新編語(yǔ)用學(xué)教程課后答案

.Introduction[checkyourunderstanding]感謝閱讀1.fSyntaxsemanticseachhavetheirstrengths.謝謝閱讀2.fPragmaticsisinterestedinlanguageuseaffectsthelanguagesystem.謝謝閱讀3.t4.f5.tIn-ClassActivities1.ASK<1>Yes,he’s<2>Yes.[No,heisn’tcoming]謝謝閱讀<3>knowledgeaboutwhetherPatlikescognitivelinguisticsornot.精品文檔放心下載<1>a.isobviouslynotHitler.ThereisoneHitlerintheworld.精品文檔放心下載b.Golfasinanimateobjectcan’tplayahumanbeing<John>.精品文檔放心下載c.Itisacaseoftautologythatconveysnonewinformation.精品文檔放心下載d.〞doesn’thavecolorcan’tsleepitisinanimate.wholesentencedoesn’tsense.謝謝閱讀<2>a.itcanbeusedforcommunicationinacontextwhereJohnsharessome

personalitywithHitler.精品文檔放心下載b.whenJohnisaplayerofgolf.精品文檔放心下載c.inacontextwhereacertainhasdonesomethingwrong<outofnaughtiness>.精品文檔放心下載<3>thesentenceisusedinpoetrytopersonalizetheword"idea".感謝閱讀3.<1>a.Inentranceapark.謝謝閱讀b.Intherestroomofsomepublicplaceslikeanairport.精品文檔放心下載1/.a.Peopleareforbiddentobringdogsthepark.感謝閱讀b.Thisplaceisfortochangeinfantdiapers.精品文檔放心下載4.<1>Herethespeakerwantstohiscomplaintthatthecouplearetalkingtoo

<andtheimplicitrequestforthemtotalking>.謝謝閱讀<2>Bysayingso,theyoungwantstotheirrefusalto"my〞r(shí)equest.感謝閱讀Thebackgroundknowledgeweneedisthatsinceitisusuallyimpolitetolistento

otherpeople’privateconversation,isnormal"I〞n’thearaword<thuscouplecancontinuetheirtalk>.精品文檔放心下載5.<1>Thisnoticeimpliesthatthosewhojumptheredlightareuncivilized,

whateverthereason.感謝閱讀<2>講衛(wèi)生的人不會(huì)隨便吐痰.6.<1>Thisisanadvertisementforaholidayinnanditsfoodissodeliciousthatitcan

thecustomer’swifejealous."Frenchtoast〞probablymeansatypespecialtyprovidedthisholidayinn.感謝閱讀<2>C:吃飯了沒(méi)？E:areyou?How’severythinggoing?7.Hehedoesn’tspeakFrench.感謝閱讀<2>Russianmajorsdon’tspeakFrench.精品文檔放心下載<3>Yes.Ittoindicateanegativeanswer.謝謝閱讀8.<1>a.Heuses"that〞undertheassumptionthatmomknowswhichletterisbeingreferredto.感謝閱讀b.Heusesanimperativesentencetoaskhermothertoclosethewindow,whichisimpolite.謝謝閱讀<2>Mom,PingPingiscomingtovisitusthisafternnoon.謝謝閱讀Mother:WhoisPingPing?2/.<3>Wang:It’snotfault,is謝謝閱讀Yes.-----------------Nativespeaker:yougood.謝謝閱讀good,goodat謝謝閱讀ExercisesTask3.wegetsomeonetodosomething,wetendtominimizetheefforttobeinvolved,butwhenwecomplainwetendtoexaggeratethecomplaint.Peopletopolitemitigating<緩解,減輕,>theimposition,whichisface-threatening.精品文檔放心下載謝謝閱讀2.Thefirstimperativeisageneralgrammaticalform,thethoughstillan

imperative,canbeusedtosoundmorepolitebecauseoftheadditionof"willyou"感謝閱讀謝謝閱讀<intheoffice>Boss:tomyofficelater.謝謝閱讀Clerk:Yes,sir.--------<duringtheafternoontea>感謝閱讀Boss:isyourdad,Tom?謝謝閱讀Clerk:He’sfine.Thanks,Pat.4.Hewantstosuggestthathedidnotbreakthewindowbecauseheengagedwith<?>somethingelseinotherplaces.精品文檔放心下載精品文檔放心下載5.InthenovelTheCatcherintheld,amiddleschoolalwaysbreaksthepragmaticconventionsandinthatshowshisrebellion.謝謝閱讀感謝閱讀6.WhileweteachEnglishtoChinesestudents,weonlyimpartlinguistic

information<phonetics,phonology,morphology,andsyntaxofEnglish>butpragmaticinformation<appropriateuseEnglishindynamiccontext>.instance,

weusethequestion反了？tagquestions>tosoundmoretentativeand

bepolite.謝謝閱讀精品文檔放心下載13/.[Checkyourunderstanding]感謝閱讀1.fThatistheviewheldbyJohnAustinintheearlystage.感謝閱讀2.fImplicitperformativeutterancesdohaveaperformativeverb.謝謝閱讀3.f4.fThecompletionofperlocutionaryrequiresaddressee’scooperation.5.t感謝閱讀In-ClassActivities1.<1>Ifyou’veever"Ipromise〞or"Iapologize〞,youhaveperformedthose

actionsthesimpleactofsayingthem.But"Iknow〞"Ibelieve〞are

declarative.Sayingthemdoesbringaboutimmediatechangeinthebeliefknowledgeofthespeaker.謝謝閱讀<2>a.Iwishyouagreatsuccess.IadmitI’mwrong.感謝閱讀b.Imisunderstandyourpoint.精品文檔放心下載Iseeyoumean.<3>Yes.Forexample,whenwesay我在這里向你道歉〞,weperformingtheactofapologizing.<?>謝謝閱讀2.<1>"Afullapology〞hereawhollyperformativeutteranceofapology"WeapologizetotheChinesegovernmentandtheChinesepeople〞.Indeed,"sorry〞

isaperformativeverb.謝謝閱讀<2>Tosomeextent,〞canimplicitlyperformtheactofapology.3.感謝閱讀<1>Thekidnapperintendstoperformtheactsofthreateningrequiring.<2>Hewantstomakewordssoundanadvice

insteadathreatening.精品文檔放心下載<1>a.locutionaryact:theactofsaying"Todayisnotafreeadmission〞.精品文檔放心下載illocutionaryact:itimplicitlyrequirespeopletotheadmissionfee.

perlocutionaryact:peopletheadmissionfee<ifatall>.

b.locutionaryact:theactofsaying"Thankyouforgenerousdonation

yoursupport〞.精品文檔放心下載illocutionaryact:itimplicitlyurgespeopletodonate.

perlocutionaryact:peopledonatemoney<ifatall>.

"Admissionfeerequiredtoday"精品文檔放心下載b’"Weexpectgenerousdonationandsupport"

Thefirstischosentoimposing.Thesecondischosentoattractpeople’s

donation.精品文檔放心下載<1>itisaverdictive.Itisanadvertisementfroms<a>hotelwhosenamehappensto"Jurys〞.謝謝閱讀<2>Theproprietorplaysagameofwordstoattract

customers.ExercisesTask3精品文檔放心下載4/.a.constative?locution:smokinginthisarea〞.Illocution:Forbidding

fromsmokinghere.Perlocution:Peopledosmokeb.constative.Locution:"Ticketpassengersonly〞.Illocution:Askingpassengersto

ticketsiftheyto<enterthemuseum>.Perlocution:Passengersbuyticketsto

enterthemuseum.謝謝閱讀謝謝閱讀c.constative.Locution:"Tokenvendingmachine〞.Illocution:Informingthepublic

ofthefactthattheybuytokensthroughthismachine.Perlocution:Peoplebuy

tokensthroughthismachine<ifatall>.謝謝閱讀Yes.Itsolvesproblemthatconstativescanindeedberegardedasimplicitwaysdoingthings.Thus,utterancesare"performative〞inessence.

Yes,Iagree.SupposeAsaidtoB"it’sstuffyhere〞.TheactualeffectmaybethatA

isunderstoodtobecomplaining,theintendedeffectisthatsomeoneshouldopen

thewindoworthedooranditmaybringBtoperformtheactinsteadoflettingjustlistentoA’scomplaint.謝謝閱讀3.<1>a,<2>a,and<3>aareperformativeutterancesandstandthetest"hereby〞.

However,in<1>b,<1>c<2>b,<2>c,"know〞,"think〞,〞and"flatter〞

areperformativeverbs.In<3>b,thethirdpersonsubjectisused.In<3>c,simple

tenseisused.謝謝閱讀4.Bothverdictivesexertivesinvolveademonstrationpowers,rights,influence.However,verdictiveshavetheillocutionaryforceofissuingaformalofficialjudgmentgivingaverdict,whileexertivesinvolvemakingdecisionsin

favoroforagainstacertaincourseofaction,oradvocacyit.感謝閱讀5.Theseutterancesarenottrueorfalse,thatis,truth-evaluable.Theutteringthemonformaloccasionsisorispartofthedoingofacertainkindofaction,the

performanceofwhich,again,wouldnormallybedescribedjust"saying〞"describing"something<cf.Austin1962,5>.精品文檔放心下載e.g."Thismeetingisadjourned.〞"Thecourtisnowinsession.〞感謝閱讀"Thischurchisherebyde-sanctified.〞批準(zhǔn),認(rèn)可,使合法化Unit2精品文檔放心下載[Checkyourunderstanding]謝謝閱讀1.fItiscriticizedaslackingcriteriaforclassification.2.fTheisheldresponsible.精品文檔放心下載3.f4.t5.fIn-ClassActivities<1>theyareessentiallydirectives.

<2>你能幫我還書嗎,.〞"We’ll

beverygratefulforyourpresence.〞精品文檔放心下載5/.<3>expectotherpeople’scomplianceinsteadofrefusals.One

feelsindebted感激的,,蒙恩的fnotcomplythe

request.謝謝閱讀<1>Commissives<2>Yes.Thepromiseisachievedwithaconditionwhichturnthe精品文檔放心下載promise<acommissive>intoarequirement<adirective>.精品文檔放心下載<1>Utteranceaisathreat.Utterancebinvolvessomethingthatthespeaker

cannotxcontrol.Utterancecdescribessomethingintheratherthansomething

thatthespeakerdointhefuture.Utterancedinvolvesanthatthehearerrather

thanthespeakerdointhefuture.Utteranceeathirdpersonthesubject.

Utterancefisastatementaboutsomethingthathappenedinthepast.

<2>positionalcontentcondition<whatisisaboutsomething

thatthe精品文檔放心下載speakerdonewrongly>;b.sinceritycondition<thespeakeris

seriousorsinceremakingtheapology;c.preparatoryconditions<e.g.thepersonwhois

apologizingshouldhavemademistakes>d.essentialcondition<bothsides

understandthatthespeakersaysisanapology>.這件事你不應(yīng)這樣處理的.

好嘛,算我錯(cuò)了行了吧.[wherethespeakerissincere]4.感謝閱讀感謝閱讀<1>Thecustomerwhenhesaysthereisaflyinmy<whichistoa

complaint>.感謝閱讀<2>sayingthatcannormallyattractthewaiter’sattentionthewaiterknowswhattodoinacontextthis.感謝閱讀Yes.Sometimes,weindirectlytoourorothers’face.

<3>Yes,Iagreewiththecustomer’swords,notseriously<ifheisjoking>.精品文檔放心下載<1>Theroleoftheunderlinedpartisexplainingthereasonoftherefusal

sothatacceptJack’srefusalreadily.

necessarily.Awhitealsothesame

trick.感謝閱讀<2>a.Callingonpeopletosavewater.b.Denyingpeopletherighttopark謝謝閱讀The"irrelevant〞informationistoenhancethechancesofsuccessfullyperformingthedirectiveacts.謝謝閱讀ExercisesTask3.a.Austinwasaleadingexponentof'analytical'or'OrdinaryLanguage'philosophy.

workintheprovidedatheoreticaloutlineandtheterminologyforthe

modernstudyofspeechactsdevelopedsubsequently.Hetheinitiatorofthe

speechtheory.Hedrewthedistinctionbetweenconstativeutterancesperformativeutterances,althoughhelatterdiscardedthedistinction.Heintroduced

thetrichotomyoflocutionaryact,illocutionaryactperlocutionaryact.精品文檔放心下載6/.Searleiswidelynotedforhiscontributionstothephilosophylanguage,philosophymindsocialphilosophy.Searleintroducedthenotionof'indirectspeechact'.Hereclassified

illocutionaryacts.Hedevelopedthetheoryintoageneraltheory

abouthumancommunication.感謝閱讀b.Speechsequence;responsiveacts.2.精品文檔放心下載Threateningseemstobeadirectiveasa

commissiveact.Open.精品文檔放心下載3.LearnhowtodospeechactsinDoingthesamespeechinL1andL2

maybethesame.感謝閱讀4.Dependsonwhetherthesincerityconditionisviolated

ornot.5.精品文檔放心下載a.declarationb.representativec.representatived.directiveexpressivef.感謝閱讀missivei.declaration精品文檔放心下載"Excuse〞isusuallyusedtointerruptotherpeople,soitspreparatoryconditionthatthereareotherstalkingaboutordoingsomething,whenspeaker’sinterruption

isexpected."sorry〞isinadifferentsituation,anditspreparatory

conditionisthatthehasmadeamistake.感謝閱讀Effectiveness:a>b>c>d[otherbeing

Politeness:a<b<c<d[otherthings

beingequal]精品文檔放心下載a.Itcountertothepreparatoryconditionthatthedoormustbeclosedatthe

moment.精品文檔放心下載b.Itagainstthesinceritycondition.[Itisfelicitousasanactofthanking]

c.Itagainstthepreparatoryconditionthatthespeakerisgoingtomust

betothehearer’sdisadvantage[yetrefusingtodissertisnot].

3謝謝閱讀謝謝閱讀[Checkyourunderstanding]精品文檔放心下載1.f2.f3.f4.f5.fIn-ClassActivities1<1>a.[directaboutfather’sprofession]精品文檔放心下載b.Hisfathercanhelp.c.Hiscannothelp.感謝閱讀<2>A:Yourmustbeverygreat.

B:Heisa感謝閱讀----------A:yourfatherearnalotofmoney精品文檔放心下載7/.B:Heisalawyer.<1>Bothofimplicitratherthanstatedbytheactualmeaningthewords.<2>Animplicaturecanbepartofsentencemeaningordependentonconversationalcontext,canconventionalorunconventional.connotationisconventionalattachedtowords.精品文檔放心下載<3>"Fox〞connotecunningness.Whenwesay"heisafox〞inresponseto"whatdoyouthinkofJack?〞,weindicatethatJackiscunninglikeafox.感謝閱讀<1>Yes,itthatJackhasonlybrother.<2>Entailmentsaretruewheneverthestatementutteredistrue,differentimplicaturesmayderivedwhenthesentenceisusedindifferentcontexts.感謝閱讀Yes.Forinstance,Jackabrother;indeed,hetwo.<3>A:Jackbespoiledhisparents.精品文檔放心下載B:Jackabrother.4.<1>cancelabilityordefeasibility.精品文檔放心下載<2>Yes."not…yet〞theconventionalimplicaturethatsomethingispossibleafterthegiventime.精品文檔放心下載<1>Jackrefillhiscarinthegarage.謝謝閱讀<2>Yes,thegaragemaybeclosedthemoment.<3>a.Theseafoodsfresh./Dotheseafoods.精品文檔放心下載b.Youcanwinhere./Playhere.6.感謝閱讀<1>meaningisthehearer'sunderstandingofthespeaker'sutterance.<2>A:Tomisquitecleverinthataspect.精品文檔放心下載B:Iagree.thecleverestI’veeverseen.A:Idon'tmeanisreallycleverinthataspect.<3>a.Hearer'sspeaker'sbackgroundknowledgemaybedifferent.b.Theirexpectations,beliefs,thelikemaydifferent.ExercisesTask3感謝閱讀a.Thereisconventionusageinnaturallanguage.b.TodayIdeclareyouhusbandandwife.Heisatsixsandsevens.謝謝閱讀2.A:AreB:Yes.A:Arehappy?B:Yes.Quite,quite.感謝閱讀Thereotherpossibilities.E.g.Speakerslessthantheysay.

A:Arehappy.精品文檔放心下載8/.B:Yes.Iamthehappiestpersonintheworld.謝謝閱讀3.Sayingnecessarilytothesamethingas"meaning".Bysayingone

thingaspeakermightanotherthingentirely.Thereisasenseof"saying"whichcan'tsayanythingwithoutmeaningsomething.感謝閱讀A:isacharminglady.Ionlywhenshesmiles.

Bysayingthefirstsentence,Amayimplyheisattractedthelady,bythesecondsentencehedeniestheimplicature.5.精品文檔放心下載Yes.a.Jack:Let'sgodrinkingtonight.精品文檔放心下載Jane:Mygrandmaisill.<But,mymotherisb.Jack:HowdidPhilipandPikeintheOlympics?

Jane:Philipamedal.謝謝閱讀Obviously,ahasaparticularizedimplicaturebhasageneralizedimplicature.Itcomparativelytoaddasentencetoatocanceltheimplicature,inbitdifficult.Anyhow,weotherwaystoachievethesameimplicaturesinaWhat'smore,particularizedimplicaturesaremoreunconventionalandtheyindeterminacy.感謝閱讀a.conventional<there'snoneedforcontextinformation>cannotusethedoorbefore6p.m.]<"before〞>感謝閱讀b.Conventional[Nofreerefillsfornon-samevisit]<"only〞>7.感謝閱讀Onemaysayno,though.Conversationalimplicatureiscontextdependent.Tosome

extent,itisarbitrary,becausedifferentpeopledifferentimplicaturesevenin

thesamecontextdifferentcontextsmaygeneratedifferentimplicatureswell.精品文檔放心下載A.peopletalkingaboutboys'qualities.感謝閱讀B.Whenpeoplearetalkingaboutboys'abilitytodomathematics.感謝閱讀Conversationalimplicaturesaresensitivetocontextanddependentonthe

observanceofCooperativePrinciplewhilefloutingaparticularmaxim.Peoplemayarrive

differentconversationalimplicatureforthesameutterance.Theconclusions

arrivedbysyllogismarecontextfreepeoplethesameconclusionbemeans

ofreasoningUnit4精品文檔放心下載[Checkyourunderstanding]精品文檔放心下載1.f2.f3.f4.f5.fIn-ClassActivities9/.<1>Bothmetaphorsandironygoagainstthemaximofqualitythatrequiresthe

speakertobetruthful.Ametaphorinvolvessayingthatthingisanotheran

ironyconsistsintheexpressionone'smeaningusinglanguagethatnormally

signifiestheopposite.感謝閱讀<2>Understatement<"It’sbad〞>isaofspeechinwhichalesser

expressionisusedthanwhatwouldbeexpected;hyperbole<"Haven’tyoufor

〞>isaspeechinwhichstatementsareexaggerated.Theirusetothemaximofquantityasasthatofquality.精品文檔放心下載<1>Yes,theofmannerisexploited.Mr.implicatesthathelettellhimwhotakenthehouse.Also,themaximofquantityisviolatedwhen

Bennetrespondstoherhusband’squestionhemarriedorsingle?〞<2>Bysaying"Iobjectiontohearingit",Mr.meansthatwifehas

thetosupplytheinformationinfrontofhim,whichinturnmeansheagrees

tolistentoalthoughheisenthusiasticaboutit.謝謝閱讀<3>TheauthorthatMrs.isveryenthusiastictotellotherpeople

thingsevenatasmallhintofagreement.感謝閱讀<1>Onemaybeonlysuperficiallyrelevantintermsoftheliteralmeaning;can

beinteractionallyrelevantintermsoftheillocutionarygoal.

<2>Yes,itrunintosimilartrouble.Itisdifficulttodefinebrief","obscurity

ofexpression","beorderly".Brevityorderlinessmattersdegree.精品文檔放心下載<1>a.b.quantityc.relationd.manner精品文檔放心下載<2>QualityE.g.:Isosure,but...C:事情可能是這樣的.

Quantitygoingtoalongstory.說(shuō)來(lái)話長(zhǎng).精品文檔放心下載RelationBytheway,…順便說(shuō)一句,……感謝閱讀MannerToputitdifferently,...不妨換個(gè)說(shuō)法,……精品文檔放心下載<1>TheMaximofQualityismoralinnature,theotherthreenot.

<2>hewasconcernedwithwhatpeoplesaidimplicitlyhowthey

shouldtalk.感謝閱讀<1>A.Implicature:VisitorsaresupposedtotoB.QualityImplicature:Peoplemusthard,iftheywanttoalotmoney.精品文檔放心下載<2>Yes,advertisingdiscourseviolatesthemaximsmoreoften

becausetheyintendtoattractpeople'sattentionthroughit.Theadgoesagainstthe

maximofquantitymanner[underinformative;perspicuous].

Exercises謝謝閱讀Task31.Wheninterlocutorsareinconflictinsome感謝閱讀2.Yes,sometimesifyouareoverinformative,youmaybeirrelevant.感謝閱讀/.Yes,IItismoralinnature.感謝閱讀3.Politeness.Ifwetreatpolitenessasaformofcooperativeness.<1>RelationImplicature:Idon'ttotoyou./Ihaven’tfinishedhomework.感謝閱讀謝謝閱讀<2>QuantityImplicature:Ibrothers.感謝閱讀<3>RelationImplicature:Idon'ttoplay<4>RelationImplicature:Idon'ttooysters.<1>Thejustadmitshelasthedoesn'tanswerwhere

hehad謝謝閱讀精品文檔放心下載<2>Thespeakergivesaninageneralalthoughtheotherwants

tospecificjob.謝謝閱讀<3>TheChinesephraseguang"istoogeneral.感謝閱讀Yes,theresomepatternstheseresponsese.g.ofthemprovideonly

generalinformation,lessinformativethanwhattheinterlocutorexpects.6.Newspapers,literaryworksso謝謝閱讀感謝閱讀7.Yes,Iso.Forexample,Chinesetendtoconsidertheprovisionextra

informationasgenerousbehaviorratherthaninvariablyadeliberateacttoconvey

implicature.精品文檔放心下載8.Yes,especiallysomesocialfactors.Forexamplewhenwesay他沒(méi)受過(guò)教育thefactorwetakeforgrantedisthatthepeoplewhohaven'teducationtomisconduct.謝謝閱讀necessarily.E.g.WANG:《冷山》真的很有意思.

XU:冷山不是一座山嗎？

5感謝閱讀[Checkyourunderstanding]謝謝閱讀1.f2.t3.f4.t5.fIn-ClassActivities<1>doesn'tlikeallofthem.<2>E.g.Thewateriswarm.Implicature:Thewaterisnot<3>Yes.感謝閱讀E.g.甚至小孩子都能做出這道題.Thissentenceimpliesthatadultscantacklethequestion.2.謝謝閱讀<1><2>Yes,theEnglishtranslationimpliesthatpassengersmaystillmakesomenoises.謝謝閱讀/20.<1>Thea-utteranceandtheb-utterancecasesofpragmatic/metalinguistic

negationwhereasthec-sentenceandthed-sentencecasesofnormalpropositional

negation.Yes,becausethefirsttwocasesinvolveaHornscale.

<2>Yes.Whatisnegatedinthetwocasesisthestrongdegreetheacts

conventionallyimpliedtheverbs.謝謝閱讀<1>Thereferstoandthehouseandrefertothoseofelse's.精品文檔放心下載<2>Ifthereisadditionalinformationforthesesentences,theycanbe

interpreteddifferently.E.g.Johnwentintoahouse.Itturnedtobehis

newlyhouse.精品文檔放心下載<1>Ittakestheexclusivemeaningwhenitconjoinstwoeventsorthingsthatcannot

concurthesametime.Ittheinclusivemeaningwhenitconjoinstwothingsthatconcuratthesametime.謝謝閱讀<2>Basicmeaning:theinclusivereading<i.e.atleastistrue>

Deprivedimplicaturetheexclusivemeaning<whencontextsuggeststhatone

isallowed>謝謝閱讀<1>Boththefirstthesecond"sale"meandiscountedUsually,theendsaleissellinggoodsatalowertheuseofmeanssellingsomethingataprice.<2>"luck","opportunity"

Exercises感謝閱讀Task3A.IknowJohnwillwinchampionship.B.peopletodayarevegetarians.精品文檔放心下載C.Jacknotafever.精品文檔放心下載D.Guangzhounotahot/coldwinter.E.MysondoesgetstraightA'sthetime.謝謝閱讀A.ThatJacklift200alreadyimplicatesthathecanliftatmostpounds,"infact"theopposite,sothesecondclauseisnotnecessaryand

fault.感謝閱讀B.Thesecondclausehereintends,throughtheuseof"in〞,tocanceltheimplicatureofthefirst感謝閱讀C.Similarly,thatJackcanfinishthejobinthreedaysalreadyimplicatesthathecan

finishitinatmostthreedays,fact"indicatestheopposite,sothesecondclause

necessaryfault.感謝閱讀D.Thesecondclausehereintends,throughtheuseof"infact〞,tocanceltheimplicatureofthefirst感謝閱讀3.Similarity:bothofandLevinsonbasetheirQ-principleonthefirstsubmaxim

ofQuantityMaxim.感謝閱讀/.Deference:Horn'sR-principleisbasedonthesecondsubmaximofQuantity

Maxim,relationmaximpartofMaxim,whileLevinson'I-principlebasedthesecondmaximofQuantityMaximM-principlebasedonManner

Maxim.感謝閱讀4.AccordingtotheQ-principlewhichstipulatesthatthespeakergivensufficient

informationandtheR-principlewhichsuggeststhattheinformationsuppliedmust

satisfytheuppermostlimitofexpectation,in"it'sthetaste","thetaste"meansmore

than"ataste",agoodtaste感謝閱讀Yes,e.g.It'sthetastewhichImost.謝謝閱讀Otherexamples:istheone."/Makethechange.〔新李寧〕5.身材長(zhǎng)相"meansgoodfigureandgoodappearance."有錢"meansnothavingmoneybeingrich.有個(gè)性"meanssheisspecialoruniqueinher

personality.精品文檔放心下載精品文檔放心下載ExamplesinEnglish:She'sgotlegs.感謝閱讀Heisamanwitha6.Open.Unit6謝謝閱讀[Checkyourunderstanding]感謝閱讀1.f2.f3.f4.f5.tIn-ClassActivities<1>a."yours","<right>謝謝閱讀b."here","your"<2>Tobringtheaddresseescloserandmakethemidentifywithaddressers.Impresstheaddresseesifthingsarehappeningatthemoment.感謝閱讀<1>No<2>Whethertheyconcerntheencodingofspatiallocationrelativetothelocationofthespeakerinthespeechevent.謝謝閱讀<1>Yes.We"here"toreplacetheplace'sname.

<2>Sometimesthespeakermayornameinsteadof

using"I〞tohighlightorheridentityorindividuality.謝謝閱讀精品文檔放心下載<1>Onlythedateofmanufacturingandthatofsellingarethesame.

<2>最后三天"isdefinite,becauseonemayfromwhichthethreedays感謝閱讀<3>Itisknownwhattimethespeakerleft.

<4>Yes.Whatisthepresentprice?Thepricechangetime.Theword

"當(dāng)前〞isdeictic.謝謝閱讀謝謝閱讀/.<1>Yes.Itisusedforemphasis<2>Yes."Booksonsalehere!"<1>感謝閱讀A."ourselves"B."today"謝謝閱讀C."I","now"D."I","lastplace"E."YOU","here"謝謝閱讀F."I"G."today"<2>Theremayadifferenceinthecodingtimethereceivingtime;theremaybethespeakerperspectiveandthehearerperspective.謝謝閱讀<1>"I’mcoming〞takestheaddresseeasthedeicticcenter.<2>Yes.ExercisesTask3精品文檔放心下載1.A."there".B."you"2.Intheusestheprogressiveaspectinsteadofthenormalsimplepresent

tense.Theuseoftheprogressingaspectshowsthespeaker'spassionand

strongloveongoing.謝謝閱讀3.b,d,faregesturallydeicticexpressionsandtherestcontainsymbolicallydeictic

expressions.感謝閱讀Discoursedeicticreferstolinguisticexpressionorapiecediscourse,

e.g.ThisThisisastorywhereasanaphoricreferstothesameitemasa

priorlinguisticexpression,e.g.isanincredibleathlete;hecameinfirst

intherace.謝謝閱讀5.Whenthespeakerwantstobeeconomicandboththespeakerandthehearer

sharethebackgroundknowledge,e.g.heisthecimenal,deicticexpressions

preempttheircorrespondingnon-deicticexpressions.Whenthespeakerwantsto

createsomespecialeffects,wemayusenon-deicticexpressions,e.g.MrDarcy

callsMrsDarcyMrsDarcyPrideandPrejudicetoexpressjoyandlove.6.Theuseof"your〞"us〞isinteractiveanyonebumpsintotheMini-project謝謝閱讀精品文檔放心下載2.敝〔第二回賈夫人仙逝城冷子興演說(shuō)榮國(guó)府〕謝謝閱讀Thesocialdeixisaboveshowsthehierarchyinthefeudalsociety.精品文檔放心下載7/.[Checkunderstanding]1.f2.t3.f4.ff精品文檔放心下載In-ClassActivities<1>Mary'sisnotclean.<2>Yes.謝謝閱讀<1>b.CollegestudentscanspeakEnglish.<throughtheuse"therefore〞><2>b.CollegestudentscanspeakEnglish.

<3>Here,wepresupposethatcollegestudentsgenerallycanspeakEnglish.

Withthispresupposition,thespeakertalksinthat"therefore"

confirmstheinference,thenwegettheconventionalimplicature.感謝閱讀精品文檔放心下載<1>IthinkGeorgeYule’sclassificationisnotonthesamecriterion.Thefouraremorecontentoriented,thelasttwoareformsensitive.謝謝閱讀<2>Open.4.<1>a.Peterisagoodbasketballplayer

b.Marythewellweek.

"than""asas"triggersthe

presupposition.<2>Yes.謝謝閱讀感謝閱讀精品文檔放心下載<3>arrestedbeforehearrivedin

Beijing.5.感謝閱讀<1>.Thepresuppositioninthefirstisthatthespeakerwife.Theaddresseecannotanswer"yes"or"no".

<2>Yes.謝謝閱讀<3>Byaskingwhichthehorseisblind,Washingtonpresupposesthat

theeyesofthehorseisblind,sothethieftochooseone.

However,thefactisthat謝謝閱讀neithertheeyesthehorseisblind.謝謝閱讀<1>a.Theaddresseelikedliterature

b.Theaddresseefeltnickeland謝謝閱讀dimed.c.Theaddresseeisnotsmoking感謝閱讀Yes,itisusedstrategically.謝謝閱讀<2>Thissentenceitselfpresupposesthatpatientshavechosen<medicine>,

whichbethecase.精品文檔放心下載<1>a.變心〞presupposestheexistenceof"心〞.

b.isforJanetoleavetheaddressee.[andacoupleofothers]

<2>a.Thetoneisironic.精品文檔放心下載/.b.ThemessagethatlovesRochesterisexplicitlyconveyed

tohim.ExercisesTask3謝謝閱讀a.Entailmentreferstothesemanticrelationbetweentwopropositions,ofwhichlogicallyfollowsfromtheother,semanticprepositionreferstothesemantic

relationbetweentwopropositions,ofwhichoneisthepremiseorpre-conditionofthe

other.謝謝閱讀b.Whilesemanticpresupposition,basedonthelinguisticform,isrelatedtotruth

valueconditionsofaproposition,pragmaticpresupposition,possiblebythe

speaker,isrelatedtofelicityconditionsofanutterance.謝謝閱讀c.Conventionalimplicature,oftenconveyedbysomespeciallinguisticform"therefore〞"but〞,restsonpragmaticpresupposition.2.Everythingthespeakerassumestoinexistencetruepriortomakingan

utterance.謝謝閱讀感謝閱讀A.Iit.Counterfactualconditional

B.Iabike.Wh-questions感謝閱讀C.Linguisticsinventedbysomeone.Marked

stressD.Thedidn'tfallasleep.Implicativeverbs

E.sisterflewtoBeijing.Cleftsentences

F.Johnisrich.Factiveverbs/clausesG.

havebeenbefore.Interatives精品文檔放心下載4.Wecancelthecontainedpresuppositionbysimplyadding"hedidn'ttry.",

orsleptthroughit."so精品文檔放心下載5.Bysaying明晚我們?cè)谑裁吹胤揭?jiàn)面？",hepresupposesthattheyagreedtomeeteachother.Thegirlfeelspuzzledbecauseshecometothe

agreementwiththeyoungman.精品文檔放心下載6.A.SomeATM/VisaCheckCardsarefree.謝謝閱讀B.Acardisgenerallyinvalidwhenitistheexpirationdate.7.Bysaying"哪里偷人家東西有沒(méi)有被人家抓過(guò)",thepolicemanpresupposesthat

thesuspecthasstolensomethingbefore.Whetherthesuspectanswersordefinitelyadmithestolensomething謝謝閱讀謝謝閱讀A.Presupposition:womentakecareotherpeople.

B.sleepwell.謝謝閱讀C.Othersoapscleanthingswellbutmaketheircolorfade.

D.Goodconditionersaregenerallymadeabroad.9.Theutterance我正好相反"meansGoethemakesforthewhichinturnpresupposesthatthecriticisanidiot.

8謝謝閱讀精品文檔放心下載[Checkunderstanding]1.f感謝閱讀2.fcanviolatetherulesturn-takingfromtimeto感謝閱讀/.3.f4.f5.f"Preferred〞correspondtostructurally

"unmarked〞.In-ClassActivities感謝閱讀1.<1>No.<2>Weknowwhenandtoholdthefloor,cla