2021高考英語閱讀專項精練-含詳解+譯文

高考英語-閱讀專項精練-含詳解+譯文①NASAKellytwinsstudyshowsharsheffectsofspaceflightandabrutalreturntoEarth②AstronautScottKellymadehimselfaguineapig（天竺鼠）forallthepeoplewhodreamofhumanjourneystoMarsandotherdestinationsinspace.In2015,KellyrodearocketintospaceandspentnearlyayearontheInternationalSpaceStationinlowEarthorbit,whilehisidenticaltwinbrother,MarkKelly,stayedonEarth'ssurfaceforNASA'scelebrated"twinsstudy,"designedtoseewhatspaceflightdoestothehumanbody.③Thefullresults,publishedThursdayinthejournalScience,showedthatScottKellyexperiencednumerousphysiologicalandchromosomalchangesduringhislongstayinorbit,includingchangesingeneexpression.Hisimmunesystemwentonhighalert,bothwhenhewenttospaceanduponreturningtoEarth.Hisbodyactedasifitwereunderattack.④Oneofthemostdramaticfindingsconcernedepigenetics—howgenesareturnedonorofftoproduceproteins.GeneexpressionchangedinbothKellysduringthestudybutinsignificantlydifferentways.Thestudyfoundthatmorethan90percentofScottKelly'sgeneexpressionchangesrevertedtonormalwhenhereturnedtothesurface.⑤Histelomeres(（染色體）端粒lengthenedinspace.Butthat'snofountainofyouth,thestudyfound,becausethetelomeresshorteneddramaticallywhenhereturnedtoEarth.⑥Monthslater,hestillshowedaslightlyincreasingnumberofcellswithshortenedtelomeres(染色體端粒),possiblyaneffectofradiationexposure."Hemightbeatsomeincreasedriskforcardiovasculardiseaseorsometypesofcancer,"saidSusanBailey,abiologistatColoradoStateUniversitywholedoneoftheinvestigationsinthestudy.1.Whatareepigenetics?2.Whathappenstoanastronaut'sbodyafteraspaceflight?3.Whatwasthemoststrikingaspectofthestudy?4.Whatdoestheword"revert"meaninparagraph4?Usemoreexamplestoexplainit5.WhatcanyoulearnfromSusanBailey'swords?A.90percentofScottKelly'sgeneexpressionchangescanreturntonormalwhenhereturnedtothesurface.B.ScottKellywillappearyoungerbecausehistelomeres(（染色體）端粒lengthenedinspace.C.Workinginspacewillhavenoeffectonone'simmunesystem.D.Kelly'smightbemorelikelytodevelopcardiovasculardiseaseorsometypesofcancer.①NASAKellytwinsstudyshowsharsheffectsofspaceflightandabrutalreturntoEarth【結(jié)構(gòu)剖析】第一段點出文章的主旨：美國航空航天局對凱利雙胞胎的研究內(nèi)容和結(jié)果：太空飛行和直接返回地球（會對人體）產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重影響【閱讀詞匯】★星號標(biāo)記為超綱詞匯，學(xué)生可以憑興趣記憶。1.harsh/hɑ?r?/adj.刺激的；嚴(yán)重的；令人不快的英文釋義：severe,cruelorunkindHistoryisaharshjudge:itwillnotforgiveusifweletthismomentpass.歷史會做出嚴(yán)酷的評判：如果我們錯過這一時機(jī)，它是不會原諒我們的。Oneharshwordwouldsendherintothedepthsofdespair.一句嚴(yán)厲的話就會使她陷入極度的絕望之中。Youhavetofacetheharshrealitybravely.你必須勇敢地面對嚴(yán)峻的現(xiàn)實。2.brutal/?bru?tl/adj.殘忍的；直截了當(dāng)?shù)腟hespoketomewithbrutalhonesty,"Idon'twanttoseeyouagain!"她對我直言不諱地說："我不想再見到你了！"abrutalattack/murder/killing野蠻的攻擊/謀殺/殺害Withbrutalhonestyshetoldhimshedidnotlovehim.她冷酷地直接告訴他，她不愛他?！九缮~】brutalitynoun[U,C]【不規(guī)則形式】pl.-iespolicebrutality警察的粗暴thebrutalitiesofwar戰(zhàn)爭的殘酷【派生詞】brutallyadv.Hewasbrutallyassaulted.他遭到毒打。Letmebebrutallyfrankaboutthis.讓我把這件事無情地挑明說吧。②AstronautScottKellymadehimselfaguineapig（天竺鼠）forallthepeoplewhodreamofhumanjourneystoMarsandotherdestinationsinspace.In2015,KellyrodearocketintospaceandspentnearlyayearontheInternationalSpaceStationinlowEarthorbit,whilehisidenticaltwinbrother,MarkKelly,stayedonEarth'ssurfaceforNASA'scelebrated"twinsstudy,"designedtoseewhatspaceflightdoestothehumanbody.【結(jié)構(gòu)解析】本段是對實驗過程的細(xì)節(jié)補(bǔ)充。指出實驗的具體內(nèi)容和原因：對比分別工作在近地軌道上的國際空間站和留在了地球表面的雙胞胎。該研究旨在了解太空飛行對人體的影響?！鹃喿x詞匯】★星號標(biāo)記為超綱詞匯，學(xué)生可以憑興趣記憶。1.★guineapig豚鼠；實驗對象，供做實驗的人英文釋義：apersonusedinexperimentsThey'reaskingforstudentstobeguineapigsforthenewteachingmethods.他們要求學(xué)生成為新教學(xué)方法的實驗對象。2.orbit/???rb?t/n.（天體圍繞行星或恒星運行的）軌道theearth'sorbitaroundthesun地球繞太陽運行的軌道3.identical/a??dent?kl/adj.完全相同的；極為相似的英文釋義：exactlyWehadnomaps,noGPSandnoknowledgeofthedozensofidentical-lookingislandsaroundus,butIhadtogosomewhere.我們沒有地圖，沒有GPS，也不了解我們周圍那一群看起來一樣的島嶼，但是我必須去某個地方。Everybodybutcooperatesfortheidenticalgoaltostruggletogethermutually,thisisnothappy?大家為了同一個目標(biāo)而互相協(xié)作一起奮斗，這不是幸福嗎？4.ridearocketintospace乘火箭進(jìn)入太空In2015,KellyrodearocketintospaceandspentnearlyayearontheInternationalSpaceStationinlowEarthorbit,whilehisidenticaltwinbrother,MarkKelly,stayedonEarth'ssurfaceforNASA'scelebrated"twinsstudy,"designedtoseewhatspaceflightdoestothehumanbody.【解析】while用在句中，在…期間；當(dāng)…的時候duringthetimethatsthishappening；designedtoseewhatspaceflightdoestothehumanbody為過去分詞短語后置定語，修飾twinsstudy.【翻譯】2015年，凱利乘坐火箭前往太空，并在近地軌道上的國際空間站待了近一年。與此同時，為了進(jìn)行美國航空航天局著名的"雙胞胎研究"，他的孿生兄弟，馬克·凱利，留在了地球表面。該研究旨在了解太空飛行對人體的影響。③Thefullresults,publishedThursdayinthejournalScience,showedthatScottKellyexperiencednumerousphysiologicalandchromosomalchangesduringhislongstayinorbit,includingchangesingeneexpression.Hisimmunesystemwentonhighalert,bothwhenhewenttospaceanduponreturningtoEarth.Hisbodyactedasifitwereunderattack.【閱讀詞匯】★星號標(biāo)記為超綱詞匯，學(xué)生可以憑興趣記憶。1.chromosomal染色體的2.geneexpression基因表達(dá)3.immunesystem免疫系統(tǒng)4.asif好像…一樣,仿佛Shetalkedasifsheknewallaboutourplans.她說得就好像完全知道我們的計劃似的。Itseemsasifheknewnothingabouther.看樣子他好象一點也不了解她。5.underattack遭到攻擊Ifyousmokethenthewholerespiratorysystemisconstantlyunderattack.如果抽煙，整個呼吸系統(tǒng)就會一直受到損害。Thetownhasbeenunderattackbyrebelgroupsforaweeknow.一周來，該鎮(zhèn)一直受到叛軍的襲擊。Thepolicecameunderattackfromangrycrowds警察遭到憤怒的人群的襲擊。Thefullresults,publishedThursdayinthejournalScience,showedthatScottKellyexperiencednumerousphysiologicalandchromosomalchangesduringhislongstayinorbit,includingchangesingeneexpression.【解析】為過去分詞短語后置定語，publishedThursdayinthejournalScience,修飾特thefullresults.句子的主干為thefullresultsshowedthat………..為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)。【翻譯】周四發(fā)布在《科學(xué)》期刊上的完整結(jié)果顯示，斯科特·凱利在（近地）軌道長期逗留期間，經(jīng)歷了許多生理上的和染色體上的變化，其中包括基因表達(dá)上的變化。④Oneofthemostdramaticfindingsconcernedepigenetics—howgenesareturnedonorofftoproduceproteins.GeneexpressionchangedinbothKellysduringthestudybutinsignificantlydifferentways.Thestudyfoundthatmorethan90percentofScottKelly'sgeneexpressionchangesrevertedtonormalwhenhereturnedtothesurface.【結(jié)構(gòu)解析】本段是對太空實驗結(jié)果的細(xì)節(jié)描述?！鹃喿x詞匯】★星號標(biāo)記為超綱詞匯，學(xué)生可以憑興趣記憶。1.dramatic突然的;巨大的;給人印象深刻的;戲劇的;Wehaveworkoutsomeofthemostdramaticandeffectivesaledisplaymaterial.我們已經(jīng)設(shè)計出了一些最有效和最引人注目的推銷展覽材料。Sherentedthecountryvillahaveadramaticspiralstairs,aseriesofstrangeeventsinthishappenon.她租住的鄉(xiāng)間別墅有座引人注目的螺旋樓梯，一連串詭異事件接連在此發(fā)生。Whatmakesthisshotworkisthedramaticburstofbluespurtingintothecrowd.促成這次拍攝工作的，是那藍(lán)色噴射進(jìn)入人群時激動人心的爆發(fā)。Hehadexpressedhissenseofurgencyabouttheneedfordramaticnewrecommendations.他表達(dá)了有必要提出激動人心的全新建議的迫切心情。2.findings調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn);調(diào)研結(jié)果;判決;裁決;finding的復(fù)數(shù)·epigenetics實驗胚胎學(xué)3.genes基因;gene的復(fù)數(shù)4.proteins蛋白質(zhì);protein的復(fù)數(shù)5.significantly有重大意義地;顯著地;明顯地;有某種意義;Buttheyperformedsignificantlybetterinallothertests.但他們在所有其他測試中明顯表現(xiàn)的更好。Wesignificantlyinfluenceorcontroltheselection,organization,preservation,anddisseminationofinformation.我們相當(dāng)影響或者控制選擇，組織，保存和信息的傳播。Inaddition,wecanapplycertainprogramminganddesigntechniquestosignificantlyminimizetheoccurrenceofthesepatterns.另外，我們可以應(yīng)用某些編程和設(shè)計技巧來顯著減少這些類型錯誤的出現(xiàn)。Ofcourse,therearenoperfectgarbagecollectors,butgarbagecollectorshaveimprovedsignificantlyoverthepasttenyears.當(dāng)然，沒有十全十美的垃圾收集器，但是垃圾收集器在過去十年中已經(jīng)有了很大改進(jìn)。Hesmiledsignificantlyathisstudents.他意味深長地對他的學(xué)生笑了。morethan比…更;比…更重要;超出需要;超乎尋常6.revert恢復(fù)，回復(fù);回到7.concernvt影響；涉及affect/involve[VN][oftenpassive]Don'tinterfereinwhatdoesn'tconcernyou.不要管與自己無關(guān)的事。Thelosswasatragedyforallconcerned(=allthoseaffectedbyit).這損失對有關(guān)各方來說都是極大的不幸。Whereourchildren'seducationisconcerned,nocompromiseisacceptable.在事關(guān)我們的孩子的教育問題上，那是毫無妥協(xié)余地的。Everyonewhowasdirectlyconcernedin(=hadsomeresponsibilityfor)theincidenthasnowresigned.所有與該事件有直接牽連的人現(xiàn)在均已辭職。⑤Histelomeres(（染色體）端粒lengthenedinspace.Butthat'snofountainofyouth,thestudyfound,becausethetelomeresshorteneddramaticallywhenhereturnedtoEarth.他的（染色體）端粒在太空中變長了。但是研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，這并沒有使他重獲年輕，因為當(dāng)他返回地球時，端粒又急劇縮短了?！窘Y(jié)構(gòu)解析】本段是對太空實驗結(jié)果的細(xì)節(jié)描述。【閱讀詞匯】★星號標(biāo)記為超綱詞匯，學(xué)生可以憑興趣記憶。1.lengthened變長;lengthen的過去分詞和過去式Theeveningshadowswerelengthening.殘陽下的影子越拉越長。V-ERG（使）（時間）延長；（使…）持續(xù)更長時間Vacationshavelengthenedandtheworkweekhasshortened...假期延長，工作周就縮短了。2.inspace宇宙中；空中3.study學(xué)習(xí);研究;功課；書房4.shortened變短，縮短;shorten的過去分詞和過去式5.dramatically戲劇地;顯著地AfifthyearofdroughtisexpectedtohavedramaticeffectsontheCaliforniaeconomy...第五年遭受旱災(zāi)預(yù)計會對加利福尼亞的經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生巨大的影響。ADJ-GRADED激動人心的;引人注目的;令人印象深刻的Hewitnessedmanydramaticescapesaspeoplejumpedfromashighasthefourthfloor...他目睹了許多人從五層高的樓上跳下來逃生的驚險場面。6.Earth地球;陸地;土;泥;泥土⑥Monthslater,hestillshowedaslightlyincreasingnumberofcellswithshortenedtelomeres(染色體端粒),possiblyaneffectofradiationexposure."Hemightbeatsomeincreasedriskforcardiovasculardiseaseorsometypesofcancer,"saidSusanBailey,abiologistatColoradoStateUniversitywholedoneoftheinvestigationsinthestudy.【結(jié)構(gòu)解析】本段是對太空實驗結(jié)果的細(xì)節(jié)描述以及生物學(xué)家對其潛在危害的看法?！鹃喿x詞匯】★星號標(biāo)記為超綱詞匯，學(xué)生可以憑興趣記憶。1.shortened變短，縮短;shorten的過去分詞和過去式2.typesof類型;的型態(tài);3.biologist生物學(xué)家4.investigations調(diào)查，偵查;科學(xué)研究;學(xué)術(shù)研究;investigation的復(fù)數(shù)5.atsomeincreasedriskfor在某種程度風(fēng)險上增加了完成下面的語法填空題目。話題：基因編輯技術(shù)ForthepastfourbillionyearsorsotheonlywayforlifeonEarthtoproduceasequenceofDNA—agene—wasby_______(copy)asequenceitalreadyhadtohand.Sometimesthegenewould__________(damage)thecopyingimperfectorundertakenrepeatedly.Thatisnolongertrue.Nowgenescanbewrittenfromscratch從零開始andedited______________(repeat),liketextinawordprocessor.Immunecellscanbetoldtofollowdoctors'orders;stemcellscanbeturnintonewtissues;fertilizedeggsprogrammedtogrowinto___________(creature)quiteunliketheirparents.Thescaleofthepotentialchangesseemshard________(imagine).Tominimizetherisk,itpaystolearnthelessonsofthepast.The_________(early)biologicaltransformation—domestication馴化—produced_______wasthebiggestchangeinhowhumanslivedtheirlives.Thisallowednewdensitiesofsettlementandnewformsofsocialorganization:themarket,______city,thestate.Synthetic合成biologywillhaveasimilareffect,_________(transform)humans'relationshipswitheachotherand,potentially,theirownbiologicalnature.Theabilitytoreprogramtheembryois,rightly,thesiteofmostoftoday'sethicalconcerns.Howhumansmaychoosetochangethemselvesbiologicallyishardtosay;thatsomechoiceswillbecontroversialisnot.Itwillchallengethehumancapacityforwisdomandforesight.Itmightdefeatit.Butcarefullynurtured,itmightalsohelpexpand________.1._______2.________3.______4.__________5._________6.___________7.________8.__________9.________10.___________【詞匯輔助】syntheticbiology合成生物學(xué)synthetic搭配短語：syntheticmaterials（合成材料）asequenceof一連串，一系列aseriesofaccidents一連串的事故，但事故發(fā)生的順序就不那么重要了。Youuseherasashouldertocryon.Shetextsyoubackwithcasualjokes.Butshe,Xiaoice,isonlyavirtualchatbot（虛擬聊天機(jī)器人）.Xiaoice,Microsoft'slatestartificialintelligencerobot,wasbrieflyreleasedin2014,andreturnedtoWeChatin2015,whereshebecameabighit.MillionsofyoungChinesenowexchangemessageswithherdaily,TheNewYorkTimesreported.OnWeChat,Xiaoiceisanofficialaccount.Afterfollowingit,userscanstarttext-basedconversationswithXiaoice."HerincrediblelearningabilitywaswhypeoplelovedtotalkwithXiaoice,"LiuJinchang,aresearcheratHigh-techResearchandDevelopmentCenterundertheMinistryofScienceandTechnology,toldChinaDaily.Apartfromherabilitytoidentifyphotosandsendemojis（表情符號）inconversations,Xiaoicegains45percentofherknowledgefrominteractingwithusers,ChinaDailyreported.Chatbotprogramsfirstappearedinthemid-1960sintheUS.Drivenbytoptechcompanies,theyarebecomingsmarterandmorecommon.Forinstance,IBM'slatestartificialintelligenceprogramservedasanacademicconsultantatAustralia'sDeakinUniversity,answeringstudents'questionsaboutcourseschedulesandfinancialaid.Apple'sSiriandAmazon'sAlexahavebeenusedasvoiceassistantswhocanreadnews,playmusicandevenmakejokesfortheirusers.Theseprogramsareexpectedtomovebeyondsmartphones,intotelevisions,carsandlivingrooms,TheNewYorkTimespointedout.However,itmaytakedecadesbeforescientistsdevelopa"Samantha",theadvancedchatbotseeninthefictionfilmHer.Inthefilm,SamanthahasaromanticrelationshipwithheruserplayedbyUSactorJoaquinPhoenix.Manyviewerswereenthusiasticaboutthisfantasyofvirtualsoulmates.1．WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph2mean?A.Shebecameabestseller.B.Shebecameverypowerful.C.Shebecameamoneymaker.D.Shebecameverypopular.2．WhichofthefollowingcanXiaoicedo?A.Dohousework.B.Spreadmessages.C.Identifyvariousphotos.D.Readnewstoitsusers.3．Whichcompany'schatbotprogramcanactasanacademicconsultant?A.Microsoft.B.IBM.C.Apple.D.Amazon.4．Whatcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraph?A.Chatbotswillbeappliedtocarssoon.B.Chatbotsmainlyrunonsmartphonesnow.C.SamanthaisplayedbyaUSactorinthefilm.D.ThefilmHerdoesn'tinterestmanyaudience.NASAKellytwinsstudyshowsharsheffectsofspaceflightandabrutalreturntoEarth美國航空航天局凱利雙胞胎研究顯示，太空飛行和直接返回地球（會對人體）產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重影響AstronautScottKellymadehimselfaguineapig（天竺鼠）forallthepeoplewhodreamofhumanjourneystoMarsandotherdestinationsinspace.In2015,KellyrodearocketintospaceandspentnearlyayearontheInternationalSpaceStationinlowEarthorbit,whilehisidenticaltwinbrother,MarkKelly,stayedonEarth'ssurfaceforNASA'scelebrated"twinsstudy,"designedtoseewhatspaceflightdoestothehumanbody.為了所有那些夢想前往火星或者太空中的其它目的地的人，宇航員斯科特·凱利把自己變成了試驗品。2015年，凱利乘坐火箭前往太空，并在近地軌道上的國際空間站待了近一年。與此同時，為了進(jìn)行美國航空航天局著名的"雙胞胎研究"，他的孿生兄弟，馬克·凱利，留在了地球表面。該研究旨在了解太空飛行對人體的影響。Thefullresults,publishedThursdayinthejournalScience,showedthatScottKellyexperiencednumerousphysiologicalandchromosomalchangesduringhislongstayinorbit,includingchangesingeneexpression.Hisimmunesystemwentonhighalert,bothwhenhewenttospaceanduponreturningtoEarth.Hisbodyactedasifitwereunderattack.周四發(fā)布在《科學(xué)》期刊上的完整結(jié)果顯示，斯科特·凱利在（近地）軌道長期逗留期間，經(jīng)歷了許多生理上的和染色體上的變化，其中包括基因表達(dá)上的變化。在他去往太空和回到地球后，他的免疫系統(tǒng)都處于高度戒備狀態(tài)。他的身體好像是在遭受到攻擊一樣。Oneofthemostdramaticfindingsconcernedepigenetics—howgenesareturnedonorofftoproduceproteins.GeneexpressionchangedinbothKellysduringthestudybutinsignificantlydifferentways.Thestudyfoundthatmorethan90percentofScottKelly'sgeneexpressionchangesrevertedtonormalwhenhereturnedtothesurface.最引人注目的結(jié)果之一和表觀遺傳學(xué)有關(guān)，表觀遺傳學(xué)展示了基因是如何被表達(dá)或被阻遏以產(chǎn)生蛋白質(zhì)的。在研究期間，凱利兩兄弟體內(nèi)的基因表達(dá)都發(fā)生了變化，但是方式大相徑庭。研究顯示，當(dāng)斯科特回到地面時，他體內(nèi)超過90%的基因表達(dá)變化恢復(fù)到了正常狀態(tài)。Histelomeres(（染色體）端粒lengthenedinspace.Butthat'snofountainofyouth,thestudyfound,becausethetelomeresshorteneddramaticallywhenhereturnedtoEarth.他的（染色體）端粒在太空中變長了。但是研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，這并沒有使他重獲年輕，因為當(dāng)他返回地球時，端粒又急劇縮短了。Monthslater,hestillshowedaslightlyincreasingnumberofcellswithshortenedtelomeres(染色體端粒),possiblyaneffectofradiationexposure."Hemightbeatsomeincreasedriskforcardiovasculardiseaseorsometypesofcancer,"saidSusanBailey,abiologistatColoradoStateUniversitywholedoneoftheinvestigationsinthestudy.幾個月后，斯科特·凱利體內(nèi)的端粒變短的細(xì)胞數(shù)量依舊稍有增加，這可能是因為（他）暴露在了輻射下?？屏_拉多州立大學(xué)的生物學(xué)家蘇珊·貝利領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了該研究中一個項目，她表示："他患有心血管疾病或某些癌癥的風(fēng)險可能會有所增加。"ForthepastfourbillionyearsorsotheonlywayforlifeonEarthtopro