倫敦介紹精編版

倫敦介紹基本概況London,capitalofGreatBritain,SEEngland,onbothsidesoftheThamesRiver.GreaterLondon(1991pop.6,378,600),c.620sqmi(1,610sqkm),consistsoftheCorporationoftheCityofLondon(1991pop.4,000),usuallycalledtheCity,plus32boroughs.TheCityistheoldcityofLondonandisthemoderncity'scommercialcenter;itisalsoreferredtoasthe“SquareMile”becauseofitsarea.The12innerboroughsthatsurroundtheCityareWestminster,Camden,Islington,Hackney,TowerHamlets,Greenwich,Lewisham,Southwark,Lambeth,Wandsworth,HammersmithandFulham,KensingtonandChelsea.The20outerboroughsareWalthamForest,Redbridge,Havering,BarkingandDagenham,Newham,Bexley,Bromley,Croydon,Sutton,Merton,KingstonuponThames,RichmonduponThames,Hounslow,Hillingdon,Ealing,Brent,Harrow,Barnet,Haringey,andEnfield.GreaterLondonincludestheareaoftheformercountyofLondon,mostoftheformercountyofMiddlesex,andareasthatwereformerlyinSurrey,Kent,Essex,andHertfordshire.EachoftheboroughsofGreaterLondonelectsacouncil.TheGreaterLondonCounciladministeredthelargerLondonareauntil1986,whenitwasabolishedbytheThatchergovernment,makingLondonuniqueasaworldmetropoliswithoutacentralgoverningunit.In1999theGreaterLondonAuthorityActreestablishedasinglelocalgoverningbodyfortheGreaterLondonarea,consistingofanelectedmayorandtheLondonAssembly.Electionswereheldin2000,andKenLivingstonebecameLondon'sfirstelectedmayor.2.EconomyLondonisoneoftheworld'sforemostfinancial,commercial,industrial,andculturalcenters.TheBankofEngland,Lloyd's,thestockexchange,andnumerousotherbanksandinvestmentcompanieshavetheirheadquartersthere,primarilyintheCity,butincreasinglyatCanaryWharf.ThefinancialservicessectorisamajorsourceofoverallemploymentinLondonstillremainsoneoftheworld'sgreatestports.Itexportsmanufacturedgoodsandimportspetroleum,tea,wool,rawsugar,timber木材，木料,butter,metals,andmeat.Consumergoods,clothing,precision精密的instruments,jewelry,andstationeryareproduced,butmanufacturinghaslostanumberofjobsintheonce-dominanttextile,furniture,printing,andchemical-processingindustriesasfirmshavemovedoutsidethearea.Engineeringandscientificresearcharealsoimportanttotheeconomy,asistourism.Thecityisahubforroad,rail,andair(itsairportsincludeHeathrowandGatwick),anditisnowlinkedtotheContinentbyahigh-speedraillineundertheEnglishChannel.PointsofInterestThebest-knownstreetsofLondonareFleetStreet,theStrand,Piccadilly,Whitehall,PallMall,DowningStreet,andLombardStreet.BondandRegentstreetsandCoventGardenarenotedfortheirshops.BuckinghamPalaceistheroyalfamily'sLondonresidence.Municipal市政的，自治區(qū)的parksincludeHydePark,KensingtonGardens,Regent'sPark(whichhousestheLondonZoo),andSt.James'sandGreenparks.MuseumsincludetheBritishMuseum,theVictoriaandAlbertMuseum,theNationalGallery,theTateGallery,theWallaceCollection,theInstituteofContemporaryArt,andtheSaachiGallery.TheBritishLibrary,oneoftheworld'sgreatreferenceresources,islocatedinLondon.Thecityisrichinotherartisticandculturalactivities.Itsapproximately100theatercompaniesreflecttheimportanceofdrama,andithasseveralworld-classorchestras,awell-knownoperahouse,performancehalls,andclubs.Aworkingreplica復(fù)制品ofShakespeare'sGlobeTheatreopenedin1997.TheUniv.ofLondonisthelargestinGreatBritain,andthereareotheruniversitiesandcollegesinthecity.Thestate-ownedBBC(BritishBroadcastingCompany)isheadquarteredinLondon,andmostofthecountry'snationalnewspapersarepublishedthere.TheNewScotlandYard,synonymouswithcriminalinvestigation,islocatedinthecity.SportingeventsdrawlargesupportfromLondonerswhofollowcricket,soccer(atWimbleyStadium),andtennis(includingtheWimbledonchampionship).3.HistoryLittleisknownofLondonpriortoA.D.61,when,accordingtotheRomanhistorianTacitus塔西佗（古羅官員和歷史學(xué)家）,thefollowersofQueenBoadicearebelledandslaughteredtheinhabitantsoftheRomanfortLondinium.Romanauthoritywassoonrestored,andthefirstcitywallswerebuilt,remnants殘余ofwhichstillexist.AfterthefinalwithdrawaloftheRomanlegionsinthe5thcent.,Londonwaslostinobscurity.Celts,Saxons,andDanescontestedthegeneralarea,anditwasnotuntil886thatLondonagainemergedasanimportanttownunderthefirmcontrolofKingAlfred,whorebuiltthedefensesagainsttheDanesandgavethecityagovernment.LondonputupsomeresistancetoWilliamIin1066,buthesubsequentlytreatedthecitywell.DuringhisreigntheWhiteTower,thenucleus核心，中心oftheTowerofLondon,wasbuiltjusteastofthecitywall.UndertheNormansandPlantagenets(seeGreatBritain),thecitygrewcommerciallyandpoliticallyandduringthereignofRichardI(1189–99)obtainedaformofmunicipalgovernmentfromwhichthemodernCityCorporationdeveloped.In1215,KingJohngrantedthecitytherighttoelectamayorannually.Theguilds公會(huì)，協(xié)會(huì)oftheMiddleAgesgainedcontrolofcivic公民的affairsandgrewsufficientlystrongtorestricttradetofreemenofthecity.Theguildssurvivetodayin80livery肝的companies,ofwhichmemberswereoncethevotersinLondon'smunicipalelections.MedievalLondonsawthefoundationoftheInnsofCourtandtheconstructionofWestminsterAbbey.Bythe14thcent.LondonhadbecomethepoliticalcapitalofEngland.ItplayednoactiveroleintheWarsoftheRoses(15thcent.).ThereignofElizabethIbroughtLondontoalevelofgreatwealth,power,andinfluenceastheundisputed無(wú)可置辨的centerofEngland'sRenaissanceculture.ThiswasthetimeofShakespeare(andtheGlobeTheatre)andthebeginningsofoverseastradingcompaniessuchastheMuscovyCompany.Withtheadvent(1603)oftheStuartstothethrone,thecitybecameinvolvedinstruggleswiththecrownonbehalfofitsdemocraticprivileges,culminatingintheEnglishcivilwar.In1665,thegreatplaguetooksome75,000lives.AgreatfireinSept.,1666,lastedfivedaysandvirtuallydestroyedthecity.SirChristopherWrenplayedalargeroleinrebuildingthecity.Hedesignedmorethan51churches,notablytherebuiltSt.Paul'sCathedral.Othernotablechurchesincludethegothic哥特式的SouthwarkCathedral,St.Paul'sChurch(1633;designedbyInigoJones),St.Martin-in-the-Fields(18thcent.),andWestminsterCathedral.MuchofthebusinessofLondonaswellasliteraryandpoliticaldiscussionwastransactedincoffeehouses,forerunnersofthemodernclub.Until1750,whenWestminsterBridgewasopened,LondonBridge,firstbuiltinthe10thcent.,wastheonlybridgetospantheThames.Sincethe18thcent.,severalotherbridgeshavebeenconstructed;theTowerInthe19thcent.,Londonbeganaperiodofextraordinarygrowth.Theareaofpresent-dayGreaterLondonhadabout1.1millionpeoplein1801;by1851,thepopulationhadincreasedto2.7million,andby1901to6.6million.DuringtheVictorianera,LondonacquiredtremendousprestigeasthecapitaloftheBritishEmpireandasaculturalandintellectualcenter.Britain'sfreepoliticalinstitutionsandintellectualatmospheremadeLondonahavenforpersonsunsafeintheirowncountries.TheItalianGiuseppeMazzini,theRussianAleksandrHerzen,andtheGermanKarlMarxwereamongmanypoliticallycontroversialfigureswholivedforlongperiodsinLondon.ManybuildingsofcentralLondonweredestroyedordamagedinairraidsduringWorldWarII.TheseincludetheGuildhall(sceneofthelordmayor'sbanquets宴會(huì)（BOUQUET花束）andotherpublicfunctions);No.10DowningStreet,theprimeminister'sresidence;theInnsofCourt;WestminsterHallandtheHousesofParliament;St.George'sCathedral;andmanyofthegreathallsoftheancientliverycompanies.Todaytherearenumerousblocksofnewofficebuildingsanddistrictsofapartmentdwellingsconstructedbygovernmentauthorities.ThegrowthofLondoninthe20thcent.hasbeenextensivelyplanned.Onenotablefeaturehasbeentheconceptofa“GreenBelt”tosavecertainareasfromintensiveurbandevelopment.In1982,atax-freezoneintheDocklandsintheEastEnd'sTowerHamletsboroughwascreatedtostimulatedevelopment.AlthoughtheCanaryLondonhasanethnicallyandculturallydiversepopulation,withlargegroupsofimmigrantsfromCommonwealthnations.SouthAsian,WestIndian,African,andMiddleEasternpeoplesaccountformuchoftheimmigrantpopulation.ThecityisthesiteofoneofthelargestHindutemplecomplexes混合體andthelargestSikhtempleoutsideIndia;therealsoaremanymosques清真寺,includingoneofthelargestinEurope.Withthereestablishmentofthecity'scentralgovernment(2000),Londonbuiltitsegg-shapedCityHall(2002),onthesouthbankoftheThamesoppositetheTowerof倫敦，首都大不列顛，東南英格蘭，雙方的泰晤士河。大倫敦（1991彈出。6378600），c.620平方英里（1610平方公里），由該公司的倫敦金融城（1991彈出。4000），通常被稱為城市，加上32個(gè)區(qū)。市是老城區(qū)的倫敦，是現(xiàn)代城市的商業(yè)中心，它也是被稱為“平方英里”，因?yàn)樗拿娣e。12個(gè)內(nèi)城區(qū)包圍城市的威斯敏斯特大教堂，卡姆登，伊斯靈頓，哈克尼，倫敦塔橋，格林威治，劉易舍姆，南華，蘭貝斯，旺茲沃思，哈默史密斯和富勒姆，肯辛頓和切爾西隊(duì)。20外區(qū)的沃爾瑟姆森林，Redbridge，Havering，門(mén)口和Dagenham，紐漢，貝克斯利，布羅姆利，克羅伊登，薩頓，默頓，金士頓對(duì)泰晤士，里士滿泰晤士河畔，Hounslow，Hillingdon，伊靈，布倫特，哈羅，巴尼特，Haringey，和恩菲爾德。包括大倫敦地區(qū)的前縣倫敦，最前的米德?tīng)柸怂箍h，和領(lǐng)域，以前在薩里，肯特，埃塞克斯，以及赫特福德郡。每個(gè)區(qū)的大倫敦議會(huì)選舉產(chǎn)生。大倫敦理事會(huì)管理的大倫敦地區(qū)，直到1986年，當(dāng)時(shí)它被廢除的撒切爾政府，使倫敦作為一個(gè)獨(dú)特的世界大都市沒(méi)有一個(gè)中央理事單位。在1999年，大倫敦管理局法重新確立一個(gè)單一的地方的管治機(jī)構(gòu)，大倫敦地區(qū)，組成一個(gè)民選市長(zhǎng)和倫敦大會(huì)。選舉是在2000年舉行，并肯利文斯通成為倫敦的第一位民選市長(zhǎng)。經(jīng)濟(jì)倫敦是世界最重要的金融，商業(yè)，工業(yè)和文化中心。英格蘭銀行，勞埃德公司，證券交易所，以及眾多的其他銀行和投資公司的總部都設(shè)存在，主要是在城市，但在越來(lái)越多的加那利碼頭。金融服務(wù)業(yè)是一個(gè)主要來(lái)源，總的就業(yè)在倫敦。倫敦仍然是世界上最大的港口。它的出口制成品和進(jìn)口石油，茶葉，羊毛，原糖，木材，黃油，金屬，和肉類。消費(fèi)品，服裝，精密儀器，首飾，文具生產(chǎn)，但生產(chǎn)已經(jīng)失去了一些就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，曾經(jīng)占主導(dǎo)地位的紡織，家具，印刷，化工等加工行業(yè)的公司都搬到以外的地區(qū)。工程和科研也很重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)，這是旅游業(yè)。城市是一個(gè)樞紐的公路，鐵路和航空（其包括倫敦希思羅機(jī)場(chǎng)和蓋特威克），現(xiàn)在是與歐洲大陸的高速鐵路線下的英吉利海峽。興趣點(diǎn)最有名的街頭，倫敦的艦隊(duì)街，東街，皮卡迪利，白廳，波邁，唐寧街，和倫巴第街。007和麗晶街上和科芬園是指出他們的商店。白金漢宮是王室在倫敦居住。市政公園包括海德公園，肯辛頓花園，攝政公園（該房屋的倫敦動(dòng)物園），以及圣雅各福群和綠色公園。博物館包括大英博物館，維多利亞和阿爾伯特博物館，國(guó)家美術(shù)館，泰特美術(shù)館的，收集的華萊士，該研究所的當(dāng)代藝術(shù)，并Saachi畫(huà)廊。倫敦還擁有眾多的商業(yè)藝術(shù)畫(huà)廊和中起著重要作用的國(guó)際藝術(shù)品市場(chǎng)。大英圖書(shū)館，一個(gè)世界上最偉大的參考資源，設(shè)在倫敦。這座城市有著豐富的藝術(shù)和其他文化活動(dòng)。它的大約100個(gè)劇團(tuán)反映的重要性，戲劇，它有幾個(gè)世界一流的樂(lè)團(tuán)，一個(gè)眾所周知的歌劇院，性能會(huì)堂，和俱樂(lè)部。一個(gè)工作副本的莎士比亞環(huán)球劇場(chǎng)在1997年開(kāi)放。該大學(xué)。倫敦是全球最大的大不列顛，還有其他高校的城市。國(guó)有英國(guó)廣播公司（英國(guó)廣播公司）是總部設(shè)在倫敦，大多數(shù)國(guó)家的報(bào)紙刊登有。新蘇格蘭場(chǎng)，同義詞，刑事調(diào)查，位于城市。體育賽事吸引大批來(lái)自倫敦支持誰(shuí)的后續(xù)板球，足球（上Wimbley體育場(chǎng)）和網(wǎng)球（包括溫布爾登錦標(biāo)賽）。歷史目前還不知道倫敦之前，公元61時(shí)，根據(jù)羅馬史學(xué)家塔西圖，追隨者女王Boadicea反抗和屠殺居民的羅馬堡倫迪尼烏姆。羅馬當(dāng)局盡快恢復(fù)，并第一次城墻建成，殘余仍然存在。在最后撤離的羅馬軍團(tuán)中的第5次以上。，倫敦是默默無(wú)聞的損失。凱爾特人，撒克遜人，和丹麥有爭(zhēng)議的一般地區(qū)，但直到886，倫敦再次成為一個(gè)重要城市的公司控制的國(guó)王阿爾弗雷德，誰(shuí)重建的防御丹麥人并給出了城市政府。倫敦提出了一些阻力威廉一世在1066年，但他后來(lái)處理以及城市。在他統(tǒng)治的白塔，核心的倫敦塔，是建立以東的城墻。根據(jù)諾曼和金雀花（見(jiàn)英國(guó)），城市增長(zhǎng)的商業(yè)和政治統(tǒng)治期間的理查一世（1189年至1199年）獲得某種形式的市政府從城市的現(xiàn)代企業(yè)發(fā)展。在1215年，約翰國(guó)王授予城市的權(quán)利，選出一個(gè)市長(zhǎng)每年。該行中世紀(jì)控制了公民事務(wù)和成長(zhǎng)足夠強(qiáng)大的貿(mào)易限制，以自由人的城市。該行今天在