2013年交通考博英語閱讀真題送答案

交通大學(xué)2013年考博英語閱讀及Therearedesertntswhichsurvivethedryseasonintheformofinactiveseeds.Therearealsodesertinsectswhichsurviveasinactivelarvae(幼蟲).Inaddition,difficultasitistobelievetherearedesertfishwhichcansurvivethroughyearsofdroughtintheformofinactiveeggs.ThesearetheshrimpsthatliveintheMojaveDesert,anintenselydryregioninthesouth-westoftheUnitedStateswhereshadetemperaturesofover50Careoftenrecorded.TheeggsoftheMojaveshrimpsarethesizeandhavetheappearanceofgrainsofsand.Whensufficientspringrainfallstoformalake,onceeverytwotofiveyears,theseeggshatch孵化ThenthewaterissoonfilledwithmillionsoftinyshrimpsaboutamillimetrelongwhichfeedontinyntandanimalorganismswhichalsogrowinthetemporarydesertlakeWithinaweektheshrimpsgrowfromtheiroriginal1millimetretoalengthofabout1.5centimetres.Throughoutthetimethattheshrimpsarerapidlymaturing,thewaterinthelakeequallyrapidlyevaporates.Therefore,fortheshrimpsitisaraceagainsttime.Bythetwelfthday,however,whentheyareabout3centimetrelong,hundredsoftinyeggsformontheunderbodiesofthefemales.Usuallybythistime,allthatremainsofthelakeisalarge,muddypatchofwetsoil.Onthethirteenthdayandthenext,duringthefinalhoursoftheirbrieflives,theshrimpslaytheireggsinthemud.Then,havingensuredthattheirspecieswillsurvive,theshrimpsdieasthelastofthewaterevaporates.Ifsufficientrainfallsthenextyeartoformanotherlake,theeggshatch,andonceagaintheshrimpspassrapidlythroughtheircycleofgrowth,adulthood,egg-laying,anddeath.Someyearsthereisinsufficientraintoformalake:inthiscase,theeggswillremaindormantforanotheryears,orevenlongerifnecessary.Very,veryoccasionally,perhapstwiceinahundredyears,sufficientrainfallstoformadeeplakethatlastsamonthormore.Inthiscase,thespeciespassesthroughtwocyclesofgrowth,egg-laying,anddeath.Thus,onsuchoccasions,thespeciesmultipliesconsiderably,whichfurtherensuresitssurvival.WhichofthefollowingistheMOSTdistinctivefeatureofMojaveTheirlivesareTheyfeed ntandanimalTheireggscansurviveyearsofTheylaytheireggsintheBysaying"fortheshrimpsitisaraceagainsttime"(Para.3,Line2)theauthor theyhavetoswimfasttoavoiddangerintherapidlyevaporatingtheyhavetoswimfasttocatchtheanimalorganismsonwhichtheytheyhavetomultiplyasmanyaspossiblewithinthirteentheyhavetocompletetheirlifecyclewithinashortspanoftimepermittedbytheenvironment'Thepassagemainlydeals thelifespanoftheMojavethesurvivalofdeserttheimportanceofwatertolifeintheMojaveTheword"dormant"(Para.4,Line3)mostprobably Itmaybeinferredfromthepassage appearanceandsizearemostimportantforlifetosurviveintheaspeciesmustbeabletomultiplyquicklyinordertosomespeciesdevelopauniquelifepatterntosurviveinextremelyharsh1.C2.D3.B4.ATheWelshlanguagehasalwaysbeentheultimatemarkerofWelshidentity,butagenerationagoitlookedasifWelshwouldgothewayofManx.oncewidelyspokenontheisleofManbutnowextinct. ernmentfinancingandcentral however,havehelpedreversethedeclineofWelsh.RoadsignsandofficialpublicsarewritteninbothWelshandEnglish,andschoolchildrenarerequiredtolearnbothlanguages.WelshisnowoneofthemostsuccessfulofEurope’sregionallanguages,spokenbymorethanahalf-millionofthecountry’sthreemillionpeople.Therevivalofthelanguage,particularlyamongyoungpeople,ispartofaresurgenceofnationalidentitysweethroughthissmall,proudnation.LastmonthWalesmarkedthesecond oftheopeningoftheNationalAssembly,thefirstparliamenttobeconvenedheresince1404.TheideabehinddevolutionwastorestorethebalancewithintheunionofnationsmakinguptheUnitedKingdom.Withmostofthepeopleandwealth,Englandhasalwayshadbraggingrights.ThepartialtransferoflegislativepowersfromWestminster,implementedbyTonyBlair,wasdesignedtogivetheothermembersoftheclub-Scotland,NorthernIreland,andWales-abiggersayandtocountercentrifugalsthatseemedtothreatentheveryideaoftheTheWelshshowedlittleenthusiasmfordevolution.WhereastheScotsvotedoverwhelminglyforaparliament,thevoteforaWelshassemblyscrapedthroughbylessthanonepercentonaturnoutoflessthan25percent.Itspowerswereproportionaylimited.TheAssemblycandecidehowmoneyfromWestminsterortheEuropeanUnionisspent.Itcannot,unlikeitscounterpartinEdinburgh,enactlaws.Butnowthatitishere,theWelsharegrowingtoliketheirAssembly.Manypeoplewouldlikeittohavemorepowers.Itsimportanceasfigureheadwillgrowwiththeopeningin2003,ofanewdebatingchamber,oneofmanynewbuildingsthataretransformingCardifffromadecayingseaportintoaBaltimore-stylewaterfrontcity.MeanwhileagrantofnearlytwomilliondollarsfromtheEuropeanUnionwilltacklepoverty.WalesisoneofthepoorestregionsinWesternEurope-onlySpain,Portugal,andGreecehavealowerstandardofliving.NewspapersandmagazinesarefilledwithstoriesaboutgreatWelshmenandwomen,boostingself-esteem.TofamiliarfacessuchasDylanThomasandRichardBurtonhavebeenaddednewiconssuchasCatherineZeta-Jones,themoviestar,andBrynTerfel,boastsanationalairline.AwyrCymru.Cymru,whichmeans“l(fā)andofcompatriots,”istheWelshnameforWales.Thereddragon,thenation’ssymbolsincethetimeofKingArthur,iseverywhere-onT-shirts,rugbyjerseysandevencellphonecovers.“UntilveryrecenttimesmostWelshpeoplehadthisfeelingofbeingsecond-classcitizens,”saidDyfanJones,an18-year-oldstudent.Itwasawarmsummernight,andIwassittingonthegrasswithagroupofyoungpeopleinLlanelli,anindustrialtowninthesouth,outsidetherockmusicvenueoftheNationalEisteddfod,Wales’sannualculturalfestival.ThedisusedfactoryinfrontofusechoedtothesoundsofnewWelshbands.“Therewasalmostagenetictendencyforlackofconfidence,”Dyfan.globalyouthcultureandthenewfederalEurope,Dyfan,liketherestofhisgeneration,isgrowingupwithasenseofpossibilityunimaginabletenyearsago.“Weusedtothink.Wecan’tdoanything,we’reonlyWelsh.NowIthinkthat’sAccordingtothepassage,devolutionwasmainlymeantmaintainthepresentstatusamongthereducelegislativepowersofcreateabetterstateofequalityamongthegrantmoresaytoallthenationsintheTheword“centrifugal”inthesecondparagraphmeansWalesisdifferentfromScotlandinallthefollowingaspectspeople’sdesireforlocals’turnoutforthepowersofthelegislativestatusofthenationalWhichofthefollowingisNOTcitedasanexampleoftheresurgenceofWelshnationalidentityWelshhaswitnessedarevivalasanationalPoverty-relieffundshavecomefromtheEuropeanAWelshnationalairlineiscurrentlyinThenationalsymbol eafamiliarAccordingtoDyfanJoneswhathaschangedpeople’spoptown’spossibilitiesforthe答案：CADBBarbedwire,firstpatentedintheUnitedStatesin1867,yedanimportantpartinthedevelopmentofAmericanfarming,asitenabledthesettlerstomakeeffectivefencingtoenclosetheirlandandkeepcattleawayfromtheircrops.Thishadauseofthensforgrazing,andthefencingledtobetweenthefarmersandthecattleranchers.Beforebarbedwirecamesintosgeneraluse,fencingwasoftenmadefromserratedwire,whichwasunsatisfactorybecauseitbrokeeasilywhenunderstrain,andcouldsnapincoldweatherduetocontraction.Thefirstpracticalmachineforproducingbarbedwirewasinventedin1874byanIllinoisfarmer,andbetweenthenandtheendofthecenturyabout400typesofbarbedwireweredevised,ofwhichonlyaboutadozenwereeverputtopracticaluse.Modernbarbedwireismadefrommildsteelhigh-tensilesteel,oraluminum.Mildsteelandaluminumbarbedwirehavetwostrandstwistedtogethertoformacablewhichisstrongerthansingle-strandwireandlessaffectedbytemperaturechanges.Single-strandwire,roundoroval,ismadefromhigh-tensilesteelwiththebarbscrimpedorweldedon.Thesteelwiresusedaregalvanized-coatedwithzinctomakethemrustproof.Thetwowiresthatmakeupthelinewireorcablearefed ysintosamachineatoneend.Theyleaveitattheotherendtwisted-togetherandbarbed.Thewiretomakethebarbsisfedsintosthemachinefromthesidesandcuttolengthbyknivesthatcutdiagonallythroughthewiretoproduceasharppoint.Thisprocesscontinuesautomatically,andthefinishedbarbedwireiswoundontoreels,usuallymadeofwireinlengthof400metersorinweightsofupto50kilograms.Avariationofbarbedwireisalsousedformilitarypurposes.Itisformedsintoslongconiesorentanglementscalledconcertinawire.WhatisthemaintopicoftheCattleranchingintheUnitedAtypeofIndustrialusesofAcontroversyoverlandWhatisthebenefitofusingtwo-strandedbarbedImprovedIncreasedMorerapid entofEasierAccordingtotheauthor,thesteelwiresusedtomakebarbedwirearespeciallyprocessedtoprotectthemagainstmakethemmorepreventcontractionincoldstraightenTheword“fed"inline20isclosestinmeaningWhatistheauthor'spurposeinthethirdTo intheimportanceoftheTooutlinethedifficultyofmakingtheTodescribehowthewireisTosuggestseveraldifferentusesofthe答案：BBACWithoutregularsofsomehormonesourcapacitytobehavewouldbeseriouslyimpaired;withoutotherswewouldsoondie.Tinyamountsofsomehormonescanmodifymoodsandactions,ourinclinationtoeatordrink,ouraggressivenessorsubmissiveness,andourreproductiveandparentalbehavior.Andhormonesdomorethaninfluenceadultbehavior;earlyinlifetheyhelptodeterminethedevelopmentofbodilyformandmayevendetermineanindividual’sbehavioralcapacities.Laterinlifethechangingoutputsofsomeendocrineglandsandthebody’schangingsensitivitytosomehormonesareessentialaspectsofthephenomenaofaging.Communicationwithinthebodyandtheconsequentintegrationofbehaviorwereconsideredtheexclusiveprovinceofthenervoussystemuptothebeginningofthepresentcentury.TheemergenceofendocrinologyasaseparatedisciplinecanprobablybetracedtotheexperimentsofBaylissandStarlingonthehormonesecretion.Thissubstanceissecretedfromcellsintheintestinalwallswhenfoodtoliberatepancreaticjuice,whichaidsindigestion.Byshowingthatspecialcellssecretchemicalagentsthatareconveyedbythebloodstreamandregulatedistanttargetorgansortissues.Baylissandstarlingdemonstratedthatchemicalintegrationcouldoccurwithoutparticipationofthenervoussystem.Theterm“hormone”wasfirstusedwithreferencetosecretion.StarlingderivedthetermfromtheGreekhormone