityrevolutionworks

[C]hewondersiftheofficialstatisticsaremisleading

[D]hehasconclusiveevidencefortherevivalofbusinesses

定位至I」第——段Well,nogainwithoutpain,theysay.Butwhataboutpainwithoutgain?

EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishis

whethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal.

出題句在第二句,讀第一段,通過tales,hardertoisforreal等來選擇B。

三.細節(jié)題比例為70%—90%對重要事實和細節(jié)進行考察

步驟

1.定位(從題目到選項,而不單單是提目)

(1)題干有專有名詞(有大寫)

(2)題干有數(shù)字,但有時不直接給出(1989=attheendofthisdecade)

(3)引號,直接引語,是對文章的直接引用

(4)模糊定位,利用題干的意思而非字面的意思完成定位

Accordingtotheauthor;whatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthemoraldeclineofJapanese

society?

定位詞:moraldecline

(5)利用選項的暗示,看選項有沒有字面上的重復

Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor?

[A]Japaneseeducationispraisedforhelpingtheyoungclimbthesocialladder.

[B]Japaneseeducationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellascreativity.

[C]Morestressshouldbeplacedonthecultivationofcreativity.

[D]Droppingoutleadstofrustrationagainsttesttaking.

AB選項Japaneseeducation重復

(6)題干選項都找不到定位詞的時候,利用順序原則

上述六個步驟歸納為審題123原則,1審題干(1、2、3、4步),2掃選項,3

看順序

2.閱讀出題句及其輔助句

出題句如果是段落首句,則輔助句為全段

出題句如果是段落中間句,則輔助句為上下句

出題句如果是段落尾句,則輔助句為往上一句

3.處理選項

正確選項的特征:同義替換:內容一致而形式不一致

如果兩個選項無法排除,前者不但意思與原文一致,而且形式也一-致;后者形

式不一樣,而意思似乎與原文差不多,則選擇后者,前者是迷惑選項

InLine8,Paragraph1,“thedesireofindividualstomaximizetheir

incomes“means.

[A]Americansareneversatisfiedwiththeirincomes

[B]Americanstendtooverstatetheirincomes

[C]Americanswanttohavetheirincomesincreased

[D]Americanswanttoincreasethepurchasingpoweroftheirincomes

A選項中有never,屬于絕對選項,排除;B選項overstate與maximize不一

致,排除;C和D選項不好排除,但因為D選項與原文是同義詞替換,所以選D

同義替換的三種表現(xiàn):

(1)同義詞替換:xisakeyof...=xiscritical(批判的,關鍵的)

(2)語言簡化

Text5

Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivity

knowntogeologistsashotspots.UnlikemostoftheworldJsvolcanoes,theyarenotalways

foundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth?ssurface;onthe

contrary,manyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowly,

andinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.The

hotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates.

Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmerica,forexample,are

movingawayfromeachotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.The

complementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanare

remindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplates

carryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetail,butthemotionofoneplatewith

respecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth'sinterior.It

isnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsor

whetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspots,anchoredin

thedeeperlayersoftheearth,providethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethe

question.Fromananalysisofthehot-spotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateis

stationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears.

Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnow

appearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropelthe

platesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecometorestoverahotspot,thematerialrising

fromdeeperlayerscreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrows,itdevelopsdeepfissures(cracks);

inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissures,sothatthe

hotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthe

mobilityofthecontinents,sohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutability(inconstancy).

68.ThatAfricaandSouthAmericawereoncejoinedcanbededucedfromthefactthat

[A]thetwocontinentsarestillmovinginoppositedirections

[B]theyhavebeenfoundtosharecertaingeologicalfeatures

[C]theAfricanplatehasbeenstablefor30millionyears

[D]over100hotspotsarescatteredallaroundtheglobe

定位詞是AfricaandSouthAmerica和joined,定位到文章第二段第二句,其輔助句為第一三

第三句complementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeature出現(xiàn)and,把and連接的兩個

并歹!J成分標號complementarycoastlines?andcertaingeologicalfeature?

B選項certaingeologicalfeatures既包括①也包括②,為語言的簡化

(3)正話反說

如:

廣告控制了人們的購買動機

人們的購買動機被廣告控制了

Theyneverdoubtthat

Theybelieved

甲乙丙智商差不多

甲不比乙丙更好

錯誤選項的特征

(1)混(偷換概念)a形容b,c形容d,則a形容d就為錯

(2)反:和文章相反:

多數(shù)人認為死刑應該被廢除,少數(shù)人認為死刑應該被保留,作者如何看待死刑問題A

應該被廢除B應該被保留

應該選B

(3)無(無中生有):

一直以來我們認為長得漂亮是優(yōu)勢……然而在管理層卻不是這樣……

作者的目的是什么:A論述長的漂亮的負面影響B(tài)呼吁公眾公平看待女士外表

B選項雖然是合理推斷,但是不能把推斷選項作為正確選項

(4)偏

①以偏概全

②細節(jié)錯位

ThatAfricaandSouthAmericawereoncejoinedcanbededucedfromthefactthat.

[A]thetwocontinentsarestillmovinginoppositedirections

[B]theyhavebeenfoundtosharecertaingeologicalfeatures

[C]theAfricanplatehasbeenstablefor30millionyears

[D]over100hotspotsarescatteredallaroundtheglobe

A選項為細節(jié)錯位

③避重就輕

篇章實例

Text2

AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,and

helpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair;thisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeof

CanadaandCanadians,andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare,ofcourse,

exceptions.Small-mindedofficials,rudewaiters,andill-manneredtaxidriversarehardly

unknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.

Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry,atravelerwasawelcomebreak

inanotherwise

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