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Grammar

數(shù)詞(Numeral)一、數(shù)詞的概念及分類表示數(shù)目多少或順序先后的詞;1.其中基數(shù)詞、小數(shù)、分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)表示數(shù)目或數(shù)量的多少;

序數(shù)詞表示順序或等級(jí);2.在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語、定語和同位語;二、數(shù)詞的用法1.基數(shù)詞1)構(gòu)成:①

1-12為基礎(chǔ)詞,13-19都以后綴-teen結(jié)尾;

thirteen,fifteen,eighteen

特殊②

20-90的整十?dāng)?shù)都以后綴-ty結(jié)尾;表示“幾十幾”時(shí),在幾十和個(gè)位基數(shù)詞之間添加連字符“-”;23讀作twenty-three75讀作seventy-five③

三位數(shù)由“數(shù)字+hundred+and+末尾數(shù)”構(gòu)成;101讀作ahundredandone320讀作threehundredandtwenty648讀作sixhundredandforty-eight④

千位數(shù)以上的數(shù)字構(gòu)成:從數(shù)字的右端向左端數(shù)起,

每三位數(shù)作為一個(gè)單位,分別為thousand,million和billion;在

每一個(gè)單位內(nèi),按三位數(shù)的構(gòu)成拼寫,中間用逗號(hào)分開;2,648讀作twothousandsixhundredandfortyeight15,250,264讀作fifteenmilliontwohundredandfiftythousandtwohundredandsixty-four7,237,166,234讀作sevenbillion,twohundredandthirty-sevenmillion,onehundredandsixty-sixthousand,twohundredandthirty-four2)句法功能:①作主語:ThreeexplodedonLondonUndergroundLinesandanotheronabus.

注意:應(yīng)盡量避免句首使用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字②作賓語:Whenangry,counttenbeforeyouspeak;ifveryangrycountahundred.③作定語:Fourgeneralsandfoursoldiersrepresentanarmyofthousands.④作表語:I’msixty-seven,butnottoooldtomakeafreshstart.⑤作同位語:TheyfourwentoutforapicniclastSunday.3)特殊用法:①當(dāng)

hundred,thousand,million等前有具體數(shù)字\several\afew

修飾時(shí),表示確指概念,詞尾一般不加-s——無s無of;Thereare

five

hundredpeopleinthecompany.②當(dāng)

hundred,thousand,million表示概指時(shí),其詞尾要加-s,

且與of連用;

其前不能用具體數(shù)字修飾時(shí),但可被many\several\a

few等修飾—有s有of;

Therearebillions

ofstarsinthesky.③a.dozen與數(shù)詞\many\several等連用時(shí),無s無of;b.若其前所修飾的名詞有these,those等限定詞,其后必須加of;

c.當(dāng)dozen修飾代詞時(shí),其后必須加of;d.表示“幾十,許多”時(shí),使用dozensof;I’vebeentheredozens

oftimes.④

score前面有具體數(shù)字時(shí),一般不用復(fù)數(shù)形式,常與of短語連用;

scoresof表示“幾十,許多”;

Threescore

of

peoplearegirls.2.序數(shù)詞1)構(gòu)成:序數(shù)詞除了開頭的3個(gè)詞(first,second,third)有獨(dú)特的形式外;其他的詞都是在基數(shù)詞詞尾加-th構(gòu)成的;MyfirstimpressionofLondonisrainyandfoggyandpeoplewithumbrella.

注意:序數(shù)詞前用定冠詞,但用作副詞時(shí)前面不用冠詞2)句法功能①作主語:Thefirstisnogood,thesecondwasevenworse.②作定語:Firstimpressionarehalfthebattle.③作表語:Youhavetobefirst,bestordifferent.④作賓語:Hechosethesecond.常見的含有序數(shù)詞的習(xí)慣表達(dá):fromfirsttolast從始至終inthe

firstplace第一名secondtonone首屈一指secondnature

第二天性onsecond

thoughts

再考慮

second

best

僅次于最好的

atthe

eleventhhour在最后的時(shí)刻

3.小數(shù)、分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)表示法:1)小數(shù)的表示法:小數(shù)點(diǎn)讀作point,小數(shù)點(diǎn)前按基數(shù)詞讀,小數(shù)點(diǎn)后則需將數(shù)字依次讀出;25.25讀作twenty-fivepointtwofive3.237讀作threepointtwooneseven2)分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法:分?jǐn)?shù)由“基數(shù)詞+序數(shù)詞”構(gòu)成,基數(shù)詞表示分子,序數(shù)詞表示分母,當(dāng)分子大于1時(shí),在序數(shù)詞后面要加-s;

Three-fourthsofitssurfaceoftheearthissea.

注意:帶有整數(shù)的分?jǐn)?shù),在句首不能用數(shù)字表達(dá),整數(shù)與分?jǐn)?shù)之間用and連接;3)百分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法:①百分?jǐn)?shù)由“基數(shù)詞+百分號(hào)”表示,百分號(hào)讀作percent,

也可以用“%”表示,在句首時(shí)則用英語單詞表示;Ninety

percentofthestudentsintheclassarefondofreadingnewspaper.②不到百分之一的百分?jǐn)?shù)可以用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字表達(dá),也可以用單詞表達(dá);0.4%:zeropointfourpercent或0.3%0.25%:one-quarterof1percent或0.25%4.年齡、年份、年代、日期的表達(dá):①

表示“某人多大年齡”:

a.“attheageof+基數(shù)詞”;b.“基數(shù)詞+yearsold”;c.“基數(shù)詞+ofage”;d.直接用基數(shù)詞表示;Attheageoffive,thegirlbegantopracticeplayingthepiano.②

表示“在某人幾十多歲時(shí)”:

“in+one’s+整十的基數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式(如tens,twenties,thirties等)”Shebegantowrotenovelsinhertwenties.③

年份使用基數(shù)詞,先讀前一位或兩位,再讀后兩位;1999讀作nineteenninety-nine1900讀作nineteenhundred2000讀作twothousand1905讀作nineteenzerofive④

表示“在…世紀(jì)…年代”用“in+the+逢十的基數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)”;

基數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)若用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字表示,可直接加-s或-’s;Itisnotrareinthe90sthatpeopleintheirfiftiesaregoingtouniversityforfurthereducation.Sobythe1600’sShakespearewasabletomakeuseofawidervocabularythaneverbefore.⑤

日期表達(dá):年份用基數(shù)詞,日用序數(shù)詞;

2021年7月8日:寫作:July8,1198讀作:Julytheeighth,twentytwenty-one5.編號(hào)表示法:①在通常情況下,表示年級(jí)、班、課、房間等的編號(hào)時(shí)用基數(shù)詞;

習(xí)慣上是名詞在前,基數(shù)詞在后,而且詞首的字母要大寫;

第12號(hào):Number12301房間:Room301②一般編號(hào)用“名詞+基數(shù)詞”表示;

也可以用“the+序數(shù)詞+名詞”表示;

第48頁:Page48/the48thpage

第二部分:thesecondpart/part11③電話號(hào)碼用基數(shù)詞,可以單個(gè)讀,重復(fù)的數(shù)字也可讀“double”,0可讀作

zero或o;④郵政編碼用postcode或zipe

code開頭,再將后面的數(shù)字依次讀出;6.倍數(shù)表示法:1)“A+倍數(shù)+形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)+than+B”結(jié)構(gòu);意為“A比B大(長(zhǎng)、高、寬等)多少倍”;Thishallisfive

times

bigger

than

ourclassroom.2)“A+倍數(shù)+as+形容詞或副詞的原級(jí)+as+B”結(jié)構(gòu);意為“A是B的多少倍”;Theplaneflewtentimesashighasthebike.3)“A+倍數(shù)+thesize/height/length/width,etc.+of+B”結(jié)構(gòu);意為“A是B的多少倍”;Thishillis

fourtimestheheightof

thatsmallone.4)“倍數(shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)(percent)+comparedwith/upon+比較對(duì)象”結(jié)構(gòu);The

numberofvisitorstotheparkinthefirstsixmonthsofthisyearwas

10%upcomparedwithlastyear.二、主謂一致1.語法一致:

語法一致是指主語為單數(shù)形式,謂語也用單數(shù)形式;

主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式,謂語也用復(fù)數(shù)形式;Hisfatheris

workingonthefarm.Swimmingintheseaduringsummerholidays

is

greatfun.2)當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上作主語的單數(shù)名詞用and連接時(shí),

謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;But

anger

andstressare

nothingcomparedtotherealcostsofthemotorcar.3)主語后有with,together

with,along

with,except,besides,as

well

as

等短語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與動(dòng)詞前面的名詞的數(shù)保持一致;The

teacher

withthestudents

isplayingthefootballontheplayground.4)當(dāng)many

a,more

than

one后面的名詞接單數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí),

謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;Manyatrueword

is

spokeninjest.(笑談之中有真理)注意:“more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+thanone”作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式5)關(guān)系代詞作主語,定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞取決于先行詞;Wesawabandonedfarmswhichwere

builtmorethanahundredyearsago.①當(dāng)“theonlyoneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”,

且關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;Heistheonlyone

ofmyfriendswhoisworkinghard.②當(dāng)“oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”,

且關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;Heisoneofmy

friendswhoare

workinghard.6)“thenumberof…”作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;

“anumberof…”

作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;

Thenumberofroadaccidentsandthedeathsarisingfromthoseaccidentshasincreasedgreatlyoverthepastyear.Anumberofsmallstreamsconverge

intoavastocean.7)“aseriesof,akindof,apieceof,apairof等+名詞

”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí),

謂語動(dòng)詞與表示計(jì)量單位的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)一致;Thispairofglassesis

veryexpensive.Fivepiecesofpaperarepaintedred.高頻考點(diǎn):“akindof/thiskindof/manykindof+名詞”和“名詞+ofthiskind”作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞與of前的名詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致;Thiskindofapplesishighlypriced.=Applesofthiskindare

highlypriced.2.意義一致:意義一致是根據(jù)主語的意義,謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與主語的數(shù)保持一致;當(dāng)主語為單數(shù)形式但意義為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;當(dāng)主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式但意義為單數(shù)形式時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;1)表示時(shí)間、金錢、距離的名詞作主語時(shí),常作為一個(gè)整體來看,

謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;Two

hours

istooshortforthevisit.25,000

miles

isalongdistance.2)分?jǐn)?shù),百分?jǐn)?shù),all,some,the

rest,the

remaining,part

of,the

majority等作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由of后面的名詞來決定;Ninety-ninepercentoffailures

comefrompeoplewhohavethehabitofmakingexcuses.eachone,noone,some/any/no/everybody/one/thing在句中作主語或限定詞時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;each,

all,both用作同位語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞仍與主語保持一致;

Eachofushas

abook.=Weeach

have

abook.歸納3)當(dāng)“the+形容詞”表示一類人或物時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;

表示抽象概念時(shí),

謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;Therichare

notalwayshappy.(therich指一類人)Thebeautifulislovedbyall.(thebeautiful表示抽象概念)

注意:“the+形容詞”也可指一個(gè)人,此時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);thepoor窮人

theliving活著的人

therich

富有的人thedead死人

thewounded傷員

theyoung年輕人歸納4)當(dāng)what引導(dǎo)的定語從句作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞取決于主語從句自帶的意義;WhatisinterestingisthattheotherlargestcitywasRome.

(what從句指代的是“羅馬”)Whatwehaveareonlytwohouses.(what從句指代的是“兩座房子”)5)當(dāng)主語為family,team,group,government等集體名詞時(shí),

如果看作是一個(gè)整體,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;

如果側(cè)重其中的成員,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;Ourteam

winsfirstinthefootballgame.(team側(cè)重于“隊(duì)”這個(gè)整體)Myfamily

aregoingonatripthissummer.(family指全體家人)1)當(dāng)集體名詞people,cattle,police等作主語時(shí),

謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;2)以-sh,

-ch,

-ese等結(jié)尾的表示“國家的,民族的”形容詞與定冠詞the連用,表示整個(gè)民族,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;拓展6)一些形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞,其實(shí)際意義為單數(shù),

如politics,physics,news等,作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;Ithinkphysics

isn’teasytostudy.7)population表示“人口”時(shí):a.

當(dāng)表示一個(gè)國家或地區(qū)的居民數(shù)目,作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;b.當(dāng)前面有分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)時(shí),population是指一個(gè)國家或地區(qū)的全體居民,作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù)形式;The

populationofCanadaisabout29million.Justunderathirdofthepopulationnowsmokes/smoke

inthiscountry.8)trousers,glasses,clothes等名詞作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;

但若有apairof等量詞修飾時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;Myglassesare

broken.Thepairofglassesismine.9)who,which,what

等疑問代詞及such作主語時(shí),

謂語動(dòng)詞要根據(jù)其后的名詞表語來決定其單復(fù)數(shù)形式;Whoisthegirloverthere?\Which

isyourbook,thisoneorthatone?Suchareyourpresents.\Suchis

what

hesaid.3.就近原則:

是指謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與它最鄰近的主語部分的數(shù)保持一致;1)由or,either…or…,neither…nor…,not…but…,notonly…butalso…等連接的并列主語,謂語動(dòng)詞要與最靠近的主語的

單復(fù)數(shù)保持一致;

Washeoryouabletopersuadeher?NeitherhenorIamgoingtothecinema.2)在倒裝句及therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中,若有幾個(gè)并列成分作主語,

謂語動(dòng)詞的形式由最靠近的一個(gè)主語決定;OnthewallhangsomepicturesbyPicasso.Thereisadeskandtwochairsintheroom.4.主謂一致的特殊情況:1)and連接的并列主語如果指的是同一個(gè)人或事物(第二個(gè)名詞前沒有限定詞),

謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式;TheEnglishteacherandheadteacher

is

ayoungman.2)and連接的并列主語是單數(shù)概念,且前面有every,each等詞修飾時(shí),

謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;Inourcountry,everyboyandeverygirlhas

therighttoreceiveeducation.3)“one/either/eachof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞”作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式;Eachofushasaroominthisschool.4)each作主語的同位語,主語為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為復(fù)數(shù)形式;Theproblemisthatweeachhavedifferentpurposes.5)表示數(shù)量的“oneandahalf+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.Oneandahalfhoursis

enough.6)“a/an+單數(shù)名詞+ortwo”作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);Astudentortwohas

failedtheexam.拓展:“oneortwo+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;Oneortwostudentswere

plantingtreesyesterdayafternoon.7)在“it+be+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who…”結(jié)構(gòu)中,

如果被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是主語,that/who后的謂語動(dòng)詞與被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分的人稱和數(shù)保持一致;ItisIwhoam

goingtobeapilot.8)“themajorityof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;Themajorityofboyslike

football.注意:themajority單獨(dú)作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù),也可用復(fù)數(shù);9)當(dāng)man(人類),the

world(世界上的人,人類)作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;Onlymanknows

howtocook.Alltheworld

knowsthattheearthisround.10)“anaverageof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語,意為“平均有……”,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);

“theaverageof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語,意為“……的平均數(shù)”,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);Anaverageof3,000peoplecometovisitthisfamousschooleveryyear.Theaverageof14,3and1is6.11)算術(shù)中的加法與乘法,謂語動(dòng)詞用單復(fù)數(shù)都可以;但是在減法與除法中謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;Threeplustwoequals/equal

five.Threetimesfiveare/is

fifteen.Threefromeight

leaves

five.Fifteendividedbythreeequalsfive.12)引號(hào)中的詞若作為整體看待,作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);

“Bikes”is

thepluralof“bike”.

“They”is

apronoun.數(shù)詞和主謂一致鞏固練習(xí)選擇填空1.______martyrshaveheroicallylaiddowntheirlivesforthepeople.A.ThousanduponthousandofB.ThousandandthousandsofC.ThousandsuponthousandsofD.Thousandandthousandof2.Theyreceived______oflettersabouttheirTVprograms.A.dozenB.dozenanddozenC.scoreD.dozens3.Whoisthatman,______inthefrontrow?A.oneB.theoneC.firstD.thefirst4.Wehaveproduced______thisyearaswedidin1993.A.asmuchcottontwiceB.astwicemuchcottonC.muchastwicecottonD.twiceasmuchcottonCDDD5.Theearthisabout______asthemoon.asfiftytimebigB.fiftytimesasbigC.asbigfiftytimeD.fiftyastimesbig6.ThepopulationofmanyAlaskancitieshas____inthepastthreeyears.morethandoubledB.moredoubledthanC.muchthandoubledD.muchdoubledthan7.Themoonisabout_____indiameterasdiameterastheearth.one-threeaslargeB.onethreeaslargeC.one-thirdaslargeD.onethirdaslarge8.Fivehundredyuanamonth_____enoughtoliveon.A.isB.areC.isbeingD.hasbeenBACA9.Everypossiblemeans_____.A.hastriedB.hasbeentriedC.wastriedD.weretried10.Whatshesaysanddoes_____nothingtodowithme.A.wasB.wereC.hasD.have11.There_____adictionaryandseveralbooksonthedesk.A.areB.mustC.havebeenD.is12.Nobody______seenthefilm.It’sapity.A.butTomandJackhaveB.exceptTomandJackhaveC.butmyfriendshasD.butIhaveBCDC翻譯句子1.3個(gè)人互相幫扶能擔(dān)當(dāng)6個(gè)人的重任。2.一位好母親勝過100位好老師。3.一路向東行,你們會(huì)經(jīng)過一座座山脈、上千個(gè)湖泊、森林,還有寬廣的河流和許多大城市。4.天壇始建于明朝。1.3個(gè)人互相幫扶能擔(dān)當(dāng)6個(gè)人的重任。Threehelpingoneanotherbeartheburdenofsix.2.一位好母親勝過100位好老師。Agoodmotherisworthahundredschoolmasters.3.一路向東行,你們會(huì)經(jīng)過一座座山脈、上千個(gè)湖泊、森林,還有寬廣的河流和許多大城市。Goingeastward,you’llpassmountainsandthousandsoflakesandforests,aswel

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