已取得《建筑垃圾運(yùn)輸經(jīng)營(yíng)許可證》公_第1頁(yè)
已取得《建筑垃圾運(yùn)輸經(jīng)營(yíng)許可證》公_第2頁(yè)
已取得《建筑垃圾運(yùn)輸經(jīng)營(yíng)許可證》公_第3頁(yè)
已取得《建筑垃圾運(yùn)輸經(jīng)營(yíng)許可證》公_第4頁(yè)
已取得《建筑垃圾運(yùn)輸經(jīng)營(yíng)許可證》公_第5頁(yè)
已閱讀5頁(yè),還剩31頁(yè)未讀, 繼續(xù)免費(fèi)閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說(shuō)明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請(qǐng)進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡(jiǎn)介

Chapter1HandoutsAbnormalPsychology:PastandPresentSlides&HandoutsbyKarenClayRhines,Ph.D. SetonHallUniversity1AbnormalPsychology:

PastandPresentWhatisabnormalpsychology?Thescientificstudyof_______________inorderto________,________,________,and________abnormalpatternsof__________Workersmaybe:____________________________________________________________2WhatIsPsychologicalAbnormality?Manydefinitionshavebeenproposed,yetnoneareuniversallyacceptedMostdefinitions,however,sharesomecommonfeatures…“TheFourDs”Deviance–______________________________Distress–______________________________Dysfunction– ______________________________Danger–______________________________3DevianceFromwhat?Frombehaviors,thoughts,andemotionsconsiderednormalinaspecificplaceandtimeandbyspecificpeople______________________________

StatedandunstatedrulesforproperconductinagivensocietyorcultureExamples?Judgmentsofdeviancealsodependonspecificcircumstances(i.e.,_________________)4DistressAccordingtomanyclinicalguidelines,behaviormustbe_______________beforeitcanbelabeledabnormalNotalwaysthecaseExamples?5DysfunctionAbnormalbehaviortendstobedysfunctional–itinterfereswithdailyfunctioningCulturehasaninfluenceondeterminationsofdysfunctionaswellDysfunctionalonedoesnotmeanabnormality6DangerAbnormalbehaviormaybecomedangeroustooneselforothersBehaviormaybecareless,hostile,orconfusedAlthoughcitedasafeatureofpsychologicalabnormality,_________________________________________________________7TheElusiveNatureofAbnormalityUltimately,asocietyselectsthegeneralcriteriafordefiningabnormalityandthenusesthosecriteriatojudgeparticularcasesSzaszarguesthat,becauseoftheinfluenceofculture,thewholeconceptofmentalillnessisinvalidDeviationscalled“abnormal”areonly“___________”Societiesusetheconceptofmentalillnesstocontrolthosewhothreatensocialorder8TheElusiveNatureofAbnormalityEvenifweagreewiththeconceptofabnormality,itisoftenappliedinconsistentlyExamples:DiagnosisofalcoholproblemsincollegesDiagnosisofthepoorversusthewealthyIssueofabnormalityversuseccentricityEccentric=apersonwhodeviatesfromcommonbehaviorpatternsordisplaysoddorwhimsicalbehavior(ACLOSERLOOK)9TheElusiveNatureofAbnormalityInsum,whileabnormalityisgenerallydefinedasbehaviorthatisdeviant,distressful,dysfunctional,anddangerous,thesecriteriaoftenarevagueandsubjectiveWhenisapatternofbehavior“enough”tobeconsideredabnormal?10WhatIsTreatment?Onceabnormalityisdetermined,cliniciansattempttotreatitTreatment(therapy)isaproceduretochangeabnormalbehaviorintomorenormalbehaviorItisrelatedtothedefinitionofabnormalityTherearevarioustypesoftreatment,butaccordingtoFrank,allhavethreeessentialfeatures…11WhatIsTreatment?A________whoseeksrelieffromthehealerAtrained,sociallyacceptable_______,whoseexpertiseisacceptedbythesuffererandhisorhersocialgroupA__________________betweenthehealerandthesufferer,throughwhichthehealertriestoproducecertainchangesinthesufferer’semotionalstate,attitudes,andbehavior12WhatIsTreatment?Despitetheclarityofthedefinition,clinicaltherapyissurroundedbyconfusionandconflictLackofagreementaboutgoalsoraimsLackofagreementaboutsuccessfuloutcomesLackofagreementaboutfailureArecliniciansseekingtocure?Toteach?Aresuffererspatients(ill)orclients(havingdifficulty)?Despitethesedisagreements,mostcliniciansagreethatlargenumbersofpeopleneedtherapyAndresearchindicatesthattherapyoftenishelpful!13HowWasAbnormalityViewed

andTreatedinthePast?InanygivenyearintheUS,___%ofadultsand___%ofchildrendisplayseriouspsychologicaldisturbancesandareinneedoftreatmentInaddition,mostpeoplehavedifficultycopingatvarioustimesintheirlivesIsthisthefaultofmodernsociety?Notentirely;historicalrecordsdemonstratethateverysocietyhaswitnessedpsychologicalabnormalityandhaditsownformoftreatment…14HowWasAbnormalityViewed

andTreatedinthePast?Muchoftoday’sthinkingaboutabnormalpsychologyisbuiltonpastapproachesandideas,ratherthanbeingarejectionoftheseideasTheoriesandthemesaboutabnormalpsychologyoccuragainandagain;progresshasnotbeenasteadymovementforward15AncientViewsandTreatmentMostofourknowledgeofprehistoricsocietieshasbeenacquiredindirectly,isbasedoninferencesfromarchaeologicalfindings,andislimitedMosthistoriansbelievethatprehistoricsocietiesregardedabnormalbehaviorastheworkofevilspiritsMayhavebegunasfarbackastheStoneAgeThecureforabnormalitywastoforcethedemonsfromthebodythrough________and________16GreekandRoman

ViewsandTreatments500B.C.toA.D.500ManypsychologicaldisorderswereidentifiedHippocratesbelievedthatabnormalityhadnaturalcausesandresultedfrominternalphysicalproblemsHelookedtoanunbalanceofthefourhumorsHissuggestedtreatmentattemptedto“rebalance”Warmbaths,massage,bloodletting17EuropeintheMiddleAges:DemonologyReturnsA.D.500–1350Withtheriseofclergycamethe_______________Abnormalitywasagainseenasaconflictbetweengood&evilTheincidenceofabnormalityincreaseddramaticallyasoutbreaksofmassmadnessoccurredEarlier(largelydiscarded)treatmentssuchasexorcismreemergedAtthecloseoftheMiddleAges,demonologybegantolosefavoragain18TheRenaissance

andtheRiseofAsylumsA.D.1400–1700GermanphysicianJohannWeyerarguedthatthemindwassusceptibletoillness,justlikethebodyWeyerisconsideredthefounderofmodernstudyofpsychopathologyPatientcareimprovedasdemonologicalviewsdeclined19TheRenaissance

andtheRiseofAsylumsShrinesdevotedtolovingcareofthementallyillwereestablishedandone,atGheel,becameacommunitymentalhealthprogramofsortsThistimealsosawariseofasylums–institutionswhoseprimarypurposewascareofthementallyillTheintentionwasgoodcare,butwithovercrowdingcame“warehousing”ofpatients20TheNineteenthCentury:

ReformandMoralTreatmentAs1800approached,asylumswerereformedintoplacesofcarePinel(France)andTuke(England)advocatedmoraltreatment–carethatemphasizedhumaneandrespectfultreatmentIntheUS,BenjaminRush(fatherofAmericanpsychiatry),DorotheaDix(Bostonschoolteacher)21TheNineteenthCentury:

ReformandMoralTreatmentBy1850s,therewasareversalofthemoraltreatmentmovementduetoseveralfactors:MoneyandstaffshortagesDecliningrecoveryratesLackofmoreeffectivetreatmentforseverelymentallyillLong-termhospitalizationbecametheruleonceagain22TheEarlyTwentiethCentury:

DualPerspectivesAsthemoralmovementwasdeclininginthelate1800s,twoopposingperspectivesemerged:TheSomatogenicPerspectiveAbnormalfunctioninghasphysicalcausesThePsychogenicPerspectiveAbnormalfunctioninghaspsychologicalcauses23TheEarlyTwentiethCentury:

TheSomatogenicPerspectiveTwofactorsresponsibleforreemergence:EmilKraepelin’stextbookarguedthatphysicalfactors(likefatigue)leadtomentaldysfunctionSeveralbiologicaldiscoveriesweremade,suchasthelinkbetweenuntreatedsyphilis&generalparesisThisapproach,whilecreatingoptimism,leadtofewpositiveresultsuntilthe1950s24TheEarlyTwentiethCentury:

ThePsychogenicPerspectiveRiseinpopularityofthismodelwasbasedonworkwithhypnotism:FriedrichMesmerandhystericaldisordersSigmundFreud:fatherofpsychoanalysisUnconsciousprocessescauseabnormalityThisapproachwasprimarilyappliedtothosenotrequiringhospitalization(outpatients)25CurrentTrendsHavewecomealongway?43%ofpeopleinterviewedbelievethatpeoplebringmentalhealthdisordersonthemselves35%considermentalhealthdisorderstobecausedbysinfulbehaviorHowever,thelast50yearshavebroughtmajorchangesintheassessment,diagnosis,andtreatmentofmentalhealthdisordersbutscientistsandpractitionersarestillstrugglingtomakeadifference…26HowArePeoplewithSevereDisturbancesTreated?1950s–_________________discoveredAntipsychoticsAntidepressantsAnxiolytics(antianxietydrugs)ThesediscoveriesledtodeinstitutionalizationandariseinoutpatientcareThischangeincarewasnotwithoutproblems27Handout2828HowArePeoplewithSevereDisturbancesTreated?OutpatientcareisnowtheprimarymodeoftreatmentWhenpatientsdoneedgreatercare,theyareusuallygivenshort-termhospitalizationsoroutpatientpsychotherapyandmedicationincommunitysettingsUnfortunately,therearetoofewcommunityprogramsavailable;only40%ofthosewithseveredisturbancesreceivetreatmentofanykind29HowArePeoplewithLessSevereDisturbancesTreated?Sincethe1950s,therehasbeenanincreaseinoutpatientcareWhilethistypeofcarewasonceexclusivelyprivatepsychotherapy,itnowincludesvarioussettingsaswellasspecialtycareInanygivenyear,__________adultsreceivesometypeofmentalhealthcare30AGrowingEmphasisonPreventingDisordersandPromotingMentalHealthThecommunitymentalhealthapproachhasgivenrisetothepreventionmovementManyoftoday’sprogramsaretryingto:Correctthesocialconditionsassociatedwithpsychologicalproblems________________________________________________Preventionprogramshavealsobeenenergizedbytheriseof_________________–thestudyandpromotionofpositivefeelings,traits,andabilities31TheGrowingInfluence

ofInsuranceCompaniesTodaythedominantformofinsurancecoverageformenta

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無(wú)特殊說(shuō)明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請(qǐng)下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫(kù)網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對(duì)用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對(duì)用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對(duì)任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對(duì)自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

評(píng)論

0/150

提交評(píng)論