全球6G技術(shù)大會(huì)白皮書 2023 -The Next-generation Protocol Stack-RAN Architecture,Protocol Stack and Function 5.0

TheNext-generationProtocolStack-RANArchitecture,ProtocolStackandFunction5.0

WHITEPAPERV9.0C

2023.03

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ExecutiveSummary

BasedonthepreviousstudyofRANinwhitepaper,thiswhitepaperfacing6GgivesapotentialsolutionforthearchitectureofRANandframeworkoftheprotocolstack.Inthissolution,thetechnologyofdigitaltwinisintroducedtosupportAItoembedintofunctionalitiesofRAN,andthenative-AIcomputingpowerfornative-AIRANisscheduledondemand.

ThewhitepaperhopestoarousethecontinuousattentionandthinkingfromthetheacademicandindustrialontheresearchofthearchitectureofRANandtheframeworkofprotocolstackfor6G,sothatthedeepintegrationofICDTandpromotethecomprehensivedevelopmentof6Gareachieved.

TableofContents

ExecutiveSummary01

Introduction01

1Introduction03

2NativeAIRANArchitecture03

2.1"Cloud"and"Terminal"FlexibleArchitectureforMobileNetworks

03

2.2ICDTRANFunctionofNativeAI

09

2.3Summary

17

3Intent-DrivenProtocolManagementControlArchitecture17

3.1DevelopmentofNetworkManagementProtocols

19

3.2Intent-DrivenNext-GenerationRANControlArchitecture

23

3.3KeyTechnologies

25

3.4IntentLifecycleManagement

29

3.5Summary

31

Reference32

Abbreviation33

Acknowledgement34

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1.Introduction

Thewhitepaperproposes6Gprotocolstackviewsandthinkingfor2030+,basedonthepublishedversionssuchas"TheNext-generationProtocolStackoverAirInterface4.0"and"TheNext-generationProtocolStackoverAirInterface3.0".Wehopetoprovidereferencetostudythe6G-orientedprotocolstackarchitectureandfunctionsfortheindustry.

TheCU-DUseparationarchitectureof5Gprovidesflexibilityforthedistributeddeploymentofbasestations.BasedontheCU-DUseparationarchitecture,on-demandfunctionalconfigurationof6GRANisachieved,thusrealizingaflexiblearchitectureof"cloud"and"terminal",whichprovidesarchitecturalsupportfornativeAIanddigitaltwins.

Bydefiningthefunctionsofthecorenetworkandseparationmodebasestationsonthe"cloud",thefunctionsoftheremainingbasestationsaredeployedonthe"terminal".The"cloud"and"terminal"arewirelesslyconnected,andthe"terminal"sideprovideswirelesscoverageoverairinterface.Throughthecontrolonthe"cloud"side,the"terminal"siderealizeswirelesscoverage,wirelessshutdown,interferencecoordinationandloadbalancing.

Thenext-generationRANreliesontheapplicationintentminingcapabilityprovidedbyintent-drivennetworks,theglobalsensingcapabilityofnetworkstatus,andthereal-timeoptimizationcapabilityofnetworkconfiguration.Itproposesanintent-drivennext-generationRANmanagementprotocolarchitecture,includingmodulessuchasintenttranslation,policyconfiguration,andresourceorchestration.Throughreal-timestatusmonitoring,itrealizesthefulllifecyclemanagementofuserintent,providinganewfeasibleapproachforthenext-generationRANmanagementprotocol.

2.NativeAIRANArchitecture

2.1"Cloud"and"Terminal"FlexibleArchitectureforMobileNetworks

Undertheunifiedcontrolofthe"cloud"side,each"terminal"sideorserviceaccesspointcanactasaterminal.Thecore"cloud"sideusesAImodelinganddigitaltwinstoachievefull-scaledigitalcontrolofphysicalspace,therebyachievingprecisedynamicnetworkingandcoverageexpansion,andachieving"flexible"networking.

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The"cloud"sidedigitizesthephysicalspaceofthenetworkcoverage,establishesadigitaltwinwarehouseforbigdata,andintroducesAItoolstocontrolthecoverageonthe"terminal"side,achievingtheself-organizedwirelesscoverageonthe"terminal"sideundertheunifiedcontrolof"cloud"side,andachievingflexiblenetworkcoverageon-demand,basedonscenariosandserviceneeds.

1.Functionalentitiesonthe"cloud"side.

Communicationnetworkfunctions:includingthefunctionsofthecorenetwork(CN)andsomeradioaccessnetwork(RAN)functions.Thesefunctionalentitiesaresoftware-defined,includingpacketprocessingfunctionsandsignalingcontrolparts.Thecorenetworkincludesallfunctionalentitiesofthecorenetwork.SomeRANfunctionsincludelayer3controlplaneanduserplanefunctionalentities,aswellaslayer2datapacketprocessingparts.Forexample,theUPF,AMF,andSMFfunctionalentitiesofthecorenetwork,aswellastheRRC,SDAP,andPDCPsignalinganddataplanefunctionalentitiesoftheRANareincluded.Inaddition,thereareinterfacefunctionsconnectedtothe"terminal"side,includinginitialestablishment,modification,anddeletionofinterfaceconnections.

AIandbigdatafunctions(AI&BD)refertodigitalmodelinginformationfortheentirenetworkcoveragespace,suchasthecoveragerange,buildingfeatures,spatialheight,userserviceandbehavioralcharacteristicswithinthecoveragerange,andthree-dimensionalcoordinateinformationofthecoveragespace.Stateparametersoftheentirenetworkoperation,variousstateparametersrelatedtothenetworkitself,service,andusersgeneratedduringnetworkfunctionoperation.Storagefunction,computingfunction,andtrainingfunctionsofAImodelsfortheabovedata.Basedontheabovedata,adigitaltwin(digitalmirror:bysamplingthephysicalenvironmentfeatureparameters,thedigitaldescriptionofthephysicalenvironmentisachieved.)environmentofthephysicalcoverageenvironmentisconstructed.Basedonthisdigitaltwinenvironment,AItoolsareusedfornetworkself-evolution,self-generation,andself-maintenance,tocarryoutfunctionaltesting,operationverification,errortesting,anddeploymentofnewfeaturesbasedonthenetwork'snewfunctionsandcharacteristics.

TheAIandbigdatafunctionsonthe"cloud"sidemodel,predict,andcontrolthenetworkcoverageonthe"terminal"side.Whenitisnecessarytoturnononeorseveralwirelessdevicesonthe"terminal"side(whichcanbevariousterminalsorwirelessaccesspointsspeciallyusedforcoverageenhancement)accordingtoterminalsorwirelesscoveragedevices,itprovidesanetworkingsolutionfor"terminal"devicesinthearea,includingtheconnectionrelationship,

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power,interferencecoordinationstrategy,maximumservicevolume,andwirelessairinterfacenetworkingstrategyforeachterminalandwirelesscoveragedevice.

2.Functionalentitiesonthe"terminal"side:mainlyincludingthelow-levelprocessingpartoftheRANfacingtheairinterface.Forexample,theMAClayerfunctionalentity,thephysicallayer(PHY)functionalentity,andtheradiofrequencypartoftheairinterface.Inaddition,thereareinterfacefunctionsconnectedtothe"cloud"side,includinginitialestablishment,modification,anddeletionofinterfaceconnections.

Thetwopartscanbeconnectedbywiredorwirelessmeans.Ifitisawirelessconnection,the"terminal"sidedevicehastwotypesofwirelessinterfaces:oneisawirelessfrequencypointandcorrespondingfrequencypointsearchfunctionthatisconnectedtothe"cloud"sidedevice,andtheotherisawirelessfrequencypointfunctionthatcanreceivewirelessairinterfacecoverageofterminalaccess.

The"terminal"sidefunctionaldevicehasthefunctionofsearchingfor"cloud"sidefunctionaldevice;afterthe"terminal"sidefunctionaldeviceispoweredon,itactivelysearchesforthe"cloud"sidefunctionaldeviceandinitiatestheconnectionestablishment.

Figure1"Cloud"and"Terminal"FlexibleArchitectureforMobileNetworks

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InFigure1,the"cloud"sidedevicesrunonthecloudplatform,andthe"terminal"sidedevicesaredeployedinremotelocationstoachieveairinterfacecoverage.

InitialAccessProcess:

Figure2showstheprocessofinitialaccessofthe"terminal"devicetothe"cloud"device.

Figure2InitialAccessProcessfor"Cloud"and"Terminal"Devices

Step1:Afterthe"terminal"deviceispoweredon,itonlygoesthroughtheinitialaccessprocessofthe"cloud"deviceanddoesnottransmitsignalstoacceptterminalaccess.Ifitisawirelessconnection,thebasicinformationoftheairinterfaceaccessofthe"cloud"deviceisobtainedbyreceivingthebroadcastsentbythe"cloud"device.

TheNextgenerationProtocolStackRANArchitecture,ProtocolStackandFunction5.0

Step2:Startsearchingforthe"cloud"device.Ifitisawiredconnection(suchasthe"terminal"devicedetectingthatthenetworkportorothercableconnectioninterfaceisalreadyconnected),the"terminal"deviceinitiatesaconnectionrequestonthewiredport.Ifitisawirelessconnection,the"terminal"devicesearchesforthe"cloud"devicesignal,completesfrequencylocking,andinitiatesaconnectionrequestontheselectedfrequencypoint.The"terminal"devicehastheabilitytoprovideairinterfacecoverageofabasestationandtoconnecttothe"cloud"deviceviawiredorwirelessmeans.The"terminal"devicealsohastheabilitytoconnecttothewirelessfrequencypointsandfrequencypointsofairinterfacecoverageforthe"cloud"device.Thewirelessfrequencypointconnectedtothe"cloud"devicecanbethesamesystembandwidthastheairinterfacecoveragefrequencydomain(3G,4G,or5Gfrequencypoints),oritcanbeacompletelyindependentdifferentfrequencypoint(3G,4G,or5Gfrequencypoints),oritcanevenbemicrowaveorWifi.

Step3:Completeairinterfacesynchronizationandclocksynchronizationofthewirelesssystemthrougharandomaccess.Theairinterfacesynchronizationisfortheuplinkchannelsynchronization.The"terminal"devicecompletestheuplinkchannelsynchronizationthroughrandomaccessbyreceivingthebroadcastofthe"cloud"devicefordownlinksynchronization.Atthesametime,thesystemclockisobtainedduringtherandomaccess,andtheclockofthe"cloud"deviceiscarriedintherandom-accessedresponsemessagesentfromthe"cloud"devicetothe"terminal"device.

Aftercompletingtherandomaccessprocess,the"terminal"devicesendsaconnectionestablishmentrequestmessagetotheinterfaceofthe"terminal"deviceandthe"cloud"device.Themessageforconnectionestablishmentrequestcontainsrelevantinformationsuchastheportandbearerprotocolofthe"terminal"devicefunctionalitiesofinterface.

Step4:Afterthe"cloud"devicereceivesthemessageforconnectionestablishmentrequestfromthe"terminal"device,itsendsaconnectionestablishmentmessage.Thismessagecontainsinformationabouttheportandbearerprotocolofthe"terminal"devicethatcorrespondstothefunctionalitiesoftheinterfaceofthe"cloud"device.

Step5:Afterthe"terminal"devicesuccessfullyestablishestheconnection,itreplieswithamessageindicatingconnectionestablishmentcompletion.

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Step6:The"terminal"devicereportsitscapabilitiestothe"cloud"device.Thisincludesthemaximumnumberofusersthe"terminal"devicecansupport,theQoSlevelofuserservices,themaximumcoverageofairinterface,thefrequencypointlistofallairinterfacecoveragesupported,theversionofbasestationprotocolsupported,thefunctionsoftheprotocolsonwirelessaccesslayersupported,includingoneorseveralprotocollayerfunctionsofLayer1,Layer2,andLayer3,thefunctionalparameterssupportedbytheprotocollayer,suchastheRLClayeronlysupportingtheUMmode,andthePHYlayeronlysupportingthe16Portscapability,andtheconfigurablewirelessaccesslayerfunctionsthatcanbesupportedintheflexiblenetwork.

Step7:Afterreceivingthecapabilitiesreportedbythe"terminal"device,the"cloud"deviceobtainstheexistingcellsatthelocationofthe"terminal"device,andconfigurestheneighborcells,includingthefrequency,maximumtransmissionpower,maximumcoverageradius,averagecoverageradius,andotherparameters,tothe"terminal"device.

Step8:Afterreceivingtheneighborcelllistconfiguredbythe"cloud"device,the"terminal"deviceinitiatesneighborcellmeasurement.Itwillobtainthesignalstrength,receivedinterferencelevel,andothermeasurementparametersofeachcellinthelistatthelocationofthe"terminal"device.

Step9:The"end"devicereportsthemeasurementparametersoftheneighborcells'power,interference,andotheridentifyingsignalstrengthstothe"cloud"device.

Step10:Afterreceivingthemeasurement,the"cloud"devicecalculatesthesignalstrengtharoundthe"terminal"device,anddecideswhethertoallowterminalaccessasabasestationdevicebasedonthesignalconditionandthecurrentloadofthecell.Ifallowed,thetransmissionpower,signalcoveragerange,systemload(numberofusers,datathroughput,etc.),andaccesslayerprotocolfunctionsofthe"terminal"devicewillbeconfigured.Ifnotallowed,the"terminal"devicewillbeconfiguredtobesilent.

Step11:The"terminal"deviceexecutesthe"cloud"configurationafterreceivingthe"cloud"device'sconfiguration,andcontinuestoreportmeasurementstothe"cloud"device.

Step12:The"cloud"deviceperiodicallyorevent-triggeredlyperformsclocksynchronizationwiththe"terminal"device,andthe"terminal"devicemayalsoinitiateclocksynchronizationrequests

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basedonitsownoperation.

Step13:Basedonthebigdatainformationinthedigitalenvironmentofthe"terminal"device,the"cloud"deviceobtainstheinterconnectionandnetworkingschemeofthe"terminal"devicewiththeexisting"terminal"devices,andconfiguresittotherelevant"terminal"devicestotriggertheupdateoftheinterconnectionrelationshipofthe"terminal"device,therebyachievingflexibleupdateofRANcoverage.

Throughtheabovestepsandtheunifiedcontrolofthe"cloud"device,mutualinterferenceofthe"terminal"devicesisavoided.

Oneapplicationscenariois:

InstallinganSoCthatsupports"terminal"devicesonalaptopintheoffice.Wheneveryoneishavingameetinginaconferenceroom,eachlaptopcanfunctionasbothaterminalandanaccesspoint(AP)forthebasestation.

Eachlaptopautomaticallyconnectstothe"cloud"device,andthroughthecontrolofthe"cloud"device,itisdeterminedwhichlaptopcanbeabasestationandwhichoneisaterminal.Thisenhancesindoorcoveragewhileavoidinginterference.

Serviceprocess:

Whentheterminalperformsservicethroughthe"terminal"device,thetransmissioncapacityoftheconnectioninterfacebetweenthe"cloud"deviceandthe"terminal"devicebecomesthebottleneckofuserservicecapabilities.

Atthistime,trafficcontrolisintroducedontheconnectioninterface.The"terminal"devicesendsatrafficrequesttothe"cloud"device,whichimprovesthebandwidthutilizationaccordingtotherequest.

2.2ICDTRANFunctionofNativeAI

In4G/5Gnetworks,AIisanexternalAI.Thatis,variousinformation(suchasMDTmeasurementenhancementscurrentlybeingstudiedandpromotedin3GPPR17)requiredbyAIfunctionalnodesisreportedtoAIthroughthenetworkside(basestationsandcorenetworks)andterminalside.

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AI-relatedprocessingiscarriedoutoutsideofnetworkelements,andAIfunctionalnodescollect,process,andtrainAImodels,andthensendtheresultsorgeneratedpoliciesofAIoperationbacktothenetwork.

Intheresearchof6Gnetworks,nativeAIanddigitaltwinshavebecomethecorefeaturesof6Gnetworks.

IntheNativeAI6Gnetwork,AIisnolongersimplyoptimizingwirelessresourcesoftheRAN,buthasbecomeanAIsystemintegratedwiththecorenetwork,transmissionnetwork,andwirelessaccess.The6GdigitaltwinsystemprovidesafundamentalrunningenvironmentforthenativeAIof6Gnetworks,whichprovidesbasicsupportforAI-relatedprocessingandcomputing,whilesimplifyingthephysicalnetwork'soperatingloadandcomplexity.Inotherwords,thedigitaltwinsystemandthenativeAIsystemof6Gnetworkstogetherformaseriesofonlineoperationsforphysicalnetworkoperation,maintenance,andapplication-orientedcontrolcalculations,becomingthebrainofthephysicalnetworkandcommandingeverypartofthephysicalnetworktocompletetheservicecapabilityrequiredbytheprotocoloroperator.

Currently,theAIin4G/5GnetworksisexternalAI,andtherearetwochallengesthatcannotbeovercome.1)InordertomakeAIresultsmoreaccurateoreffective,alargeamountofreal-timeandfine-grainedmeasurementinformationneedstobereportedtoexternalAIcenters,whichhashighcostsandinteroperabilityissues(interconnectionbetweendifferentmanufacturers),makingitimpossibletocommercializeincommercialnetworks.2)TheeffectivenessofAIonthenetworkreliesontheaccuracyofmeasurementdata,whichcanleadtoAI-generatedpoliciesthatcannotmatchtheneedsofthenetworkandfailtoreflectthegainsAIbringstothenetwork,makingitimpossibletoachievethevisionofanintelligentnetwork.

TheICDTRANsolutionofNativeAIandDigitalTwin(NAS:NonAccessStratum,relativetoAS:AccessStratum;thestratumisdividedaccordingtoNASandASontheterminalside,andaccordingtoCNandRANonthenetworkside).ICDTstandsforIntelligence,Communication,Data,andTechnology.Inthissolution,multi-levelcontrolofRANissupportedbyintroducingonlinedigitaltwinanddistributedAIfunctionsintodifferentfunctionalpartsofRAN,therebyrealizingtheICDTRANsolutionofNativeAIandDigitalTwin.

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OnlinedigitaltwinanddistributedAIfunctionsareintroducedintocloudunitsandedgeaccesspointsofRANtoachieveflexiblecontrolofthecloudandedge.

Figure2showstheICDTRANsolutionofNativeAI.

ForOnlineDTandOfflineDT,"offline"and"online"arenotrelatedtotraditional"high/lowreal-timeliness"or"high/lowspeed"andreflectthesynchronizationrelationshipbetweenthecorrespondingfunctionalentities.Forexample,OfflineDTcanobtainhighreal-timedataforaperiodoftimethroughrecordingandthenprocessthedatatoobtainsimulatedresults.

DistributedAIisalogicalconstraintrelationshipbetweenAIalgorithmsorAIfunctionsthatexistbetweenvariousfunctionalentitiesinthenetwork.ThedistributedlogicalconstraintrelationshipdefinesthedifferentAIalgorithmsandAIfunctionsasawholetocompletedifferentnetwork-relatedtasks,anddefinesthetasksthateachseparatedAIalgorithmorAIfunctionneedstoindependentlyundertakeundertheunifiedrequirementsoftheoverallnetworkfunction,includingthecalculationresultsdirectlyoutputtothenetworkfunction,thecalculationresultsoutputtootherAIalgorithmsorAIfunctionentities,andtheacceptanceofcalculationresultsfromotherAIalgorithmsorAIfunctionentities.Thislogicalconstraintrelationshipcanbeatightorlooseconstraintrelationship.Throughthislogicalconstraintrelationship,AIalgorithmsorAIfunctionscollaboratetocompletespecifictasks,anddifferentAIalgorithmsorAIfunctionscandirectlyexchangemessages,measurements,ordatainformation.

Figure2ICDTRANsolutionofNativeAI

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1.FortheinputsofeachASfunctionalentity,theyarealsosynchronouslyinputintothecorrespondingonlinesimulationfunctionalentityintheDTL.InordertoreducetheoverheadofrunningtheDTL,criticalinformationcanbeinputintotheDTL,whilenon-essentialinformation,suchasdatapackets(PUD),canbediscarded.EffectivePUDheaderscanbeinputintoDTL,whilethenetpayloadofthedatapacketisnotamust.

Theinputinformationincludessignaling,datapackets,measurementinformation,operationalmaintenanceinstructions,etc.

2.EachfunctionalentityoftheASreportsitsownkeyinformationduringitsoperationtotheDTL.Forexample,theerrorrateanddelayofeachPUDreceivedorsent.Additionally,eachfunctionalentityprovidesitsownsignalingcontrolinformation,suchasUEstatuschangesandmeasurementinformationaboutlinkqualityduringitsoperation.

3.Basedontheinputinformation,theDTLsimulatestheoperationofeachASfunctionalentityonlineandgeneratessignaling,policies,orcommandsfordifferentASfunctionalentitiesunderthedriveofAIalgorithms.

4.Thesignaling,policies,orcommandsgeneratedbytheDTLarefedbackasinputstotheASfunctionalentities.EachNASfunctionalentityperformslow-costorlow-overheadfastprocessingbasedontheinputs.

5.TheresultsareoutputbyeachASfunctionalentity.

6.TheoutputresultsaresimultaneouslyfedbacktotheDTLforverificationorcorrectionofeachoutputresult.

OntheRANside,changesintheconfigurationandupdatesofthedistributedAI(AIL)andonlineDT(DTL)fortheUEsidearecarriedthroughRRCsignaling,MACControlElement(MACCE),orMACPDU.

OntheUEside,theoperationstatusparameters,measurements,establishment,orupdaterequestsforAILandDTLarecarriedthroughRRCmeasurementsorMACCEorMACPDUandsenttotheRANside.

TheAILandDTLontheUEsideareentirelyestablished,changed,ordeletedunderthecontroloftheRANside.

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OAMcontrolstheAILandDTLontheUEsidethroughtheaboveRANmethods.

OntheCU(cloudunit),RRC,RRM,L3UP,andC-MAC(cloudMAC)arerunning.

OntheEU(edgeunit),D-MAC(dedicatedMAC,dedicatedtotheMACfunctionwithinthecell)andPHYarerunning.

SDAP/PDCP/RLCcanrunindependentlyontheCUandEU(ifthesethreeprotocolfunctionlayersstillexistinthefuture).

ForRRCandRRM,theyareclassifiedintotwomajorfunctionsaccordingtoUE-levelorrelatedfunctionsandCell-levelorrelatedfunctions.UE-levelorrelatedfunctionsrefertothemanagement,control,andmaintenanceofthecontextinformation,linkstatusandservicestatusoftheUEaccessedtotheRAN.Cell-levelorrelatedfunctionsrefertothemanagement,control,andmaintenanceofallcellsestablishedbytheRAN,suchasthemaximumnumberofusersthecellcanaccommodate,theairinterfacebandwidthofthecell,themaximumtransmissionpowerofthecell,themaximumthroughputofthecell,thecoverageareaofthecell,theidentityinformationofthecell,theinformationofadjacentcells,etc.

L3UPhastwotypesoffunctions:1.L3UPPDUdataprocessing;2.AssociatedinformationcollectionandprocessingcorrespondingtoeachPDUprocessed.Forexample,shapingthereceivedupper-layerdata(i.e.,restoringtheregularityofthereceivedupper-layerdatabasedontheknownservicecharacteristics,soastosendmoreaccuratelyovertheairinterface),controllingthetrafficofdatasenttothelowerlayer,stateinformationofeachdatapacketsentorreceivedatthelowerlayer,andstatisticalinformationofreceivedorsentdatapackets(size,interval,sendingdelaypattern).

C-MAChastwocategoriesoffunctions:1.ControlofD-MAC;2.CU-EUinterfacecontrol.

ThecontrolofD-MACmainlyincludes:

SDUshapingofdatasenttoeachD-MAC:AccordingtotheQoSrequirementsoftheserviceandthetransmissionstatusofeachD-MACdata,controlthetrafficofdatasenttoeachD-MAC,eliminatethetransmissionjitterofdatapacktets,scheduledatapacketscarryingassociatedcontrolinformation,reconstructthesendingofimportantorcriticaldatapackets,andsenddatapacketswhilerestoringthecorrectorderofpackets.

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SDUshapingofreceiveddataoneachD-MAC:exceptfortraditionalsorting,eliminationofrepeateddatapackets,deconstructionandreconstructionofimportantorkeydatapackets,trafficcontrolandthesensingofdatareceivingstate.

CollaborativecontrolbetweendifferentD-MACs:includingcoordinationofPRBs(PhysicalResourceBlocks)withinoverlappingcoverage,powerallocationorcontrol.

OrchestrationofD-MACfunctions:basedonthecharacteristicsofthedatatobetransmitted(service,traffic),specificMACfunctionsarecustomized,includingschedulingfunctions,measurementofresourceallocation,HARQmodeselection,modeselectionofHARQprocess,andHARQprocessselection,rateormodulationmethodortransportblock(TB)selection.

User-levelD-MACselection:foroneormoreD-MACfunctionalunitsbelongingtoaUE,thatis,thelinkbetweenC-MACandD-MAC,dynamicselectionorschedulingisperformedasneeded.BasedonthequalitymonitoringofdatareceptionandtransmissiononeachD-MACoftheUE,oneormoresuitableD-M